The document discusses several key environmental issues including pollution, global warming, the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, and the depletion of natural resources. It notes that while natural environmental changes have occurred in the past, human activities like rising population and industrial expansion have now greatly impacted the global environment. Major pollutants like carbon emissions from industry and vehicles have contributed to issues such as climate change, air pollution, and the greenhouse effect trapping heat in the atmosphere. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol have aimed to regulate pollutants and mitigate these environmental problems.

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2. ENVIRONMENT
AND
ENVIRONMENTAL
ISSUES

3. What is Environment?
• The environment encompasses the
whole of life on earth and the
complex interactions that link the
living world with the physical world.
• In a general sense, this covers
everything contained within the air,
land and water
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Environmental Change
• Sudden and dramatic natural
changes to the environment have
occurred in the distant past, but only
relatively recently has one species
had the potential to upset the whole
balance of the Earth's ecosystem
• The global population has risen
dramatically during the last century
• The rise of industry and its rapid
expansion has been a major
source of pollution. This has
caused changes in the balance
of our environment
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5. Environmental Aspects and Impacts-Definition
• ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Elements of an organization’s activities, products or services which can
interact with the environment. For example: wastewater discharges, air
emissions, resource consumption, energy usage, ecosystem alterations,
etc.)
• ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Any change to the environment, whether adverse or beneficial,
wholly or partly resulting from an organization’s activities,
products, or services (based on the aspects, for example: air
emissions impacts the air by degrading the air quality).
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6. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
• POLLUTION
• GLOBAL WARMING
• GREENHOUSE EFFECT
• OZONE DEPLETION
• DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
ACTION
• MONTREAL PROTOCOL
• KYOTO PROTOCOL
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• The action of degrading an
environment by discharging
harmful substances into the air,
soil or water or by increasing noise
to an unacceptability high level, so
that the site area or surroundings (
means the environment ) is less
desirable for residential,
commercial, or for social purposes.
• The major pollutions are:-
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8. • Air pollution, the release of
chemicals and particulates into the
atmosphere. Common examples
include carbon monoxide, sulfur
dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs), and nitrogen oxides
produced by industries and motor
vehicles.
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Pollution
Air Pollution has No Boundaries
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9. • Water pollution
• A change in water quality that
impacts on living organisms.
• surface runoff, leaching to
groundwater, liquid spills,
wastewater discharges,
eutrophication and littering.
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Pollution
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Soil contamination occurs
when chemicals are
released by spill or
underground storage tank
leakage. Among the most
significant
soil contaminants are
hydrocarbons,
heavy metals, herbicides,
pesticides and
chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Pollution
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11. • Light pollution, includes light
trespass, over-illumination and
astronomical interference.
• Noise pollution, which
encompasses roadway noise,
aircraft noise, industrial noise
as well as high-intensity sonar.
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Pollution
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12. • Major Polluted Areas
• The Blacksmith Institute issues annually a list of the world's
worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees
are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine and
Zambia.
• This report is available online at www.blacksmithinstitute.org
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Pollution
Pollution can be controlled by
proper choice of preventive
and remedial measures
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14. Observation/ Experiencing
• The earth’s surface temperature has risen by about 1 degree
Fahrenheit in the past century.
• We are experiencingexperiencing global warming ,as the consensus among
scientists is that earth’s temperature will continue to increase
over the next 100 years.
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Global Warming
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15. Graphical Presentation 15
Global Warming
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16. View
Global warming is the name given to an expected increased in
magnitude of the greenhouse effect, whereby the surface of
the earth will almost inevitably become hotter than it is now.
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Global Warming
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17. Evidence
Earth is gradually warming up
According to the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), earth’s temperature has increased by 1 deg.F in
the last century, precipitation has increased by 1% and sea
level has risen by 2 to 5 centimeter. This is a strong evidence
for a small but significant increase in global average
temperature.
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Global Warming
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18. Disastrous Consequences
• Sea level could risen.
• Desert could expand dramatically.
• Precipitation patterns would change in unpredictable ways.
• Food shortage could occur.
• New breeding sites for pests and Increasing the range of
infectious diseases might be produced.
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Global Warming
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19. • Warmer temperature would increase cooling demands
but decrease heating requirements, in a result, there will
occur:-
i. ice melting
ii. increased flooding.
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• Forest susceptibility to fire, diseases and
insect damage could change.
Global Warming
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20. Cause
• Many researchers are convinced that global warming is directly
related to increase in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the
atmosphere.
• Naturally occurring GHGs include water vapors(H2O), carbon
dioxide(CO2), methane(CH4), nitrous oxide(N2O) and ozone(O3).
• Synthetically produced powerful GHGs include
hydroflurocarbon(HFC), perflorocarbon(F2C) and
sulfurhexafloride(SF6).
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Global Warming
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22. View
The greenhouse effect is the name applied to the process
which causes the surface of the earth to be warmer than it
would have been in the absence of an atmosphere .
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Greenhouse Effect
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23. Phenomenon
1) Infra red radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere
and warms the surface of the earth.
2) Warmer surface of the earth also radiates infra-red radiation
having longer wave length.
3) Most of the radiation is absorbed by GHGs in the atmosphere
and re-emitted in all directions.
Consequently , some of the infra red energy is trapped by the
GHGs.This trapping of energy is known as the greenhouse effect
and it warms the earth.
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Greenhouse Effect
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Greenhouse Effect
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25. Benefit
A little greenhouse effect is a good thing as it maintains earth’s
average surface temperature. If it were not, life can’t exist.
Problem
The question is, can we have too much of good things?
Yes or No
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Greenhouse Effect
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26. Origin
Of all the greenhouse gases, Carbon dioxide causes the most
concern as CO2 levels in the atmosphere have increased steadily
since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.
GHGs are produced as a by-product during the consumption of
energy to perform any specific task.
CH4 + O2 CO2+ H2O+Energy
(Energy consumes to perform any specific task)
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Greenhouse Effect
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27. CO2 Emission from Industrial process 27
Greenhouse Effect
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28. Consequences
Human activities have altered the composition of the
atmosphere through the buildup of greenhouse gases causing
the increase in the global average temperature and hence
GLOBAL WARMING.
Acid rainfall is also an important Consequence resulting from
greenhouse gases.
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Greenhouse Effect
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29. How Problem is fixing?
• If global warming is occurring and humans are
causing it, what should be done about it?
• It is clearly a matter of public policy and political process.
Action
• The united Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCC) provides a vehicle for discussion and continuing scientific
research into this difficult problem.
• The first step on international level was taken in the form of UNFCC
followed by KYOTO protocol.
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Greenhouse Effect
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31. Introduction
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Kyoto Protocol
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32. Sources
The sources of kyoto credits are the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) projects.
• The CDM allows the creation of new reduction projects in
developing countries to globally equalize atmospheric effect.
• The JI allows the creation of projects in developing countries
already having low GHG emission.
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Kyoto Protocol
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34. Atmosphere
There are various layers of the
atmosphere around the earth
globe, such as:
• Troposphere
• Stratosphere
• Mesosphere and
• Thermosphere
Ozone layer forms in
stratosphere to protect the
earth from most harmful ultra
violet (UV) rays of radiation
from the sun.
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Ozone Depletion
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35. Ozone cycle / Formation
Ozone formation is a continuing process. Oxygen molecules
photodissociate after absorbing an ultra violate photon. This
produce two oxygen atoms. The atomic oxygen atom then
combines with O2 to create O3.Ozone molecules absorbs UV
light ,following which ozone splits into a molecule of O2 and
an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom then joins up with an
oxygen molecule to regenerate ozone.
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Ozone Depletion
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36. Ozone Formation 36
Ozone Depletion
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37. Benefit
Ozone layer acts as a filter, to filter out the harmful UV rays as
it can enter into the living cells causing distortion of
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), which controls all functions of a
cell.
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Ozone Depletion
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38. Ozone Layer Depletion
Describes two distinct, but related observations:
• A slow, steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total
amount of ozone in Earth’s stratosphere since the late 1970s.
• And a much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratosphere
ozone over Earth’s polar regions during the same period (this
phenomenon is commonly referred to as the ozone hole.
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Ozone Depletion
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Ozone Depletion
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40. Origin / sources
All ozone-depleting substances have both natural and
anthropogenic (manmade) sources. But human activity has
dramatically increased the chlorine and bromine.
CFCs were used in air conditioning/cooling units, as aerosol
spray propellants prior to the 1980s,and in the cleaning
processes of delicate electronic equipment. when they reach
the stratosphere, they are dissociate by ultra violet light to
release chlorine atoms. The chlorine atom act as a catalyst
and break downs the ozone molecules.
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Ozone Depletion
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41. Consequences
Ozone layer depletion is expected to increased surface levels UV, which leads to
following effects.
a) Effects on Humans
• UV radiation is generally accepted to be a contributory factor to skin cancer.
• Increased surface UV leads to increased troposphere ozone, which is a health risk to
humans as ozone is toxic due to its oxidant properties.
• The increased UV also represents an increased in vitamin D, synthetic capacity of the
sunlight.
• Studies are suggestive of an association between ocular cortical cataracts and UV
exposure.
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Ozone Depletion
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42. b) Effects on Crops
A number of economically important species of plants, such as rice, depend
on Cynobacteria residing on their roots for the retention of nitrogen.
Cynobacteria are sensitive to UV light and they would be affected by its
increase.
c) Effects on Plankton
Plankton are vitally important to marine food webs and particularly
susceptible to effects of UV light.
d) Effect on Earth
Ozone depleting chemicals are also greenhouse gases hence contribute to
global warming and related hazards.
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Ozone Depletion
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43. Action
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Ozone Depletion
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