A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using living organisms to treat environmental pollution by removing contaminants. There are different types of bioremediation based on the microorganisms or degradation process used. In situ bioremediation treats contaminants on-site, while ex situ bioremediation removes material to be treated elsewhere. Phytoremediation uses plants to stabilize, remediate or reduce contaminated soils and waters through processes like phytoextraction and rhizofiltration. The document outlines techniques for both and notes that while bioremediation is less expensive than other methods, it can be time-consuming and dependent on microbial populations and environmental factors
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
There are six physical methods used to treat wastewater: screening, grit chambers, fat and grease removal, flotation, equalization basins, and clarifiers. Screening removes large solids, grit chambers remove sand and debris, fat and grease removal uses skimmers, flotation removes oils and greases using dissolved air, equalization basins level flows, and clarifiers remove solids through sedimentation.
This document discusses the biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It defines xenobiotics as man-made chemicals synthesized for industrial or agricultural purposes. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances catalyzed by enzymes. The document outlines the sources and methods of biodegradation for different types of xenobiotics such as hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides and more. It provides examples of microorganisms that can degrade specific compounds like polyesters, PAHs, and PCBs through various pathways including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis.
This document discusses biodeterioration, which refers to undesirable changes in materials caused by biological organisms. It affects buildings, stones, metals, and other materials. Factors like humidity, light, temperature, and pollution can influence biodeterioration by favoring the growth of microbes. Mechanisms include chemical and mechanical aggression via acids, enzymes, and physical forces produced by microbes. Common biodeteriogens are bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, and plants. They can deteriorate inorganic materials like stones and metals or organic materials like paper, wood, and paintings. Control methods include biochemical, biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical approaches.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
This document discusses bioremediation and phytoremediation. It defines bioremediation as using living organisms to treat environmental pollution by removing contaminants. There are different types of bioremediation based on the microorganisms or degradation process used. In situ bioremediation treats contaminants on-site, while ex situ bioremediation removes material to be treated elsewhere. Phytoremediation uses plants to stabilize, remediate or reduce contaminated soils and waters through processes like phytoextraction and rhizofiltration. The document outlines techniques for both and notes that while bioremediation is less expensive than other methods, it can be time-consuming and dependent on microbial populations and environmental factors
The document summarizes biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds, specifically petroleum hydrocarbons and pesticides. It discusses how various microorganisms can degrade these compounds through aerobic and anaerobic pathways. Key points include how bacteria and enzymes are able to break down petroleum, degrade pesticides, and transform toxic contaminants into less hazardous substances through microbial metabolic pathways and catabolic reactions. Recent research is also cited that studied biodegradation of crude oil by bacterial consortium in the marine environment.
There are six physical methods used to treat wastewater: screening, grit chambers, fat and grease removal, flotation, equalization basins, and clarifiers. Screening removes large solids, grit chambers remove sand and debris, fat and grease removal uses skimmers, flotation removes oils and greases using dissolved air, equalization basins level flows, and clarifiers remove solids through sedimentation.
This document discusses the biodegradation of various xenobiotics including hydrocarbons, plastics, and pesticides. It defines xenobiotics as man-made chemicals synthesized for industrial or agricultural purposes. Biodegradation is the breakdown of these substances catalyzed by enzymes. The document outlines the sources and methods of biodegradation for different types of xenobiotics such as hydrocarbons, plastics, pesticides and more. It provides examples of microorganisms that can degrade specific compounds like polyesters, PAHs, and PCBs through various pathways including hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis.
This document discusses biodeterioration, which refers to undesirable changes in materials caused by biological organisms. It affects buildings, stones, metals, and other materials. Factors like humidity, light, temperature, and pollution can influence biodeterioration by favoring the growth of microbes. Mechanisms include chemical and mechanical aggression via acids, enzymes, and physical forces produced by microbes. Common biodeteriogens are bacteria, fungi, algae, cyanobacteria, and plants. They can deteriorate inorganic materials like stones and metals or organic materials like paper, wood, and paintings. Control methods include biochemical, biological, physical, chemical, and mechanical approaches.
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to degrade environmental pollutants. It describes different types of bioremediation including in situ and ex situ methods. In situ bioremediation occurs on-site and can be intrinsic or engineered, while ex situ involves removing contaminated material for treatment using methods like land farming, composting, or biopiles. The document also outlines factors influencing bioremediation and lists some advantages and limitations.
The document discusses air pollution and its control through biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to air pollution, listing common air pollutants such as particulates and gaseous pollutants. It then describes several methods for estimating pollutants and controlling air pollution, including the use of biotechnology approaches like microalgal photosynthesis and biological calcification to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The document concludes with a summary of the causes and impacts of air pollution and the need for continued control efforts.
The document discusses the ozone layer, including its location in the stratosphere above the Earth's surface, where it protects life from UV radiation. It describes how CFCs were destroying the ozone layer by being carried into the stratosphere where UV radiation breaks them apart and the chlorine atoms then destroy ozone molecules. In response, the international community enacted the Vienna Convention in 1985 and Montreal Protocol in 1987 to ban CFCs and help the ozone layer recover.
Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of a substance like pesticides in organisms at higher levels of the food chain. It occurs most often in higher trophic levels where exposure is through food rather than water. An example is DDT, an insecticide used from the 1940s to 1960s that entered the environment and biomagnified up the food chain, negatively impacting bald eagle populations. To control biomagnification, harmful substances should not be put in water systems, toxic pesticides should be avoided, organic foods eaten, and time spent in contaminated areas limited.
The document discusses industrial wastewater effluents and their treatment. It describes various sources and characteristics of industrial wastewater, as well as the pollutants commonly found in it. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow safe disposal without harming the environment. Common treatment methods include preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using various units and processes like screening, sedimentation, and biological processes. Both advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment systems are provided.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
The document discusses the design and operation of domestic wastewater treatment plants. It covers the objectives of wastewater treatment and describes the major unit processes involved, including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove settleable solids, secondary biological treatment using activated sludge to reduce organic matter, and advanced treatment methods to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The key operational parameters for activated sludge treatment like solids retention time and oxygen requirements are also summarized.
Water Pollution and its control through biotechnologyRachana Tiwari
Water pollution occurs from both point and non-point sources and can be physical, chemical, or biological in nature. It affects plants and organisms in bodies of water. Biotechnological control of water pollution uses aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. Aerobic processes use microorganisms like Pseudomonas and algae to break down pollutants, and occur in suspended growth systems like activated sludge or attached growth systems like trickling filters. Anaerobic processes use microbes like Peptococcus anaerobus and Escherichia coli to treat waste in the absence of oxygen in digesters.
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made gases that do not occur naturally and contain carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. CFCs are involved in both ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. They are harmful because they destroy ozone in the stratosphere, which protects the earth from UV radiation. The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of CFCs and other ozone depleting substances to help the ozone layer recover.
1. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down pesticides into non-toxic substances.
2. Common pesticides that are biodegraded include the soil fumigant methyl bromide, the herbicide dalapon, and the fungicide chloroneb.
3. For effective biodegradation, organisms must be able to degrade the pesticide, the pesticide must be bioavailable, and soil conditions must support microbial growth. Strategies to enhance biodegradation include biostimulation, bioventing, and bioaugmentation.
Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of substances like pesticides or chemicals in an organism through uptake from ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact. It involves three stages - uptake where the chemical enters the organism, storage where it is deposited in tissues, and elimination where it is removed from the body. Chemicals that do not dissolve readily in fat have a greater potential to bioaccumulate in organisms. Examples of hazardous chemicals that can bioaccumulate include mercury, DDT, and lead. Factors like exposure duration, chemical concentration, organism lifespan, and anatomy affect bioaccumulation levels. Effects of bioaccumulation include birth defects, reproductive failure, and if it occurs in important food chain organisms, disruption of the entire food chain
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
The document discusses the ozone layer, what ozone layer depletion is, its causes and effects. The ozone layer is a region in the stratosphere that protects the earth from UV radiation. Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of this layer caused by chemicals like CFCs releasing chlorine and bromine which destroy ozone. This exposes the earth to harmful UV rays and causes health issues in humans and damage to plants, animals and marine life. Solutions proposed are avoiding ozone depleting substances and using alternatives.
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, including:
1. The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful UV radiation.
2. Ozone in the stratosphere ("good ozone") is important, while ground-level tropospheric ozone ("bad ozone") can harm health.
3. Ozone depletion is caused by ozone-depleting substances like CFCs released from products, and one chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. Depletion is most severe over Antarctica.
The document discusses air pollution and its control through biotechnology. It begins with an introduction to air pollution, listing common air pollutants such as particulates and gaseous pollutants. It then describes several methods for estimating pollutants and controlling air pollution, including the use of biotechnology approaches like microalgal photosynthesis and biological calcification to reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The document concludes with a summary of the causes and impacts of air pollution and the need for continued control efforts.
The document discusses the ozone layer, including its location in the stratosphere above the Earth's surface, where it protects life from UV radiation. It describes how CFCs were destroying the ozone layer by being carried into the stratosphere where UV radiation breaks them apart and the chlorine atoms then destroy ozone molecules. In response, the international community enacted the Vienna Convention in 1985 and Montreal Protocol in 1987 to ban CFCs and help the ozone layer recover.
Biomagnification is the increasing concentration of a substance like pesticides in organisms at higher levels of the food chain. It occurs most often in higher trophic levels where exposure is through food rather than water. An example is DDT, an insecticide used from the 1940s to 1960s that entered the environment and biomagnified up the food chain, negatively impacting bald eagle populations. To control biomagnification, harmful substances should not be put in water systems, toxic pesticides should be avoided, organic foods eaten, and time spent in contaminated areas limited.
The document discusses industrial wastewater effluents and their treatment. It describes various sources and characteristics of industrial wastewater, as well as the pollutants commonly found in it. The objectives of industrial wastewater treatment are to allow safe disposal without harming the environment. Common treatment methods include preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatments using various units and processes like screening, sedimentation, and biological processes. Both advantages and disadvantages of wastewater treatment systems are provided.
Introduction
Type of pesticides
Advantage & disadvantages of pesticides
Degradation of pesticide
Microbial degradation of pesticides
Mode of microbial metabolism of pesticides
Strategies for biodegradation
Approaches for biodegradation of pesticide
Chemical reaction leading biodegradation of pesticide
Metabolism of pesticides by MO
Metabolism of DDT
The document discusses various aerobic and anaerobic wastewater treatment processes. It begins by defining wastewater treatment as a process to convert wastewater into an effluent that can safely return to the water cycle with minimal environmental impact. It then describes several specific treatment processes, including activated sludge processing, trickling filters, rotating biological contactors, biofilters, aerobic and anaerobic stabilization ponds, and various anaerobic digestion methods like upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and expanded granular sludge bed processes.
Biosorption uses inactive microbial biomass to bind and concentrate heavy metals from aqueous solutions, even very dilute ones. It is a promising alternative to traditional chemical precipitation for treating industrial effluents due to its low cost and high metal binding capacity. Biosorption is a metabolically passive process where heavy metals bind to functional groups on the cell surface through mechanisms like ion exchange, complexation, and chelation. Algae, fungi, bacteria, and plants have all been studied for their ability to biosorb and bioremediate heavy metals through various metabolic and non-metabolic pathways.
Waste water treatment involves three main stages: primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment. Primary treatment involves physical processes like screening, sedimentation, and flotation to remove solids. Secondary treatment uses microorganisms in aerobic processes like activated sludge to break down organic waste. Tertiary treatment provides additional removal of nutrients or other pollutants through chemical or biological methods. Proper treatment of effluent is necessary before discharge to reduce environmental impacts.
This document discusses bioremediation techniques for oil spill cleanup. It begins by defining bioremediation as using microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil. Several methods are described to enhance bioremediation including adding nutrients, oxygen, or microbes. The Exxon Valdez oil spill is discussed as a case study where techniques like controlled burns, dispersants, and fertilizer-enhanced bioremediation were used. Overall, the document provides an overview of bioremediation and how it can be applied to effectively treat oil spills in the environment.
The document discusses the microbiology of wastewater treatment. It describes the types and characteristics of wastewater and indicators used to measure wastewater strength like BOD, COD, and TOD. It outlines the pollution problems caused by untreated wastewater. It then explains the various methods used in wastewater treatment including primary treatment to remove solids, and secondary treatment using processes like septic tanks, Imhoff tanks, trickling filters, activated sludge, and oxidation ponds where microorganisms break down organic matter.
The document discusses the design and operation of domestic wastewater treatment plants. It covers the objectives of wastewater treatment and describes the major unit processes involved, including preliminary treatment to remove solids, primary treatment using sedimentation to remove settleable solids, secondary biological treatment using activated sludge to reduce organic matter, and advanced treatment methods to remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus. The key operational parameters for activated sludge treatment like solids retention time and oxygen requirements are also summarized.
Water Pollution and its control through biotechnologyRachana Tiwari
Water pollution occurs from both point and non-point sources and can be physical, chemical, or biological in nature. It affects plants and organisms in bodies of water. Biotechnological control of water pollution uses aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes. Aerobic processes use microorganisms like Pseudomonas and algae to break down pollutants, and occur in suspended growth systems like activated sludge or attached growth systems like trickling filters. Anaerobic processes use microbes like Peptococcus anaerobus and Escherichia coli to treat waste in the absence of oxygen in digesters.
This document discusses several topics related to environmental biotechnology, including organic pollution, biodegradation of halogenated hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pesticides, and detergents. It provides details on the sources and impacts of persistent organic pollutants. It also describes various microbial and enzymatic pathways used to biodegrade recalcitrant compounds like PAHs, TCE, DDT, and detergents. Microorganisms like Pseudomonas, Nocardia, and fungi play an important role in the aerobic and anaerobic breakdown of these pollutants.
Bioindicators are organisms that can be used to monitor environmental health. Different types of bioindicators like plants, animals, and microbes indicate different types of pollution or environmental changes. Scientists observe changes in bioindicator populations to assess environmental conditions. This document provides examples of various bioindicator species and how they are used, including lichens for air quality, earthworms for soil toxicity, and diatoms for water acidity. It also outlines classifications of bioindicators and criteria for selecting effective bioindicator species.
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are man-made gases that do not occur naturally and contain carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. CFCs are involved in both ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. They are harmful because they destroy ozone in the stratosphere, which protects the earth from UV radiation. The Montreal Protocol was established in 1987 to phase out the production of CFCs and other ozone depleting substances to help the ozone layer recover.
1. Biodegradation is the process by which microorganisms like bacteria and fungi break down pesticides into non-toxic substances.
2. Common pesticides that are biodegraded include the soil fumigant methyl bromide, the herbicide dalapon, and the fungicide chloroneb.
3. For effective biodegradation, organisms must be able to degrade the pesticide, the pesticide must be bioavailable, and soil conditions must support microbial growth. Strategies to enhance biodegradation include biostimulation, bioventing, and bioaugmentation.
Bioaccumulation is the accumulation of substances like pesticides or chemicals in an organism through uptake from ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact. It involves three stages - uptake where the chemical enters the organism, storage where it is deposited in tissues, and elimination where it is removed from the body. Chemicals that do not dissolve readily in fat have a greater potential to bioaccumulate in organisms. Examples of hazardous chemicals that can bioaccumulate include mercury, DDT, and lead. Factors like exposure duration, chemical concentration, organism lifespan, and anatomy affect bioaccumulation levels. Effects of bioaccumulation include birth defects, reproductive failure, and if it occurs in important food chain organisms, disruption of the entire food chain
The problems attract worldwide attention K/a Global Environmental Problems.
The top three environmental problems are: (1) Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming (2) Depletion of Ozone and (3) Acid Rain.
The document discusses the ozone layer, what ozone layer depletion is, its causes and effects. The ozone layer is a region in the stratosphere that protects the earth from UV radiation. Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of this layer caused by chemicals like CFCs releasing chlorine and bromine which destroy ozone. This exposes the earth to harmful UV rays and causes health issues in humans and damage to plants, animals and marine life. Solutions proposed are avoiding ozone depleting substances and using alternatives.
The document summarizes information about the ozone layer, including:
1. The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere and protects life on Earth by absorbing harmful UV radiation.
2. Ozone in the stratosphere ("good ozone") is important, while ground-level tropospheric ozone ("bad ozone") can harm health.
3. Ozone depletion is caused by ozone-depleting substances like CFCs released from products, and one chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules. Depletion is most severe over Antarctica.
ozone layer depletion presentation for college students. in this presentation i discuss all the important fact about ozone layer depletion. i cover all the important topic related to ozone layer depletion causes.
The document discusses the importance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth from harmful UV rays. It explains that while the ozone layer formed naturally, human activities involving chemicals like CFCs are depleting it. The effects of ozone depletion include increased UV radiation at the surface. International agreements have sought to regulate emissions and find alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. The document also discusses the formation of ozone holes over the Arctic and Antarctic regions.
1) The document discusses ozone layer depletion, its causes, effects, and solutions.
2) The main causes of ozone depletion are man-made chemicals like chlorofluorocarbons that destroy the ozone when released into the air.
3) Depletion of the ozone layer leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, which can harm human health, animals, plants, and marine life.
A power point presentation on ozone depletionKriace Ward
The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone hole over Antarctica. It describes how ozone depletion occurs through a catalytic process caused by chlorine and bromine compounds released by CFCs and other chemicals in the stratosphere. Increased UV radiation due to ozone depletion can cause skin cancer in humans, damage plants and plankton populations, and affect climate patterns globally. The Montreal Protocol banned CFCs and other ozone depleting substances to address the problem.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in protecting Earth from UV radiation, and the causes and impacts of ozone layer depletion. The ozone layer absorbs UV radiation in the stratosphere and protects living organisms. Ozone depletion is caused by ozone depleting substances (ODS) released by human activities like CFCs from refrigerants. This thins the ozone layer and allows more UV radiation to reach the Earth's surface, harming humans, animals and plants through increased skin cancer and other health issues. Preventive measures include replacing CFCs and reducing vehicle use and emissions.
The document discusses ozone depletion and the ozone layer. It explains that ozone in the stratosphere protects life on Earth by filtering out UV radiation from the sun. In the 1980s, evidence emerged of an ozone hole developing over Antarctica each spring. The cause was determined to be man-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which are transported into the stratosphere by winds and break down ozone molecules. While CFC production has been restricted, full recovery of the ozone layer may not occur until 2050 due to CFCs' long lifetime in the atmosphere. Ozone depletion can negatively impact human health and ecosystems if it results in increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface.
Introduction and significance of meteorologydhruvdhruv2021
This document provides an overview of ozone chemistry, including its formation in the stratosphere and troposphere, properties of the ozone layer, depletion effects such as the Antarctic ozone hole, interactions with air pollution, involved chemical reactions, health and environmental impacts, and mitigation strategies. It begins with an introduction to ozone chemistry and its role in atmospheric processes. Subsequent sections discuss the structure and importance of the ozone layer, factors and mechanisms influencing ozone formation, causes and consequences of ozone depletion, links between ozone and air pollution, complex reaction cycles, effects of exposure, regulations and agreements to address depletion.
The document discusses the ozone layer and its depletion. It begins by defining ozone and describing where it is located in the atmosphere, forming an important protective layer. It then explains that ozone depletion is primarily caused by chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone depleting substances released into the air. This leads to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface and causes problems like skin cancer, as well as broader issues like global warming. International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have helped phase out the harmful substances and allow the ozone layer to recover over time.
Ozone is a molecule containing three oxygen atoms that exists in both the upper and lower atmosphere. In the stratosphere, ozone forms a layer that protects the Earth from UV radiation, but in the troposphere it is a air pollutant. The document discusses the formation of ozone, its roles in the atmosphere, and how CFCs were depleting the ozone layer until they were regulated by the Montreal Protocol.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in protecting Earth from UV radiation, and causes of its depletion. The ozone layer is a layer of gas in the stratosphere that contains ozone, which absorbs 97-99% of harmful UV radiation from the sun. Depletion of the ozone layer began in the 1970s due to man-made chemicals like CFCs released into the atmosphere. CFCs are stable but rise to the stratosphere where they break down ozone molecules. Depletion of the ozone layer increases risks of health issues like skin cancer from higher UV exposure at the surface. Actions to prevent further depletion include limiting CFC and halon emissions and developing alternatives.
The document discusses the stratospheric ozone layer, the causes and impacts of its depletion, and efforts to address the problem. It notes that the ozone layer protects the Earth from UV radiation but has been thinning due to ozone-depleting substances like CFCs. Increased UV exposure can harm humans, agriculture, and ecosystems. The Montreal Protocol banned production of major ozone-depleting chemicals and governments are regulating their use, but continued actions are needed to prevent further ozone layer depletion.
The document discusses the ozone layer, its importance in protecting life on Earth from UV radiation, and how human activities have depleted the ozone layer. It provides details on:
- The location and composition of the stratospheric ozone layer.
- How ozone-depleting substances (ODS) released from products like aerosols, refrigerants, and solvents travel to the stratosphere and cause ozone depletion through chemical reactions.
- Evidence that the largest ozone depletions occur over the poles, with threats including increased skin cancer, cataracts, reduced crop yields, and harm to marine ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles.
The ozone layer protects life on Earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. However, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in refrigerants, aerosols, and other products are destroying the ozone layer by releasing chlorine atoms that break down ozone molecules. This depletion causes increased skin cancer, cataracts, damage to crops and plankton, and impacts the Earth's climate. While reducing CFC use helps, fully phasing out these chemicals is needed to allow the ozone layer to recover over time.
Similar to Ozone depletion, Acid Rain, Greenhouse effect and UV Radiation (20)
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
ESPP presentation to EU Waste Water Network, 4th June 2024 “EU policies driving nutrient removal and recycling
and the revised UWWTD (Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive)”
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Ozone depletion, Acid Rain, Greenhouse effect and UV Radiation
1. Kalsang Chodon, 2156
Surati, 47
B. SC zoology (Hons)
GE- Botany
Delhi University
BOTANY ASSISSGMENT
Environmental Issues
2. Humans impact the
environment in
several ways.
Common effects
include decreased
water quality,
increased pollution
and greenhouse gas
emissions, depletion
of natural resources
and contribution to
global climate change.
Some of these are the direct result of human activities, whereas others are
secondary effects that are part of a series of actions and reactions.
Environmental issues
4. What is the Ozone Layer?
The Ozone layer is a deep blanket in the stratosphere made up of comparatively
high concentration of the ozone. As a result of its chemical composition, ozone
is regarded as a special type of oxygen as it contains three oxygen molecules
(O3) as opposed to the usual two oxygen molecules (O2).
The ozone layer encircles the earth and
occurs naturally. It is mainly found in
the lower part of the stratosphere,
approximately 15 to 30 kilometers (9 to
18 miles) above the earth. The ozone is
an extremely reactive layer and it acts
as a shield from the harmful ultraviolet
B rays discharged from the sun. The
ozone layer is continually being
generated and broken down owing to
several atmospheric processes and
chemical reactions. This makes the
thickness of the ozone layer to vary
geographically and seasonally.
5. Ozone Destruction Mechanism
Substances such as CFCs, and others that are cited, that lower the ozone layer do
not directly destroy ozone. First they undergo photolysis, forming hydrogen
chloride (HCl) or chlorine nitrate (ClONO2), molecules that do not react with
ozone directly, but slowly decompose, giving, among other things, a small number
of chlorine atoms (Cl) and Of chlorine monoxide (ClO) molecules that catalyze the
destruction of ozone.
The reactions involved in the processes of destruction are more than 100, but can
be simplified in the following:
Cl + O 3 —–> ClO + O 2
ClO + O —–> Cl + O 2
Net effect: O 3 + O —–> 2 O 2
The chlorine atom acts as a catalyst, i.e. it is not consumed in the reaction, so it
destroys thousands of ozone molecules before disappearing. The bromine atom is
even more destructive than chlorine (about 10 or 100 times more). On the other
hand, along with this, the chlorine concentrations are very low in the stratosphere
and the bromine concentrations are even lower.
6. Advantages of the Ozone Layer
Protection against cancer and cataracts
Ozone is very efficient at absorbing the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation even in
very small amounts. For this reason, the ozone layer protects the earth by
blocking the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation that can cause skin cancer and
cataracts in humans.
Protection of the environment and ecosystems
The ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is very harmful and can be destructive
to our natural ecosystems and the environment. UV radiation has an effect upon
the fertility of some animals and affects the survival of their offspring. Plants are
as well affected by UV radiation as it negatively impacts their ability to develop
and grow properly.
Furthermore, UV radiation determines chemical reaction and breakdown of
various atmospheric processes which can contribute to disastrous changes in the
aquatic environments and other earth’s ecosystems in general. For instance,
changes in UV levels affect the growth and development of phytoplankton. The
ozone layer thus plays an important role by preventing the harmful UV radiations
from penetrating into the earth’s lower atmosphere (the troposphere).
7. Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
There have been several concerns about ozone depletion. The problems and
causes associated with ozone depletion arise from human activities. Unlike
pollution which has several causes, there is one specific chemical compound that
is responsible for the breakdown of the ozone layer.
These chemical compounds are present in many industrial manufactured products
and aerosols. Nonetheless, since the discovery of ozone depletion, the Montreal
Protocol was established to regulate the manufacture and use of these chemical
compounds. Below is the detailed account of the chemicals responsible for the
ozone layer depletion:
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• The ODS
• Other chemicals
8. • Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are the primary cause for the ozone layer depletion.
Industrial products including solvents, soaps, spray aerosols, insulating foams,
‘take-away’ containers and cooling utilities such as refrigerators and air
conditioners use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Over time, these substances
accumulate in the atmosphere are carried by wind action into the stratosphere.
Once the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are in the stratosphere, their molecules are
broken up by the ultraviolet radiation from the sun which releases Chlorine
atoms. The Chlorine atoms react with the Ozone, setting out a chemical cycle
that destroys the good ozone. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
estimates that once Chlorine atom can break up more than 100,000 ozone
molecules.
• The ODS
There are also other chemical substances that are generally grouped as Ozone
Depleting Substances (ODS). Examples are methyl bromide use in pesticides,
methyl chloroform used on making industrial solvents, and halons used in fire
extinguishers. Just like the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), these substances also
chemically react with the ozone which starts a chemical cycle that break up the
good ozone.
9. Other chemicals
Other chemicals that
naturally present similar
reactions with the good
ozone include Clx, Hox
and Noy which belong to
the Chlorine, Hydrogen
and Nitrogen families
respectively.
10. Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion
Ozone layer depletion can have some serious consequences on effects of
human health, plants, marine ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles and earth’s
environment. Let us see each one of these in detail.
Effect on biogeochemical cycles
Increases in UV radiation alters both sources and sinks of greenhouse gasses in
the biosphere e.g.: e.g., carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonyl sulfide,
ozone, and possibly other gases. Changes in UV levels would contribute to
biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks that mitigate or amplify the atmospheric
concentrations of these gases.
Effect on plants
Plants become another casualty by radiation effects of UV rays. The
physiological and developmental processes of plants are also severely affected
apart from the growth. Some other changes that are caused by UV inlcude the
way plants form, timing of development and growth, how nutrients are
distributied within the plant and metabolism, etc.
11.
12. Effect on health of humans
With depletion in ozone’s layer, we humans are more prone to UV rays that reaches
the Earth’s surface. Studies suggests that high levels of UV Rays cause non-
melanoma skin cancer and plays a major role in malignant melanoma development.
Direct exposure to UV rays can lead to development of cataracts which clouds the
eye’s lens. Permanent exposure to UV rays can also lead to weakening of the
response of immune system and even permanent damage to immune system in
some cases. Aging of skin is yet another problem that will make you look older than
what you really are. Extensive exposure to UV rays can lead to acceleration of the
aging process of your skin.
Effect on marine ecosystems
UV rays also have adverse effect on the marine ecosystems. It badly affects the
planktons that form the foundation of aquatic food webs. Phytoplankton grow close
to the surface of the water and plays vital role in the food chain and oceanic carbon
cycle. Changes in UV levels is know to affect both orientation and motility
in phytoplankton. This reduces the survival and growth rate of these organisms.
UV rays are also known to affect the development stages of fish, shrimp, crab,
amphibians, and other marine animals. When this happens it affects whole marine
food chain as animals in the upper food chain that feed on these fishes are also
affected.
13.
14. • Replace halon-based fire extinguishers with others using foam.
• Check on the label of the products, which we buy at the supermarket, to report that they
do not damage the ozone layer.
• Use your car only when necessary. The less we use our cars, the less pollutants we will
emit into the atmosphere. Remember that burning fossil fuels breeds many substances
that damage the ozone layer.
• Do not buy refrigerators or air conditioner equipment that use CFCs as refrigerant. Look
for this information in the labels, or ask the supplier of the product directly.
• Do not use cleaning solvents containing CFCs or ammonia.
• Do not use sprays, and do not buy objects made of plastic foam (dry ice or freezer). If you
receive these products as a fill of your mail packages, return them immediately to the
sender. Low consumption of these products will discourage plastic foam manufacturers.
• Make yourself heard. Please show this page to your children, relatives, friends and
neighbors.
Ways to prevent Ozone Depletion
15.
16. • Precipitation that has a pH of less than
that of natural rainwater{which is 5.6
due to dissolved carbon dioxide}
• It is formed when SO2 and NO as gases
or fine particles in the atmosphere
combine with water vapor and
precipitate as sulphuric acid and nitric
acid in rain snow and fog.
What is acidity?
Acidic and basic are two ways that we describe chemical compounds.
Acidity is measured using a pH scale. A pH scale runs from zero (the most
acidic) to 14 (the most basic or alkaline). A substance that is neither basic
or acidic is called "neutral", and this has a pH of 7.
What is acid rain?
20. • Natural Cause: Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when
compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air.
These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and
react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants,
known as acid rain. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in
water and can be carried very far by the wind. As a result, the two
compounds can travel long distances where they become part of the rain,
sleet, snow, and fog that we experience on certain days.
• Anthropogenic Cause: Human activities are the main cause of acid rain.
Over the past few decades, humans have released so many different
chemicals into the air that they have changed the mix of gases in the
atmosphere. Power plants release the majority of sulfur dioxide and much of
the nitrogen oxides when they burn fossil fuels, such as coal, to produce
electricity. In addition, the exhaust from cars, trucks, and buses releases
nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide into the air. These pollutants cause acid
rain.
22. Effect on Soil:
Acid rain highly impacts on soil
chemistry and biology. It means, soil
microbes and biological activity as
well as soil chemical compositions
such as soil pH are damaged or
reversed due to the effects of acid
rain. The soil needs to maintain an
optimum pH level for the continuity
of biological activity. When acid
rains seep into the soil, it means higher soil pH, which damages or reverses
soil biological and chemical activities. Hence, sensitive soil microorganisms
that cannot adapt to changes in pH are killed. High soil acidity also denatures
enzymes for the soil microbes. On the same breadth, hydrogen ions of acid
rain leach away vital minerals and nutrients such as calcium and magnesium.
23. Effect on Aquatic Environment:
Acid rain either falls directly on aquatic
bodies or gets run off the forests, roads
and fields to flow into streams, rivers and
lakes. Over a period of time, acids get
accumulated in the water and lower the
overall pH of the water body. The aquatic
plants and animals need a particular pH
level of about 4.8 to survive.
If the pH level falls below that the conditions become hostile for the survival of
aquatic life. Acid rain tendency of altering pH and aluminum concentrations
greatly affects pH concentration levels in surface water, thereby affecting fish
as well as other aquatic life-forms. At pH levels below 5, most fish eggs cannot
hatch. Lower pHs can also kill adult fish. Acid rain runoff from catchment areas
into rivers and lakes has also reduced biodiversity as rivers and lakes become
more acidic. Species including fish, plant and insect types in some lakes, rivers
and brooks have been reduced and some even completely eliminated owing to
excess acid rain flowing into the waters.
24. Effect on Architecture and Buildings:
Acid rain on buildings, especially those constructed with limestone, react with the
minerals and corrode them away. This leaves the building weak and susceptible to
decay. Modern buildings, cars, airplanes, steel bridges and pipes are all affected by acid
rain. Irreplaceable damage can be caused to the old heritage buildings.
25. Vegetation Cover and Plantations:
The damaging effects of acid rain on soil and high levels of dry depositions have
endlessly damaged high altitude forests and vegetation cover since they are
mostly encircled by acidic fogs and clouds. Besides, the widespread effects of acid
rain on ecological harmony have lead to stunted growth and even death of some
forests and vegetation cover.
26. Effect on Forests:
It makes trees vulnerable to disease, extreme weather, and insects by
destroying their leaves, damaging the bark and arresting their growth. Forest
damage due to acid rain is most evident in Eastern Europe – especially
Germany, Poland and Switzerland.
27. Effect on Public Health:
When in atmosphere, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases and their
particulate matter derivatives like sulfates and nitrates, degrades visibility and
can cause accidents, leading to injuries and deaths. Human health is not directly
affected by acid rain because acid rain water is too dilute to cause serious health
problems. However, the dry depositions also known as gaseous particulates in
the air which in this case are nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide can cause serious
health problems when inhaled. Intensified levels of acid depositions in dry form
in the air can cause lung and heart problems such as bronchitis and asthma.
28. Other Effects:
Acid rain leads to weathering of buildings, corrosion of metals, and peeling of
paints on surfaces. Buildings and structures made of marble and limestone
are the ones especially damaged by acid rain due to the reactivity of the acids
in the rain and the calcium compounds in the structures. The effects are
commonly seen on statues, old grave stones, historic monuments, and
damaged buildings. Acid rain also corrodes metals like steel, bronze, copper,
and iron.
29. Now that you know why acid rain is a problem, you might be wondering what’s
being done to control it. Regulations and new technologies are helping reduce
acid rain.
EPA’s Acid Rain Program
Power plants generate the electricity we use every day. Unfortunately, power
plants also produce large amounts of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide—the
pollutants that cause acid rain—when they burn fossil fuels, especially coal, to
produce energy. Congress passed a law called the CleanAir Act Amendments of
1990, and this law said that EPA should start the Acid Rain Program.The
program limits, or puts a cap on, the amount of sulfur dioxide that power plants
can release into the air and issues allowances to the power plants to cover their
sulfur dioxide emissions. It also reduces the amount of nitrogen oxides that
power plants can release
Regulations And
Measures
30. Reducing Pollution
Scientists have found different ways to reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide
released from coal-burning power plants.One option is to use coal that contains
less sulfur. Another option is to “wash” the coal to remove some of the sulfur.The
power plant can also install equipment called scrubbers, which remove the sulfur
dioxide from gases leaving the smokestack. Because nitrogen oxides are created in
the process of burning coal and other fossil fuels, some power plants are changing
the way they burn coal.
Cleaner Cars
Cars and trucks are major sources of the pollutants that cause acid rain.While one
car alone does not produce much pollution, all the cars on the road added together
create lots of pollution.Therefore, car manufacturers are required to reduce the
amount of nitrogen oxides and other pollutants released by new cars.One type of
technology used in cars is called a catalytic converter.This piece of equipment has
been used for over 20 years to reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides released by
cars. Some new cars can also use cleaner fuels, such as natural gas.
Cars that produce less pollution and are better for the environment are often
labeled as low emissions vehicles.You can find out which vehicles are low
emissions vehicles by looking at EPA’s GreenVehicles Guide.
31. Other Sources of Energy
A great way to reduce acid rain is to produce energy without using fossil
fuels. Instead, people can use renewable energy sources, such as solar and
wind power. Renewable energy sources help reduce acid rain because they
produce much less pollution.These energy sources can be used to power
machinery and produce electricity.
32. Ways to Prevent Acid
Rain
1. Reducing emissions from factories and mines. People can help by using less
electricity and mined resources.
2. Reducing the use of too much oil on oars. People can help by buying less oil and
its ingredients.
3. Reducing the use of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides and the burning of coal
and wood.
4. Reducing the use of air conditioning by using fans and single energy refrigerator.
Close the doors when the air condition is on.
5. Reducing the use of sulphur by recycling paper. People can help by reading
newspaper online rather than buying them.
6. Reducing the use of oars powered by gasoline. People can help by using cycles are
walking for short trip.
7. Reducing the waist of energy by turning off the lights when they aren’t needed,
by shutting down utilities when you go on vacations and using solar energy.
8. Producing the use of manufactured material people can help by producing new
biodegradable material
34. What is Greenhouse effect?
The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet's
atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it
would be without its atmosphere. One is the natural greenhouse effect that
keeps our earth climate normal and comfortable on the other hand there is
a man made greenhouse effect which is an enhancement of natural
greenhouse made from the burning fossil fuels, petroleum, coal and natural
gas.
35. Greenhouse effect is important for existence of life on the earth’s surface. Most
of the greenhouses looks like the small green houses used to grow plants in
winter and colder regions. Greenhouse works by tapping heat from the sun. The
greenhouse let in light but doesn’t allow heat from escaping thus making it
possible to grow plants in far most colder regions.
The same type of greenhouse effect
takes place in the car when you
park under the sunlight. The
greenhouse effect is important.
Without the greenhouse effect, the
Earth would not be warm enough
for humans to live. But if the
greenhouse effect becomes
stronger, it could make the Earth
warmer than usual. Even a little
extra warming can cause problems
for humans, plants, and animals.
Importance of Greenhouse effect
36. Natural Greenhouse Effect
• Natural greenhouse effect is made from the heat energy radiated from the sun.
• Greenhouse gases are naturally due to the presence in the atmosphere.
Sunlight goes to the atmosphere warming earth in a cycle.
• The cycle continuous through the atmosphere as the gases absorb energy at
the same time while the leftovers go to the space.
• Some energy trapped in earth makes it much warmer and comfortable.
Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
• Activities made by humans result in production of greenhouse gases.
• While the amounts of gas increases in the atmosphere the stability of the
greenhouse gases change causing effects on the whole world.
• Greenhouse effects caused by burning fossil fuels, coal, natural gases, cutting
and burning of trees producing carbon dioxide.
• Greenhouse gases trap heat making the earth warmer and causing global
warming.
37.
38. Greenhouse Gases
Greenhouse gases and gas that accumulates low-energy infrared
radiation these gases consists of :
• Water vapour
• Carbon dioxide
• Methane
• Ozone
• Nitrous oxide.
39. Water vapour
• Produced by the sun's heat emission
• Makes up a maximum of 47% of the air
• Causes about two third of the greenhouse effect
• Higher temperature is equal to more water vapour
Carbon dioxide
• Both man made and natural produced
• Accounts for 385 PPM of the atmosphere
• Responsible for about a 25% of the natural greenhouse effect on the earth
• Carbon sinks help remove CO2 emission from the air
Ozone
• Exist naturally
• Creates the layer protecting the earth from the sun's high energy UV radiation rays
• Acts as a Greenhouse gas in the troposphere
Methane
• Produced both by human sources and naturally
• Less quantity of Methane in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide
• Methane molecules are more capable of absorbing thermal energy than CO2 molecules
40. Nitrous oxide
• Produced naturally and by human resources
• Lower density in atmosphere than carbon dioxide
• Molecule 300 times more effective as a Greenhouse gas than the CO2 molecule
Fluorinated gases
• Synthetic, powerful greenhouse gases like hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur
hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride.
• Emitted by industrial processes.
• Fluorinated gases are sometimes used as substitutes for stratospheric ozone-depleting
substances (e.g., chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons).
• These gases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, but because they are potent
greenhouse gases, they are sometimes referred to as High Global Warming
Potential gases.
41. Sources of Greenhouse effect
Electrical Appliances
Electrical appliances are amongst the major
contributors to the green house effect.
Refrigerators, air conditions or some other
electric appliances emit gases, known as
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which have
added to the greenhouse effect.
Industries
Most of the industries today add to the
pollution levels and in turn, lead to the
greenhouse effect. Aerosol cans, some
foaming agents used in the packaging
industry, fire extinguisher chemicals and
cleaners used in the electronic industry
contribute to this. Even some processes of
the cement manufacturing industries can be
counted amongst the culprits.
42. Deforestation
One of the major reasons for the greenhouse
effect is deforestation. With the increase in
population, more and more forests are being
cut to provide accommodation and other
amenities to people. This has led to an
increase in the amount of carbon di-oxide in
the atmosphere. Add to this, burning of
forests, for the purpose of deforestation, and
we know why the carbon di-oxide has
increased to such enormous levels.
Burning of Fossil Fuels
We all know that burning of fossil fuels, like
petroleum and oil, wood and gas results in
release of pollutants into the atmosphere.
With time, the consumption of fossil fuels, be
it for industrial purposes or consumer
purposes, has increased and with it, the
pollution levels in the world.
43. Automobiles
Automobiles, whether they run on petrol or
diesel, create pollution and release harmful
gases into the atmosphere. These gases, in
turn, create the greenhouse effect in the
atmosphere. The forever-increasing use of
automobiles has only added to the problem.
Population Growth
The high rate of population growth has been
indirectly responsible for the greenhouse
effect. With the increase in the number of
people, the need for things like
accommodation, clothes, cars, ACs, etc. has
increased. The result is more industries, more
cars, more deforestation, and so on. The
ultimate consequence is greenhouse effect.
44. Effects of Greenhouse gases
On sea level
• Rising temperatures cause water of the oceans along with the sea to
increase.
• Increasing temperature melts ice as it starts to flow into the seas of Antarctic
and Greenland.
• Sea level rise by 20-40 cm causing floods in areas with low coastal area
e.g.Bangladesh and Netherland
• Flood in many area causes danger for living things.
Onfarming
• Change in the weather affect the growing crops around the world.
• Crops of wheat and rice grow well in high temperatures.
• Sugarcane and Maize don't survive in high temperature and end up dying.
• For the more change in the amount of rainfall affect the growth leading to
shortage of food.
• South Eastern part of the world will be affected as people will suffer without
food.
45.
46. On water
• Countries all over the world will be affected.
• Britain and Southeast will have a risk of droughts.
• Africa won't have enough water.
On Weather
• Increasing in greenhouse gases will change weather around the world.
• North Eastern countries have an increase of temperature.
• Summers and winters much hotter.
• Some places will become hotter and wetter while some will be dry and
cooler.
• The world will change with droughts storms and floods.
On people andanimal
• Changes make it hard for humans to adjust and adapt to climate.
• Avoiding all the disasters moving from one place to another will be hard.
• While weather and temperature changes the home of plants and animal will
be affected.
• Moving oceans animal like fishes will be hard.
• New homes for animals may not be safe causing loss in animal population.
47. Burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, coal, oil and gasoline raises the level of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, and carbon dioxide is a major contributor to
the greenhouse effect and global warming. You can help to reduce the demand
for fossil fuels, which in turn reduces global warming, by using energy more
wisely.
The following is a list of 10 steps YOU can take to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions:
Ways to reduce Greenhouse effect
• Reduce,Reuse, Recycle
Buying products with minimal
packaging will help to reduce waste.
By recycling half of your household
waste, you can save 2,400 pounds of
carbon dioxide annually.
48. • BuyEnergy-EfficientProducts
Home appliances now come in a range of energy-efficient models, and
compact florescent bulbs are designed to provide more natural-looking light
while using far less energy than standard light bulbs.
• UseLess Heat and AirConditioning
Adding insulation to your walls and installing weather stripping or caulking
around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25
percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your
home. Turn down the heat while you’re sleeping at night or away during the
day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Install a programmable
thermostat because setting it just 2 degrees lower in winter and higher in
summer could save about 2,000 pounds of carbon dioxide each year.
• Get aReport Card from YourUtility Company
Many utility companies provide free home energy audits to help consumers
identify areas in their homes that may not be energy efficient. In addition,
many utility companies offer rebate programs to help pay for the cost of
energy-efficient upgrades.
49. • Use Less Hot Water
Set your water heater at 120 degrees to save energy, and wrap it in an
insulating blanket if it is more than 15 years old. Buy low-flow showerheads
to save hot water and about 350 pounds of carbon dioxide yearly. Wash your
clothes in warm or cold water to reduce your use of hot water and the energy
required to produce it. That change alone can save at least 500 pounds of
carbon dioxide annually in most households.
• Planta Tree
If you have the means to plant
a tree, start digging. Trees
absorb carbon dioxide and give
off oxygen. A single tree will
absorb approximately one ton
of carbon dioxide during its
lifetime.
50. • Encourage Others to Conserve
Share information about recycling and energy conservation with your friends, neighbors
and co-workers, and take opportunities to encourage public officials to establish
programs and policies that are good for the environment. These 10 steps will take you a
long way toward reducing your energy use and saving you money. Less energy use
means less dependence on the fossil fuels that create greenhouse gases and contribute
to global warming.
• Use the "Off"Switch
Save electricity and reduce global warming by turning off lights when you leave a room,
and using only as much light as you need. And remember to turn off your television,
stereo and computer when you're not using them. It’s also a good idea to turn off the
water when you’re not using it. While brushing your teeth, shampooing the dog or
washing your car, turn off the water until you actually need it for rinsing.
• Drive Less and Drive Smart
Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are
great forms of exercise. Explore the York Region Transit system and check out options for
carpooling to work or school.
When you do drive, make sure your car is running efficiently. For example, keeping your
tires properly inflated can improve your gas mileage by more than 3 percent. Every
gallon of gas you save not only helps your budget, it also keeps 20 pounds of carbon
dioxide out of the atmosphere.
51. • Replace Your Light Bulbs
Wherever practical, replace regular light bulbs with compact florescent light
(CFL) bulbs. Replacing just one 60-watt incandescent light bulb with a CFL will
save you $30 over the life of the bulb. CFLs also last 10 times longer than
incandescent bulbs, use two-thirds less energy, and give off 70 percent less
heat. If every Canadian family replaced one regular light bulb with a CFL, it
would eliminate 90 billion pounds of greenhouse gases, the same as taking 7.5
million cars off the road.
54. What are UV radiations???
• UV {ultra violet}radiations are all the energies that that move at speed of light
of light are collectively referred as electro magnetic radiation or light.
• Pigments inside our retina of our eyes can absorb wavelength of light between
400-700 nm. Collectively referred as visible lights.
• Stratosphere O and ozone molecules absorbs 77-99%of sums high frequency
UV light with wavelength between 150 and 300nm.
• UVB is a section of UV spectrum with wavelength between 270-320 nm
• Amount of UVB light received by a location is strongly dependent on latitude
and elevation of location.
• At a high latitude in polar region sun is always low in sky.
55.
56. Positive effects of UVB
Triggers vitamin D – UV from the Sun is needed by our bodies to produce
vitamin D. Vitamin D helps strengthen bones, muscles and the body’s immune
system. It may also lower the risk of getting some kinds of cancers such as
colon cancer.
Helps some skin conditions – UV is used in the treatment of skin conditions
such as psoriasis. This is a condition where the skin sheds its cells too quickly
and develops itchy, scaly patches. Exposure to UV slows the growth of the skin
cells and relieves the symptoms.
Helps some animals’ vision – Some animals (including birds, bees and reptiles)
are able to see into the near UV light to locate many ripe fruits, flowers and
seeds that stand out more strongly from the background. The fruits, flowers
and seeds often appear quite different from how humans see them. For
example, when seen in UV light, some flowers have different line markings,
which may help direct bees and birds to the nectar.
Aids some insects’ navigation – Many insects use UV emissions from celestial
objects as references for navigating in flight. This is why a light sometimes
attracts flying insects by disrupting their navigation process.
57. Negative effects of UVB
Causes skin cancer – UV is an environmental human carcinogen. It’s the most
prominent and universal cancer-causing agent in our environment. There is very
strong evidence that each of the three main types of skin cancer (basal cell
carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma) is caused by sun exposure.
Research shows that as many as causes sunburn– UV burns the skin. Sunburn is a
burn that occurs when skin cells are damaged. This damage to the skin is caused
by the absorption of energy from UV rays. Extra blood flows to the damaged skin
in an attempt to repair it, which is why your skin turns red when you are
sunburnt. 90% of skin cancers are due to UV radiation.
Fades colours – Many pigments (used for coloring food, cosmetics, fabric, plastic,
paint, ink and other materials) and dyes absorb UV and change colour. Fabrics,
furnishings and paintings need protection from UV (fluorescent lamps as well as
sunlight) to prevent colour change or loss.
58. Damages immune system – Over-exposure to UV radiation has a harmful
suppressing effect on the immune system. Scientists believe that sunburn can
change the distribution and function of disease-fighting white blood cells in
humans for up to 24 hours after exposure to the sun. Repeated over-exposure
to UV radiation can cause even more damage to the body's immune system.
The immune system defends the body against bacteria, microbes, viruses,
toxins and parasites (disease and infection). You can see how effective the
immune system is by looking at how quickly something decays when it dies and
the immune system stops working.
Damages eyes – Prolonged exposure to UV or high intensities of UV (for
example, in sunbeds) damages the tissues of eyes and can cause a ‘burning’ of
the eye surface, called ‘snow blindness’ or photokeratitis. The effects usually
disappear within a couple of days, but may lead to further complications later
in life. In 1998, the Journal of the American Medical Association reported that
even low amounts of sunlight can increase the risk of developing eye damage
such as cataracts (which, left untreated, will cause blindness), pterygium and
pinguecula. UV damage to the eyes is cumulative, so it is never too late to start
protecting the eyes.
59.
60. Ages skin – UV speeds up the aging of skin, since the UV destroys collagen and
connective tissue beneath the top layer of the skin. This causes wrinkles, brown
‘liver’ spots and loss of skin elasticity. The difference between skin tone,
wrinkles, or pigmentation on the underside of a person's arm and the top side of
the same arm illustrate the effects of sun exposure on skin. Usually, the top side
of the arm has had more exposure to the sun and shows greater sun damage.
Because photo-aging of the skin is cumulative, it is never too late for a person to
start a sun protection programme. Otherwise, though a tan may look good now,
you could be paying for it with wrinkly leathery skin or skin cancer later.
Weakens plastics – Many polymers used in consumer items (including plastics,
nylon and polystyrene) are broken down or lose strength due to exposure to UV
light.
61. Protection from UVB rays
• People who get a lot of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays are at greater
risk for skin cancer.
• Sunlight is the main source of UV rays, but you don’t have to avoid the
sun completely. And it would be unwise to stay inside if it would keep
you from being active, because physical activity is important for good
health. But getting too much sun can be harmful. There are some steps
you can take to limit your exposure to UV rays.
• Some people think about sun protection only when they spend a day at
the lake, beach, or pool. But sun exposure adds up day after day, and it
happens every time you are in the sun.
62. • Protect your skin with clothing.
Clothes provide different levels of UV protection. Long-sleeved
shirts, long pants, or long skirts cover the most skin and are the
most protective. Dark colors generally provide more protection
than light colors.
Be aware that covering up doesn’t block out all UV rays. If you can
see light through a fabric, UV rays can get through, too.
• Use sunscreen
Sunscreen is a product that you put on your skin to protect it from
the sun’s UV rays. But it’s important to know that sunscreen is just a
filter – it does not block all UV rays. Sunscreen should not be used
as a way to prolong your time in the sun. Even with proper
sunscreen use, some UV rays still get through. Because of this,
sunscreen should not be thought of as your first line of defense.
Consider sunscreen as one part of your skin cancer protection plan,
especially if staying in the shade and wearing protective clothing
aren’t available as your first options.
Way to protect from UVB rays
63. • Wear a hat
A hat with at least a 2- to 3-inch brim all around is
ideal because it protects areas that are often
exposed to intense sun, such as the ears, eyes,
forehead, nose, and scalp. A shade cap (which looks
like a baseball cap with about 7 inches of fabric
draping down the sides and back) also is good, and
will provide more protection for the neck.
• Wear sunglasses that block UV rays
UV-blocking sunglasses are important for protecting
the delicate skin around the eyes, as well as the eyes
themselves. Research has shown that long hours in
the sun without protecting your eyes increase your
chances of developing certain eye diseases.
The ideal sunglasses should block 99% to 100% of
UVA and UVB rays