The document discusses several topics related to global warming and the environment: - It explains that global warming is caused by greenhouse gas emissions and is a major threat. Air pollutants from fossil fuels contribute to this effect. - Cleaning up some pollutants without reducing emissions can accelerate warming and cause health impacts, as seen in the 2003 European heat wave. - Most agree that action needs to be taken on global warming, through frameworks like the UNFCCC and mechanisms in the Kyoto Protocol to reduce emissions.

1. Global Warming

2. WATER
AIR
SOIL
ENVIRONMENT

5. The climate is changing.
The earth is warming up.
Research has shown that air
pollutants from fossil fuel use make
clouds reflect more of the sun’s
rays back into space.
This leads to Global dimming.
Global dimming is also hiding the
true power of global warming.

6. By cleaning up global dimming-causing
pollutants without tackling greenhouse gas
emissions, rapid warming has been
observed, and various human health and
ecological disasters have resulted, as
witnessed during the European heat wave in
2003, which saw thousands of people.

7. The world mostly agrees that something
needs to be done about global warming and
climate change.
United Nations Environment Program
(UNEP) and the World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) to assess the scientific
knowledge on global

8. Aquatic Biodiversity
Diatoms

10. What is Climate Change?
Climate change is one of the biggest issues
facing the world today.
Climate change refers to a change of
climate which is attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and
In addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods.

12. Acid rain
• Acid rain is rained any other form of
precipitation that is unusually acidic.
• It has harmful effects on plants, aquatic
animals, and infrastructure.
• Acid rain is mostly caused by human
emissions of sulfur and nitrogen
compounds which react in the atmosphere
to produce acids.

13. • Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic
slightly acidic pH of about 5.2 a weak acid
(pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted
rain also contains other chemicals.
• H2O (l) + CO2 (g) → H2CO3 (aq).

14. Emissions of chemicals
leading to acidification:
• Natural Phenomena
• Human activity
Chemical processes:
• Gas phase chemistry
• Chemistry in cloud
droplets

15. Global warming
• Global warming is the increase in the
average measured temperature of the
Earth's near-surface air and oceans since
the mid-20th century, and its projected
continuation.

18. Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international
agreement linked to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change
The major feature of the Kyoto Protocol is
that it sets binding targets for 37
industrialized countries and the European
community for reducing greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions
These amount to an average of five per
cent against 1990 levels over the five-year
period 2008-2012.

19. Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto mechanisms are:
• Emissions trading – known as “the carbon
market"
• Clean development mechanism (CDM)
• Joint implementation (JI).

26. Greenhouse effect
It is the process by which absorption and
emission of infrared radiation by
atmospheric gases warm a planet’s lower
atmosphere and surface.
Air pollutants from fossil fuel use make
clouds reflect more of the sun’s rays back
into space.
Global dimming caused the droughts in
Ethiopia in the 1970s and 80s where
millions died, because the northern
hemisphere oceans were not warm
enough to allow rain formation

27. Greenhouse effect
A mechanism suggested for tackling
climate change and warming has been the
idea of using Carbon Sinks to soak up
carbon dioxide
It seems there has been a recent interest
in associating climate change/global
warming with “over population” and that
countries such as China and India have to
do more to help contain global warming
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC)

30. Conference of Parties (COP)
COP7—Marrakesh Climate Conference (Morocco)
COP6—The Hague Climate Conference
COP4—Buenos Aires Climate Conference
COP3—Kyoto Protocol Climate Conference

31. Carbon cycle
• The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which
carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere,
geospheres, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
• The cycle is usually thought of as four major reservoirs
of carbon interconnected by pathways of exchange.
These reservoirs are:
• The atmosphere.
• The terrestrial biosphere, which is usually defined to
include fresh water systems and non-living organic
material, such as soil carbon.
• The oceans, including dissolved inorganic carbon and
living and non-living marine biota,
• The sediments including fossil fuels.

32. Pedosphere

33. Geospheres

34. Hydrosphere

35. Atmosphere

36. Ozone layer
The ozone layer is a layer in Earth’s
atmosphere which contains relatively high
concentrations of ozone (O3).
This layer absorbs 93-99% of the sun's high
frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially
damaging to life on earth. Over 91% of ozone
in earth's atmosphere is present here.

37. Pollution
• Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an
environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or
discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms
• Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or
energy, such as noise, heat, or light energy.
• The elements of pollution, can be foreign substances
or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally
occurring, they are considered contaminants when
they exceed natural levels.
•
Pollution is often classed as point source or no
point source pollution.

38. Major forms of pollution and major polluted
areas
• Air pollution is the human introduction into the
atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or
biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to
humans or other living organisms, or damages the
environment. Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory
disease. Air pollution is often identified with major
stationary sources, but the greatest source of emissions
is mobile sources, mainly automobiles. Gases such as
carbon dioxide, which contribute to global warming, have
recently gained recognition as pollutants by climate
scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide
is essential for plant life through photosynthesis.

39. Major forms of pollution and major polluted
areas
• Air pollution is the human introduction into the
atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter, or
biological materials that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or other living organisms,
or damages the environment.
• Air pollution causes deaths and respiratory
disease. Air pollution is often identified with
major stationary sources, but the greatest
source of emissions is mobile sources, mainly
automobiles.
• Gases such as CO2, which contribute to global
warming, have recently gained recognition as
pollutants by climate scientists, while they also
recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for
plant life through photosynthesis.

41. Water pollution
• Water pollution is the contamination of water
bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and
groundwater caused by human activities, which
can be harmful to organisms and plants which
live in these water bodies.
• Although natural phenomena such as
volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and
earthquakes also cause major changes in water
quality and the ecological status of water, water
is typically referred to as polluted when it is
impaired by anthropogenic contaminants

43. Soil Pollution
• Soil Pollution is caused by the presence
of man-made chemicals or other alteration
in the natural soil environment. This type
of contamination typically arises from the
rupture of underground storage tanks,
application of pesticides, percolation of
contaminated surface water to subsurface
strata, oil and fuel dumping, leaching of
wastes from landfills or direct discharge of
industrial wastes to the soil.

45. Heavy metal
• A heavy metal is a member of an ill-defined subset of elements that
exhibit metallic properties, which would mainly include the transition
metals, some metalloids, lanthanides, and actinides. Many different
definitions have been proposed—some based on density, some on
atomic number or atomic weight, and some on chemical properties
or toxicity. The term heavy metal has been called "meaningless and
misleading" in an IUPAC technical report due to the contradictory
definitions and its lack of a "coherent scientific basis". There is an
alternative term toxic metal, for which no consensus of exact
definition exists either. As discussed below, depending on context,
heavy metal can include elements lighter than carbon and can
exclude some of the heaviest metals. One source defines "heavy
metal" as "... common transition metals, such as copper, lead, and
zinc. These metals are a cause of environmental pollution (heavymetal pollution) from a number of sources, including lead in petrol,
industrial effluents, and leaching of metal ions from the soil into
lakes and rivers by acid rain."

47. Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) Process
• This process has been used for water treatment for
many years. In water treatment many plants have been
built and operated purely for water treatment purposes.
Nowadays, the technology is being increasingly used for
the benefits of the methane it produces.
• Strictly liquid phase Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket
(UASB) Process installations which treat largely soluble
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) must inevitably
comprise some of the most proven Anaerobic Digestion
systems available today. This is simply because they
have been used for a long while, before the methane
generation benefits of the process became important as
an energy source, and the negative effects of methane
escaping as a greenhouse gas were appreciated.

54. Questions??....