The document discusses English morphology, including singular and plural forms, morphological parsing and stemming, and the different types of morphology in English such as inflectional, derivational, compounding, and cliticization morphology. It provides examples to illustrate singular and plural forms, morphological rules for changing word endings, and how prefixes, suffixes, and other morphemes can be added to word stems to change word classes or derive new words.
This is the presentation on Syntactic Analysis in NLP.It includes topics like Introduction to parsing, Basic parsing strategies, Top-down parsing, Bottom-up
parsing, Dynamic programming – CYK parser, Issues in basic parsing methods, Earley algorithm, Parsing
using Probabilistic Context Free Grammars.
This is the presentation on Syntactic Analysis in NLP.It includes topics like Introduction to parsing, Basic parsing strategies, Top-down parsing, Bottom-up
parsing, Dynamic programming – CYK parser, Issues in basic parsing methods, Earley algorithm, Parsing
using Probabilistic Context Free Grammars.
word sense disambiguation, wsd, thesaurus-based methods, dictionary-based methods, supervised methods, lesk algorithm, michael lesk, simplified lesk, corpus lesk, graph-based methods, word similarity, word relatedness, path-based similarity, information content, surprisal, resnik method, lin method, elesk, extended lesk, semcor, collocational features, bag-of-words features, the window, lexical semantics, computational semantics, semantic analysis in language technology.
This lecture talks about parsing. Briefly gives overview on lexicon, categorization, grammar rules, syntactic tree, word senses and various challenges of natural language processing
Simply put, semantic analysis is the process of drawing meaning from text. It allows computers to understand and interpret sentences, paragraphs, or whole documents, by analyzing their grammatical structure, and identifying relationships between individual words in a particular context.
Are Natural Languages Regular? This is an important question for two reasons: first, it places an upper bound on the running time of algorithms that process natural language; second, it may tell us something about human language processing and language acquisition.
Finite state automata (deterministic and nondeterministic finite automata) provide decisions regarding the acceptance and rejection of a string while transducers provide some output for a given input. Thus, the two machines are quite useful in language processing tasks.
word sense disambiguation, wsd, thesaurus-based methods, dictionary-based methods, supervised methods, lesk algorithm, michael lesk, simplified lesk, corpus lesk, graph-based methods, word similarity, word relatedness, path-based similarity, information content, surprisal, resnik method, lin method, elesk, extended lesk, semcor, collocational features, bag-of-words features, the window, lexical semantics, computational semantics, semantic analysis in language technology.
This lecture talks about parsing. Briefly gives overview on lexicon, categorization, grammar rules, syntactic tree, word senses and various challenges of natural language processing
Simply put, semantic analysis is the process of drawing meaning from text. It allows computers to understand and interpret sentences, paragraphs, or whole documents, by analyzing their grammatical structure, and identifying relationships between individual words in a particular context.
Are Natural Languages Regular? This is an important question for two reasons: first, it places an upper bound on the running time of algorithms that process natural language; second, it may tell us something about human language processing and language acquisition.
Finite state automata (deterministic and nondeterministic finite automata) provide decisions regarding the acceptance and rejection of a string while transducers provide some output for a given input. Thus, the two machines are quite useful in language processing tasks.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the C standard functions for managing file input output.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the declaration C strings.
Compare fixed length and variable length string.
Apply strings for functions.
Define string handling functions.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define, initialize and access to the C stuctuers.
Develop programs using structures in arrays and functions.
Use structures within structures and structures as pointers.
Define, initialize and access to the C unions.
Compare and contrast C structures and unions.
Define memory allocation and de-allocation methods in C.
Develop programs using memory allocation functions.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the C standard functions for managing input output.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the C pointers and its usage in computer programming.
Describe pointer declaration and initialization.
Apply C pointers for expressions.
Experiment on pointer operations.
Identify NULL pointer concept.
Experiment on pointer to pointer, pointer arrays, arrays with pointers and functions with pointers.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Describe the C arrays.
Practice the declaration, initialization and access linear arrays.
Practice the declaration, initialization and access two dimensional arrays.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Describe the looping structures in C programming language.
Practice the control flow of different looping structures in C programming language.
Practice the variants in control flow of different looping structures in C programming language.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
COM1407: Program Control Structures – Decision Making & BranchingHemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the operation of if, if-else, nested if-else, switch and conditional operator.
Justify the control flow of the program under the aforementioned C language constructs.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define the terms operators, operands, operator precedence and associativity.
Describe operators in C programming language.
Practice the effect of different operators in C programming language.
Justify evaluation of expressions in programming.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
COM1407: Type Casting, Command Line Arguments and Defining Constants Hemantha Kulathilake
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define type cast and type promotion in C programming language.
Define command line arguments in C Programming language.
Declare constants according to the C programming.
Apply math.h header file for problem solving.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define Keywords / Reserve Words in C programming language.
Define Identifiers, Variable, Data Types, Constants and statements in C Programming language.
Justify the internal process with respect to the variable declaration and initialization.
Apply Variable Declaration and Variable initialization statement.
Assigning values to variables.
Apply taught concepts for writing programs.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Describe features of C programming language.
Justify the terminology related to computer programming.
Define the editing, compiling, linking, debugging stages of C programming
Recognize the basic structure of a C program
Apply comments for C programs to improve readability.
At the end of this lecture students should be able to;
Define fundamentals of data processing in computer.
Define fundamental terms in computer programming.
Define the phases of program development life cycle.
Define structured program theorem.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
describe Connected Components and Contours in image segmentation.
discuss region based segmentation method.
discuss Region Growing segmentation technique.
discuss Morphological Watersheds segmentation.
discuss Model Based Segmentation.
discuss Motion Segmentation.
implement connected components, flood fill, watershed, template matching and frame difference techniques.
formulate possible mechanisms to propose segmentation methods to solve problems.
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to;
define segmentation.
Describe edge based in segmentation.
describe thresholding and its properties.
apply edge detection and thresholding as segmentation techniques.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
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Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Introduction
Singular Plural
Woodchuck Woodchucks
Fox Foxes
Peccary Peccaries
Goose Geese
Fish Fish
• It takes two kinds of knowledge to correctly search for singulars and plurals of
these forms.
• Spelling rules tell us that English words ending in –y are pluralized by changing the
-y to -i- and adding an -es.
• Morphological rules tell us that fish has a null plural, and that the plural of goose is
formed by changing the vowel.
• The problem of recognizing that foxes breaks down into the two morphemes fox
and -es is called morphological parsing.
• In the information retrieval domain, the similar (but not identical) problem of
mapping from foxes to fox is called stemming.
3. Introduction (Cont…)
• Morphological parsing is necessary for more than
just information retrieval.
• We will need it in machine translation to realize
that the French words va and aller should both
translate to forms of the English verb go.
• We will also need it in spell checking; as we will
see, it is morphological knowledge that will tell us
that misclam and antiundoggingly are not words.
4. English Morphology
• Morphology is the study of the way words are
built up from smaller meaning bearing units,
morphemes.
• A morpheme is often defined as the minimal
meaning-bearing unit in a language.
• So for example the word fox consists of a
single morpheme (the morpheme fox) while
the word cats consists of two: the morpheme
cat and the morpheme -s.
5. English Morphology (Cont…)
• As this example suggests, it is often useful to
distinguish two broad classes of morphemes:
stems and affixes.
• The exact details of the distinction vary from
language to language, but intuitively, the stem
is the ‘main’ morpheme of the word,
supplying the main meaning, while the affixes
add ‘additional’ meanings of various kinds.
6. English Morphology (Cont…)
• Affixes are further divided into 4 types as follows:
– Prefixes : Prefixes precede the stem.
• E.g. eats eat+s
– Suffixes : Suffixes follow the stem
• E.g. unbuckle un + buckle
– Infixes : Infixes are inserted inside the stem.
• E.g. In the Philipine language Tagalog, the affix um, which marks the
agent of an action, is infixed to the Tagalog stem hingi ‘borrow’ to
produce humingi.
– Circumfixes : Circumfixes can placed before and after the stem.
• E.g. In German, for example, the past participle of some verbs formed
by adding ge- to the beginning of the stem and -t to the end; so the
past participle of the verb sagen (to say) is gesagt (said).
7. English Morphology (Cont…)
• Prefixes and suffixes are often called concatenative
morphology since a word is composed of a number of
morphemes concatenated together.
• A number of languages have extensive non-concatenative
morphology, in which morphemes are combined in more
complex ways.
• The Tagalog infixation example above is one example of
non-concatenative morphology, since two morphemes
(hingi and um) are intermingled.
• Another kind of non-concatenative morphology is called
templatic morphology or rootand-pattern morphology.
• This is very common in Arabic, Hebrew, and other Semitic
languages.
8. English Morphology (Cont…)
• A word can have more than one affix.
• For example, the word rewrites has the prefix re-,
the stem write, and the suffix -s.
• The word unbelievably has a stem (believe) plus
three affixes (un-, -able, and -ly).
• While English doesn’t tend to stack more than 4
or 5 affixes, languages like Turkish can have words
with 9 or 10 affixes.
• There are two broad (and partially overlapping)
classes of ways to form words from morphemes:
inflection and derivation.
9. Inflectional Morphology
• Inflection is the combination of a word stem with
a grammatical morpheme, usually resulting in a
word of the same class as the original stem, and
usually filling some syntactic function like
agreement.
• English nouns have only two kinds of inflection:
an affix that marks plural and an affix that marks
possessive.
10. Inflectional Morphology (Cont…)
• While the regular plural is spelled -s after most nouns, it is spelled –es
after words ending in -s (ibis/ibises) , -z, (waltz/waltzes) -sh,
(thrush/thrushes) -ch, (finch/finches) and sometimes -x (box/boxes). Nouns
ending in -y preceded by a consonant change the -y to -i
(butterfly/butterflies).
• The possessive suffix is realized by apostrophe + -s for regular singular
nouns (llama’s) and plural nouns not ending in -s (children’s) and often by
a lone apostrophe after regular plural nouns (llamas’) and some names
ending in -s or -z (Euripides’ comedies).
• English verbal inflection is more complicated than nominal inflection.
• First, English has three kinds of verbs; main verbs, (eat, sleep, impeach),
modal verbs (can, will, should), and primary verbs (be, have, do) (using
the terms of Quirk et al., 1985a).
• In this scope we will mostly be concerned with the main and primary
verbs, because it is these that have inflectional endings.
11. Inflectional Morphology (Cont…)
• In main verbs a large class are regular, that is
to say all verbs of this class have the same
endings marking the same functions.
• These regular verbs (e.g. walk, or inspect),
have four morphological forms, as follow:
12. Inflectional Morphology (Cont…)
• The irregular verbs are those that have some more or less
idiosyncratic forms of inflection.
• Irregular verbs in English often have five different forms, but can
have as many as eight (e.g. the verb be) or as few as three (e.g. cut
or hit).
• Note that an irregular verb can inflect in the past form (also called
the preterite) by changing its vowel (eat/ate), or its vowel and
some consonants (catch/caught), or with no ending at all (cut/cut).
13. Inflectional Morphology (Cont…)
• In addition to noting which suffixes can be attached to which stems,
we need to capture the fact that a number of regular spelling
changes occur
• at these morpheme boundaries.
• For example, a single consonant letter is doubled before adding the
-ing and -ed suffixes (beg/begging/begged).
• If the final letter is ‘c’, the doubling is spelled ‘ck’
(picnic/picnicking/picnicked).
• If the base ends in a silent -e, it is deleted before adding -ing and -
ed (merge/merging/merged). Just as for nouns, the -s ending is
spelled -es after verb stems ending in -s (toss/tosses) , -z,
(waltz/waltzes) -sh, (wash/washes) -ch, (catch/catches) and
sometimes -x (tax/taxes).
• Also like nouns, verbs ending in -y preceded by a consonant change
the -y to -i (try/tries).
14. Derivational Morphology
• Derivation is the combination of a word stem with a grammatical
morpheme, usually resulting in a word of a different class, often
with a meaning hard to predict exactly.
• A very common kind of derivation in English is the formation of new
nouns, often from verbs or adjectives.
• This process is called nominalization.
• For example, the suffix -ation produces nouns from verbs ending
often in the suffix -ize (computerize computerization).
• Here are examples of some particularly productive English
nominalizing suffixes.
15. Derivational Morphology (Cont...)
• Adjectives can also be derived from nouns and
verbs. Here are examples of a few suffixes
deriving adjectives from nouns or verbs.