This paper presents the new waste material to enhance the grounding system application by using Rice Straw Ashes as backfill to reduce the grounding resistance of the grounding system. Due to the importance of the grounding system, this paper discussed the effectiveness of the grounding system after using the additive material. The additive material that used are rice straw ash and bagasse ash. The technique that used in this paper is a vertical type because more economical to install. From the result, it was found that depth of electrode and soil treatment has an impact in reducing the grounding resistance. In addition, Rice Straw ashes provide a better grounding performance comparable to Bagasse ashes.
Investigation of Potential Grounding Compound for Portable Applications IJECEIAES
This paper applies to the electrical engineering world by making earthing system portable in providing low and acceptable resistance path. The system is develop in a small scale portable earthing system against the massiveness of Earth and becomes leverage if soil at the place is not suitable for plant grounding system. Hence, this paper presents findings on the research of new grounding medium material that will be housed in a small scale enclosure which behaves like native earth related earthing system by using kaolin and bauxite. The data obtained from lightning flashover testing, morphological and chemical composition of material analysis indicated that bauxite is more useful for portable grounding system application much better than kaolin in term of zero reference point function. The portable earthing system can be apply to air aviation systems , railway systems and military sectors particularly for electronic equipment zero referencing.
This document describes the process of installing a chemical pipe earthing system as an alternative to a conventional earthing system using salt and charcoal. The chemical pipe earthing system uses an electrode made of galvanized iron inserted into a bored hole filled with bentonite, a chemical compound that maintains conductivity without being corrosive like salt. A six-step process is outlined for installing the electrode and connecting it to equipment via a buried copper strip to safely earth the electric circuit.
This document discusses earthing, which is used to protect electrical systems and users from shock by providing a path for fault currents to flow safely to the earth. It defines key terms like earthing, earth electrode, and describes conventional earthing methods like plate and rod earthing which involve burying conductive plates or rods underground to dissipate electric currents. The objectives of earthing are to ensure exposed parts do not reach a dangerous potential and protect machinery from short circuits. Proper earthing is important for buildings, industries, and other applications using electricity.
This document discusses different types of earthing used in electrical engineering. Earthing refers to connecting non-current carrying parts of electrical systems to the earth to provide an alternative path for fault currents. The purposes of earthing are to protect human life, buildings and equipment from faults, provide lightning protection, and maintain voltage stability. Good earthing has low impedance to ensure faults are quickly disconnected. Common earthing methods discussed are strip, water main, rod, pipe and plate earthing. Each method involves burying a conductor like copper wire or pipes in the ground to dissipate currents. Proper earthing is important for safety and performance in various electrical applications.
Started to create milestones, we, Vaidehi E. Link marked our presence in the year 2003 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of providing Electrical Installation & Erection Services since 10 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Shelter Installation, Street Lighting Services, Erection Services, Galvanised Earthing Plate, Chamber Cover, Electrical HT and LT Installation, Electrical Contracting Service, Electrical Jointing Services has deepened our roots in the market. We, Vaidehi E. Link breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
The document discusses power system earthing. Earthing involves connecting electrical equipment to the earth to provide an alternative path for fault currents. This protects equipment and users from electrical shock. Common earthing methods include plate, pipe, rod, and strip earthing. Plate and pipe earthing involve burying copper or steel plates/pipes underground. Rod earthing uses driven copper or steel rods. Strip earthing buries copper or steel strips in trenches. Proper earthing is important for safety and maintaining voltage levels in electrical systems.
Measurement of dielectric properties of textile materials and their applicationsMd. Isarot Hossan
Fibers and textile materials have been the subject of study in relation to electrical and dielectric behavior for a long time. Research on the electrical and dielectric properties of such materials has been carried out in many directions.
Investigation of Potential Grounding Compound for Portable Applications IJECEIAES
This paper applies to the electrical engineering world by making earthing system portable in providing low and acceptable resistance path. The system is develop in a small scale portable earthing system against the massiveness of Earth and becomes leverage if soil at the place is not suitable for plant grounding system. Hence, this paper presents findings on the research of new grounding medium material that will be housed in a small scale enclosure which behaves like native earth related earthing system by using kaolin and bauxite. The data obtained from lightning flashover testing, morphological and chemical composition of material analysis indicated that bauxite is more useful for portable grounding system application much better than kaolin in term of zero reference point function. The portable earthing system can be apply to air aviation systems , railway systems and military sectors particularly for electronic equipment zero referencing.
This document describes the process of installing a chemical pipe earthing system as an alternative to a conventional earthing system using salt and charcoal. The chemical pipe earthing system uses an electrode made of galvanized iron inserted into a bored hole filled with bentonite, a chemical compound that maintains conductivity without being corrosive like salt. A six-step process is outlined for installing the electrode and connecting it to equipment via a buried copper strip to safely earth the electric circuit.
This document discusses earthing, which is used to protect electrical systems and users from shock by providing a path for fault currents to flow safely to the earth. It defines key terms like earthing, earth electrode, and describes conventional earthing methods like plate and rod earthing which involve burying conductive plates or rods underground to dissipate electric currents. The objectives of earthing are to ensure exposed parts do not reach a dangerous potential and protect machinery from short circuits. Proper earthing is important for buildings, industries, and other applications using electricity.
This document discusses different types of earthing used in electrical engineering. Earthing refers to connecting non-current carrying parts of electrical systems to the earth to provide an alternative path for fault currents. The purposes of earthing are to protect human life, buildings and equipment from faults, provide lightning protection, and maintain voltage stability. Good earthing has low impedance to ensure faults are quickly disconnected. Common earthing methods discussed are strip, water main, rod, pipe and plate earthing. Each method involves burying a conductor like copper wire or pipes in the ground to dissipate currents. Proper earthing is important for safety and performance in various electrical applications.
Started to create milestones, we, Vaidehi E. Link marked our presence in the year 2003 and operate in the manufacturing/servicing of providing Electrical Installation & Erection Services since 10 years. Our quality services products have been always appreciated by our clients. Our spontaneous attitude and confident approach in offering an excellent range of Shelter Installation, Street Lighting Services, Erection Services, Galvanised Earthing Plate, Chamber Cover, Electrical HT and LT Installation, Electrical Contracting Service, Electrical Jointing Services has deepened our roots in the market. We, Vaidehi E. Link breathe with the aim of fully satisfying our clients with our high-quality products services. We are a unit of highly experienced professionals, all of them contributing at the best of their potentials to offer the highest degree of efficiency and client satisfaction.
The document discusses power system earthing. Earthing involves connecting electrical equipment to the earth to provide an alternative path for fault currents. This protects equipment and users from electrical shock. Common earthing methods include plate, pipe, rod, and strip earthing. Plate and pipe earthing involve burying copper or steel plates/pipes underground. Rod earthing uses driven copper or steel rods. Strip earthing buries copper or steel strips in trenches. Proper earthing is important for safety and maintaining voltage levels in electrical systems.
Measurement of dielectric properties of textile materials and their applicationsMd. Isarot Hossan
Fibers and textile materials have been the subject of study in relation to electrical and dielectric behavior for a long time. Research on the electrical and dielectric properties of such materials has been carried out in many directions.
Earthing and grounding systems are used to protect humans and equipment from electric shocks. Earthing works by providing an alternative path for fault currents to flow safely into the earth, rather than through a person. It connects exposed metal parts to the earth to drain away stray currents. Grounding provides an effective return path for main currents and protects power system equipment. While both terms refer to connecting to earth, earthing focuses on safety and protection, while grounding balances unbalanced loads and provides a return path. A complete earthing system includes an earth continuity conductor, earthing lead, and earth electrode buried underground. Proper earthing is important for safety and reliability of electrical installations.
Design of Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Sof...ijtsrd
The design of earthing system for 230 kV substation is challenging task. A safety is one major concern in the operation and design of an electrical power system. This Paper is to provide information pertinent to safe earthing practice in substation design and to establish the safe limits of potential difference under normal and fault conditions. Substation earthing system design requires calculating of parameter such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, grid resistance, maximum grid current, earth resistance, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and soil resistivity. Soil resistivity is a major factor influencing substation grid design. In this paper, design of earthing grid for Square configuration to obtain the minimum cost and safety. Finally, simulation results were carried out using ETAP 12.6 software. This paper mentions the method proposed for substation earthing is in accordance with IEEE Std 80 2000. Khin Thuzar Soe | Thet Mon Aye | Aye Aye Mon "Design of Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26747.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26747/design-of-earthing-system-for-230-kv-high-voltage-substation-by-etap-126-software/khin-thuzar-soe
Sarvayogam corp presentation on chemical earthingShrikant Iyer
The document summarizes Sarvayogam Corp's chemical earthing products and installation process. It describes their E-Link brand of advanced chemical earthing systems, which use a dual electrode technology of an inner conductive strip surrounded by an outer corrosion-resistant pipe. This is filled with a specially developed backfill compound that improves soil conductivity and maintains moisture levels, providing a maintenance-free earthing solution certified to last 14-18 years. The document outlines the advantages of this system over traditional earthing and provides installation instructions, models tested by ERDA, and certifications held by Sarvayogam Corp.
This paper presents a highly efficient power transfer system based on a co-design of a class-E power amplifier (PA) and a pair of inductively coupled Helical coils for through-metal-wall power transfer. Power is transferred wirelessly through a 3.1-mm thick aluminum barrier without any physical penetration and contact. Measurement results show that the class-E PA achieves a peak power gain of 25.2 dB and a maximum collector efficiency of 57.3%, all at 200 Hz. The proposed system obtains a maximum power transfer efficiency of 9% and it can deliver 5 W power to the receiver side through the aluminum barrier.
The document discusses different methods of earthing electrical systems. It defines earthing as providing a direct path for fault current and achieving a common reference potential. It describes designing earthing using rods, strips, infill material or foundations. It also discusses soil resistivity testing to determine the resistivity based on moisture, temperature and depth. It provides formulas to calculate the resistance to earth of rods, strips and infill material based on factors like soil resistivity, length, diameter and material used.
This document discusses earthing and electrical safety. It describes earthing as connecting electrical equipment to the earth to protect humans from electric shock. It then discusses different earthing methods like strip, plate, pipe and rod earthing. It explains the purpose of earthing is to protect lives and equipment from lightning and overvoltage. It also covers causes of electrical shock and types of protective devices like fuses, ELCBs and MCBs. In summary, the document outlines earthing techniques, its importance for safety, causes of shocks and protective equipment.
This document provides information about earthing systems including their purposes, specifications, types, and maintenance. The key points are:
1) Earthing systems are used to protect lives and equipment from electrical shock by providing a safe path for currents to travel and ensuring conductive parts do not reach dangerous potentials.
2) Recommended earth resistance values vary based on the equipment, with substations requiring lower values like 0.5-2 ohms and individual devices like poles needing 5-10 ohms.
3) Common earthing types include pipe, plate, strip, and rod systems, with factors like soil conditions determining which type is best. Pipe earthing using galvanized iron pipes 10 feet long is very
This document discusses low voltage cables. It provides details on the components of single core and triple core cables, including the conductor, insulator, filler material, linking belt, cover and external protection. It discusses factors to consider when choosing a cable, such as load properties, rated voltage, conductor cross-sectional area, installation method and environment. The document also outlines some key tests performed on cables, including dimensional measurements, resistance and capacitance of the insulator, and high voltage tests.
This document discusses key characteristics of single-core and 3-core cables, including:
1) Insulation resistance of a single-core cable is determined by the resistivity of the insulation material and thickness of insulation between the conductor and sheath.
2) The capacitance of a single-core cable can be modeled as two long co-axial cylinders, with the conductor as the inner cylinder and outer sheath at earth potential.
3) Dielectric stress within a single-core cable is highest at the conductor surface and decreases with distance from the conductor, with the stress defined as the potential gradient at each point.
This document discusses transformer and inductor design. It covers selecting appropriate magnetic core materials from manufacturers like EPCOS based on factors like frequency range, power level and intended application. These include ferrite cores like N27, N87 and N49. The document also discusses design considerations like minimizing AC resistance through stranded conductors, interleaving windings and thermal resistance management.
Organic transistors were first developed in 1986 and use organic molecules rather than silicon as the active material. They have advantages over traditional silicon transistors such as being lightweight, flexible, cheap to produce, and compatible with solution processing and plastic substrates. Key parameters for organic transistors include mobility, on-off ratio, and threshold voltage. Device design can be top contact or bottom contact, with top contact having superior performance. Pentacene-based organic transistors currently have the best field effect mobility. Improving the dielectric, electrodes, and reducing contact resistance and leakage current can further increase performance. Organic transistors have applications in flexible displays, memory, sensors, and more.
Basic Difference Between Wires and CablesDr.Raja R
Basic Difference Between Wires and Cables
What’s the basic difference between Wires and Cables?
List some of the basic differences between Wires and Cables
Different uses of Wire and Cable
Types of Wire and Cable
Different advantages of using Wire and Cable
This document provides information on earthing systems and their design. It defines key terms related to earthing systems such as earth electrode, earthing conductor, and earth resistivity. The electrical properties of the ground depend highly on its composition and moisture content, which can impact the earth resistivity value. Proper measurement and understanding of soil properties are important for calculating earthing resistance and designing an effective earthing system.
SAM Cables is an ISO certified company that manufactures power cables including LT aerial bunched cables, LT power cables, instrumentation cables, and control cables. It has headquarters in Rudrapur, Uttarakhand, India and multiple manufacturing plants and branch offices across India. The company provides ISI marked cables that meet various international and Indian standards. LT aerial bunched cables offer advantages over bare overhead conductors like increased safety, reduced maintenance costs, and better reliability of supply. SAM Cables is a leading manufacturer of aerial bunched cables in India.
This pretension present several piezo electric material, which can be used for energy harvesting.
the simulation of this project has done by several software such as Comsol Multiphysics to study the reaction of Piezo material ,CFD computational fluid dynamic
Manufacturers of Earthing Electrodes &Ground Enrichment Material (KIMMOIST).We also offers services for Earthing Solutions ranging from System design, Engineering, Manufacturing and Installation for grounding systems. Our products are GI Earthing Electrode, Earthing Pipe In Pipe Electrode, Cu Clad Earth Rods, Lightning Arrestor, Earthing Pit Cover, Ground Enrichment Material( KIMMOIST), Shopping malls, Airports, Solar systems.
This document provides an overview of high temperature superconductors (HTS) and HTS power cables. It discusses how HTS were discovered in 1986 and can revolutionize power distribution. It describes how HTS cables have zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature. It also classifies HTS cables as either warm or cryogenic dielectric cables, and first or second generation. HTS cables offer benefits like higher current capacity, enhanced efficiency, reduced losses, and less space compared to conventional cables.
The ferrite core is a variety of magnetic core from ferrite that has winded with electrical transformer and some other components like inductors. This is mostly preferred for high magnetic permeability combined with <a> ferrite core </a> low electrical conductivity.
This document discusses earthing and earth pits. It defines earthing as connecting an object to the general mass of earth using an earth electrode. An earth electrode is a metal plate or pipe electrically connected to the ground. Proper earthing is important for safety and protection. When designing an earth pit, factors like soil resistivity, moisture content, and salt concentration must be considered. Soil resistivity affects the effectiveness of earthing and varies based on these conditions. Rod or pipe electrodes should be driven to a depth of at least 2.5 meters, with alternative layers of charcoal/coke and salt to improve conductivity.
This paper presents 230 66 kV, substation grounding system and calculation results of required parameters. The grounding system is essential to protect people working or walking in the vicinity of earthed facilities and equipments against the danger of electric shock. This paper provides the floor surface either assures an effective insulation from earth potential or effectively equipment to a close mesh grid. Calculations of grounding grid system in the substation area which the top soil layer resistivity is less than the bottom layer resistivity, can lessen the number of ground rod used in the grid because the value of Ground Potential Rise GPR is insignificantly different. Essential equations are used in the design of grounding system to get desired parameters such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, earth resistance, grid resistance, maximum grid current, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and resistivity of soil. Calculations of three separate earthing body earth, neutral earth and main earthing are described. Zin Wah Aung | Aung Thike "Design of Grounding System for Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26641.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26641/design-of-grounding-system-for-substation/zin-wah-aung
The three main types of grounding systems are:
1. Equipment grounding (safety) which provides safety for personnel.
2. System grounding which assures correct operation of electrical devices.
3. Lightning/surge grounding which protects against lightning strikes and transient voltages.
The primary goal of any grounding system is safety by limiting step and touch potentials and diverting stray energy to prevent shocks and equipment damage. Proper grounding design requires evaluating soil resistivity and installing an effective grounding network, often using multiple electrodes, to ensure personnel protection and continuity of operations.
Impact of Buried Conductor Length on Computation of Earth Grid ResistanceIJAPEJOURNAL
Effective design of substation earth grid implies achieving low earth grid resistance and fulfillment of the safety criteria at the lowest possible cost. This paper presents an evaluation of IEEE Standard 80-2000 Equations 50 to 52 to determine the impact of buried conductor length on computation of earth grid resistance. Calculated results indicated that a saturation point is reached beyond which further addition of more conductor length does not significantly reduce the earth grid resistance but incurs more economic implications. These were validated by earth grids designed using CDEGS where good agreement between the calculated and simulated results was found.
Earthing and grounding systems are used to protect humans and equipment from electric shocks. Earthing works by providing an alternative path for fault currents to flow safely into the earth, rather than through a person. It connects exposed metal parts to the earth to drain away stray currents. Grounding provides an effective return path for main currents and protects power system equipment. While both terms refer to connecting to earth, earthing focuses on safety and protection, while grounding balances unbalanced loads and provides a return path. A complete earthing system includes an earth continuity conductor, earthing lead, and earth electrode buried underground. Proper earthing is important for safety and reliability of electrical installations.
Design of Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Sof...ijtsrd
The design of earthing system for 230 kV substation is challenging task. A safety is one major concern in the operation and design of an electrical power system. This Paper is to provide information pertinent to safe earthing practice in substation design and to establish the safe limits of potential difference under normal and fault conditions. Substation earthing system design requires calculating of parameter such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, grid resistance, maximum grid current, earth resistance, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and soil resistivity. Soil resistivity is a major factor influencing substation grid design. In this paper, design of earthing grid for Square configuration to obtain the minimum cost and safety. Finally, simulation results were carried out using ETAP 12.6 software. This paper mentions the method proposed for substation earthing is in accordance with IEEE Std 80 2000. Khin Thuzar Soe | Thet Mon Aye | Aye Aye Mon "Design of Earthing System for 230 kV High Voltage Substation by ETAP 12.6 Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26747.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26747/design-of-earthing-system-for-230-kv-high-voltage-substation-by-etap-126-software/khin-thuzar-soe
Sarvayogam corp presentation on chemical earthingShrikant Iyer
The document summarizes Sarvayogam Corp's chemical earthing products and installation process. It describes their E-Link brand of advanced chemical earthing systems, which use a dual electrode technology of an inner conductive strip surrounded by an outer corrosion-resistant pipe. This is filled with a specially developed backfill compound that improves soil conductivity and maintains moisture levels, providing a maintenance-free earthing solution certified to last 14-18 years. The document outlines the advantages of this system over traditional earthing and provides installation instructions, models tested by ERDA, and certifications held by Sarvayogam Corp.
This paper presents a highly efficient power transfer system based on a co-design of a class-E power amplifier (PA) and a pair of inductively coupled Helical coils for through-metal-wall power transfer. Power is transferred wirelessly through a 3.1-mm thick aluminum barrier without any physical penetration and contact. Measurement results show that the class-E PA achieves a peak power gain of 25.2 dB and a maximum collector efficiency of 57.3%, all at 200 Hz. The proposed system obtains a maximum power transfer efficiency of 9% and it can deliver 5 W power to the receiver side through the aluminum barrier.
The document discusses different methods of earthing electrical systems. It defines earthing as providing a direct path for fault current and achieving a common reference potential. It describes designing earthing using rods, strips, infill material or foundations. It also discusses soil resistivity testing to determine the resistivity based on moisture, temperature and depth. It provides formulas to calculate the resistance to earth of rods, strips and infill material based on factors like soil resistivity, length, diameter and material used.
This document discusses earthing and electrical safety. It describes earthing as connecting electrical equipment to the earth to protect humans from electric shock. It then discusses different earthing methods like strip, plate, pipe and rod earthing. It explains the purpose of earthing is to protect lives and equipment from lightning and overvoltage. It also covers causes of electrical shock and types of protective devices like fuses, ELCBs and MCBs. In summary, the document outlines earthing techniques, its importance for safety, causes of shocks and protective equipment.
This document provides information about earthing systems including their purposes, specifications, types, and maintenance. The key points are:
1) Earthing systems are used to protect lives and equipment from electrical shock by providing a safe path for currents to travel and ensuring conductive parts do not reach dangerous potentials.
2) Recommended earth resistance values vary based on the equipment, with substations requiring lower values like 0.5-2 ohms and individual devices like poles needing 5-10 ohms.
3) Common earthing types include pipe, plate, strip, and rod systems, with factors like soil conditions determining which type is best. Pipe earthing using galvanized iron pipes 10 feet long is very
This document discusses low voltage cables. It provides details on the components of single core and triple core cables, including the conductor, insulator, filler material, linking belt, cover and external protection. It discusses factors to consider when choosing a cable, such as load properties, rated voltage, conductor cross-sectional area, installation method and environment. The document also outlines some key tests performed on cables, including dimensional measurements, resistance and capacitance of the insulator, and high voltage tests.
This document discusses key characteristics of single-core and 3-core cables, including:
1) Insulation resistance of a single-core cable is determined by the resistivity of the insulation material and thickness of insulation between the conductor and sheath.
2) The capacitance of a single-core cable can be modeled as two long co-axial cylinders, with the conductor as the inner cylinder and outer sheath at earth potential.
3) Dielectric stress within a single-core cable is highest at the conductor surface and decreases with distance from the conductor, with the stress defined as the potential gradient at each point.
This document discusses transformer and inductor design. It covers selecting appropriate magnetic core materials from manufacturers like EPCOS based on factors like frequency range, power level and intended application. These include ferrite cores like N27, N87 and N49. The document also discusses design considerations like minimizing AC resistance through stranded conductors, interleaving windings and thermal resistance management.
Organic transistors were first developed in 1986 and use organic molecules rather than silicon as the active material. They have advantages over traditional silicon transistors such as being lightweight, flexible, cheap to produce, and compatible with solution processing and plastic substrates. Key parameters for organic transistors include mobility, on-off ratio, and threshold voltage. Device design can be top contact or bottom contact, with top contact having superior performance. Pentacene-based organic transistors currently have the best field effect mobility. Improving the dielectric, electrodes, and reducing contact resistance and leakage current can further increase performance. Organic transistors have applications in flexible displays, memory, sensors, and more.
Basic Difference Between Wires and CablesDr.Raja R
Basic Difference Between Wires and Cables
What’s the basic difference between Wires and Cables?
List some of the basic differences between Wires and Cables
Different uses of Wire and Cable
Types of Wire and Cable
Different advantages of using Wire and Cable
This document provides information on earthing systems and their design. It defines key terms related to earthing systems such as earth electrode, earthing conductor, and earth resistivity. The electrical properties of the ground depend highly on its composition and moisture content, which can impact the earth resistivity value. Proper measurement and understanding of soil properties are important for calculating earthing resistance and designing an effective earthing system.
SAM Cables is an ISO certified company that manufactures power cables including LT aerial bunched cables, LT power cables, instrumentation cables, and control cables. It has headquarters in Rudrapur, Uttarakhand, India and multiple manufacturing plants and branch offices across India. The company provides ISI marked cables that meet various international and Indian standards. LT aerial bunched cables offer advantages over bare overhead conductors like increased safety, reduced maintenance costs, and better reliability of supply. SAM Cables is a leading manufacturer of aerial bunched cables in India.
This pretension present several piezo electric material, which can be used for energy harvesting.
the simulation of this project has done by several software such as Comsol Multiphysics to study the reaction of Piezo material ,CFD computational fluid dynamic
Manufacturers of Earthing Electrodes &Ground Enrichment Material (KIMMOIST).We also offers services for Earthing Solutions ranging from System design, Engineering, Manufacturing and Installation for grounding systems. Our products are GI Earthing Electrode, Earthing Pipe In Pipe Electrode, Cu Clad Earth Rods, Lightning Arrestor, Earthing Pit Cover, Ground Enrichment Material( KIMMOIST), Shopping malls, Airports, Solar systems.
This document provides an overview of high temperature superconductors (HTS) and HTS power cables. It discusses how HTS were discovered in 1986 and can revolutionize power distribution. It describes how HTS cables have zero electrical resistance when cooled below a critical temperature. It also classifies HTS cables as either warm or cryogenic dielectric cables, and first or second generation. HTS cables offer benefits like higher current capacity, enhanced efficiency, reduced losses, and less space compared to conventional cables.
The ferrite core is a variety of magnetic core from ferrite that has winded with electrical transformer and some other components like inductors. This is mostly preferred for high magnetic permeability combined with <a> ferrite core </a> low electrical conductivity.
This document discusses earthing and earth pits. It defines earthing as connecting an object to the general mass of earth using an earth electrode. An earth electrode is a metal plate or pipe electrically connected to the ground. Proper earthing is important for safety and protection. When designing an earth pit, factors like soil resistivity, moisture content, and salt concentration must be considered. Soil resistivity affects the effectiveness of earthing and varies based on these conditions. Rod or pipe electrodes should be driven to a depth of at least 2.5 meters, with alternative layers of charcoal/coke and salt to improve conductivity.
This paper presents 230 66 kV, substation grounding system and calculation results of required parameters. The grounding system is essential to protect people working or walking in the vicinity of earthed facilities and equipments against the danger of electric shock. This paper provides the floor surface either assures an effective insulation from earth potential or effectively equipment to a close mesh grid. Calculations of grounding grid system in the substation area which the top soil layer resistivity is less than the bottom layer resistivity, can lessen the number of ground rod used in the grid because the value of Ground Potential Rise GPR is insignificantly different. Essential equations are used in the design of grounding system to get desired parameters such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, earth resistance, grid resistance, maximum grid current, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and resistivity of soil. Calculations of three separate earthing body earth, neutral earth and main earthing are described. Zin Wah Aung | Aung Thike "Design of Grounding System for Substation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26641.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26641/design-of-grounding-system-for-substation/zin-wah-aung
The three main types of grounding systems are:
1. Equipment grounding (safety) which provides safety for personnel.
2. System grounding which assures correct operation of electrical devices.
3. Lightning/surge grounding which protects against lightning strikes and transient voltages.
The primary goal of any grounding system is safety by limiting step and touch potentials and diverting stray energy to prevent shocks and equipment damage. Proper grounding design requires evaluating soil resistivity and installing an effective grounding network, often using multiple electrodes, to ensure personnel protection and continuity of operations.
Impact of Buried Conductor Length on Computation of Earth Grid ResistanceIJAPEJOURNAL
Effective design of substation earth grid implies achieving low earth grid resistance and fulfillment of the safety criteria at the lowest possible cost. This paper presents an evaluation of IEEE Standard 80-2000 Equations 50 to 52 to determine the impact of buried conductor length on computation of earth grid resistance. Calculated results indicated that a saturation point is reached beyond which further addition of more conductor length does not significantly reduce the earth grid resistance but incurs more economic implications. These were validated by earth grids designed using CDEGS where good agreement between the calculated and simulated results was found.
The document discusses grounding systems and their objectives which are to provide safety, ensure correct operation of equipment, prevent damage, dissipate lightning, stabilize voltage, and divert stray RF energy. It describes the three main types of grounding as equipment, system, and lightning/surge grounding. Various grounding components and methods are defined including earth electrodes, earthing conductors, earthing grids, soil characteristics, recommended earth resistance values, and substation earthing systems. New methods to decrease ground resistance such as chemical rods, grounding augmentation fill, and cracks filled with low resistivity materials are also summarized.
The document presents information on earthing systems. It discusses the functions of earthing, which include providing a path for fault currents and protection from electric shock. It describes common methods of earthing like plate, pipe, and rod earthing. It also discusses types of earthing systems, applications of earthing, and concludes that grounding and earthing systems provide important protection for electrical systems.
The document presents information on earthing systems. It discusses the functions of earthing, which include providing a path for fault currents and protection from electric shock. It describes various methods of earthing, including plate earthing, pipe earthing, and rod earthing. It also discusses different types of earthing systems and applications of earthing in electrical systems. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of proper grounding and earthing in electrical engineering for safety and protection of electrical equipment.
Simplified Method for Substation Grounding System Designijtsrd
This paper focused 230 66 kV, substation grounding system and calculation results of required parameters at location of Kalay region. The grounding system is essential to protect people working or walking in the vicinity of earthed facilities and equipments against the danger of electric shock. It provides the floor surface either assures an effective insulation from earth potential or effectively equipment to a close mesh grid. Calculations of grounding grid system in the substation area where the top soil layer resistivity is less than the bottom layer resistivity can be less the number of ground rod used in the grid because the value of Ground Potential Rise GPR is insignificantly different. To get desired parameters such as touch and step voltage criteria for safety, earth resistance, grid resistance, maximum grid current, minimum conductor size and electrode size, maximum fault current level and resistivity of soil are designed in detail consideration. Aye Myo Thant | Cho Cho Win | Thant Zaw Oo "Simplified Method for Substation Grounding System Design" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26754.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26754/simplified-method-for-substation-grounding-system-design/aye-myo-thant
The document discusses different types of grounding systems used in electrical installations. It describes six main grounding systems - equipment grounds, static grounds, system grounds, maintenance grounds, electronic grounds, and lightning grounds. It provides details on each type of grounding system, including their purpose and applications. The document also discusses conventional and maintenance-free earthing methods, as well as different types of earthing electrodes like plate, pipe, rod and strip earthing. International classifications of earthing systems like TN, TT and IT are also covered.
Difference between grounding and earthingDr.Raja R
This document discusses the differences between grounding and earthing of electrical systems. Grounding refers to connecting the current-carrying parts of a system to ground and provides a return path for leakage currents. Earthing connects the non-current carrying metal parts of equipment to ground to prevent electric shocks by discharging any leakage currents. The key differences are explained through definitions, diagrams, and specifications for proper grounding rods and earthing electrodes.
Earthing in a substation is important for safety. It involves connecting electrical equipment to earth at a uniform low potential to limit dangerous voltages under fault conditions. Key aspects of substation earthing design include soil resistivity testing, sizing the earth mat conductor based on fault current and duration, and ensuring step and touch potentials remain below safety limits. Proper earthing aims to provide protection to life and property against faults.
1. The document discusses different types of earthing systems used in electrical installations to protect humans from electric shock. Earthing provides an alternative path for fault currents to flow and protects equipment from over voltages.
2. Earthing is the process of connecting metallic bodies to the earth through an earth wire. Common earthing methods include plate, pipe, rod, and strip earthing.
3. Plate earthing uses a copper or GI plate buried in alternating layers of coke and salt. Pipe earthing uses a vertically buried GI pipe. Rod earthing uses driven copper or GI rods. Strip earthing buries copper or GI strips horizontally in trenches.
Performance Analysis of Actual Step and Mesh Voltage of Substation Grounding ...Editor IJCATR
The performance of Earthing grid system is very important to ensure the human and protective devices in safe environment. Actual
Step and Mesh voltage of a substation must keep under the maximum allowable limits under fault condition. Ground potential rise, GPR is
greatly influence on actual step and mesh voltage of substation grounding system. Ground potential rise also mainly depends on the length and
numbers of ground rods and grid spacing. This paper presents performance analysis of actual step and mesh voltages of a substation grounding
system under the variance of length and number of ground rods. The performance result is also carried out by using current injection method and
with the help of MULTISIM simulation software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Successful operation of entire power system depends to a considerable extent on efficient and satisfactory performance of substations. Hence substations in general can be considered as heart of overall power system. In any substation, a well-designed grounding plays an important role. Since absence of safe and effective grounding system can result in mal-operation or non-operation of control and protective devices, grounding system design deserves considerable attention for all the substations. There are two primary functions of a safe earthing system. Firstly, ensure that a person who is in the vicinity of earthed facilities during a fault is not exposed to the possibility of a fatal electrical shock. Secondly, provide a low impedance path to earth for currents occurring under normal and fault conditions.The earthing conductors, composing the grid and connections to all equipment and structures, must possess sufficient thermal capacity to pass the highest fault current for the required time
Evaluation of Flashover Voltage Levels of Contaminated Hydrophobic Polymer In...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The document evaluates flashover voltage levels of contaminated hydrophobic polymer insulators using regression trees, neural networks, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems. Over 2000 experimental tests were conducted where the flashover voltage of silicone rubber-ethylene propylene diene monomer polymer insulators depended on factors like silicone rubber content, water conductivity, number of droplets, and droplet volume. Regression tree, neural network, and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system models were developed using the experimental data and compared to predict flashover voltages under different conditions. The regression tree model was found to perform better than the other methods.
A Training Report Of Saltlake 132/33kv SubstationSubhrajit Ghosh
This document provides a summary of a report on winter training at a 132/33kV substation in West Bengal, India. It defines an electrical substation and introduces the 132/33kV substation. It describes key equipment found at the substation, including busbars, insulators, isolating switches, circuit breakers, protective relays, transformers, direct lightning stroke protection, line isolators, wave traps, and metering instruments. It also discusses site selection, layout, insulation coordination, and common transformer faults and protection schemes.
In this file, Cover is many topic like be:
1.What is Earthing?
2.Purpose of Earthing
3.Qualities of Good Earthing
4.Importance of Earthing
5.Type of Earthing
6.Methods of Electrical Earthing
7.General Method of Electrical Earthing Installation
8.How to work Earthing system?
9.Factors Affect to The Earth Impedance
10.Soil Resistivity
11.Applications of Earthing
12.Case Study
Similar to New Waste Material to Enhance the Performance of Grounding System (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
2. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
New Waste Material to Enhance the Performance of …. (Nazatul Shiema Moh Nazar)
1531
into ground depend on the length of the rod. The depth is 0.6 meter and 1.1 meter. Third, a
technique that use is vertical type. Fourth, rice straw ash and bagasse ash use as backfill
material to obtain a low resistance reading.
2. Parameters to Improve the Grounding System
2.1. Purpose of Grounding System
There are five main important things for the circuit and system to be grounded [4]. First,
when lightning happened. Second, when line surges. Third, when accidental contact with higher
electric potential lines. Fourth, to stabilize the electric potential to ground during normal
operations. Fifth, to expedite the overcurrent device operation in case of ground fault on a
solidly grounded system. The stranded conductor of a grounded system produces a low-
resistance path for error-current through the overcurrent protective device to determine the
length of time a fault exits. It is important to plan to help the overcurrent protection device to
operate as soon as possible and keep the electricity as clean as possible [4]. There are three
reasons to keep the impedance in low value [5]. First, to minimize the voltage to ground.
Second, to smooth the operation of the circuit overcurrent protective devices. Third, drain
leakage, static, and unwanted noise-making currents to ground.
The proper installation of effective grounding works to establish protection for the
individual from voltage and current. With grounding, the voltage is eliminated. Then there is
nothing to drive the current through the body and the lower apposition path allows the current to
flow through something other than the physical structure [5]. In a script entitled “Grounding and
Bonding” that brought out by T. Condition as wiring regulations, it explained the meaning of
grounding which is the system that connects the general pile of land with the exposed-
conductive-parts of an installation via the conductors, the main grounding terminal (MET) and
the circuit conductor [6].
It also stated the purpose of source grounding. The purpose is to safeguard the security
of the supply network by preventing the potential of the lives conductors (with respect to the
earth) rising to a value consequential loss of supply. Other than that, purpose of electrical
equipment grounding also available in this book. It submitted that the connection of all exposed
conductive-parts of the facility to the intend means of grounding, and is always used when
protection against direct contact is by automatic disconnection of supply and earth equipotential
bonding. Besides that, the aim of such grounding is to facilitate the automatic functioning of the
protective devices for protection against electric shock and earth fault protection, hence that the
supply to the faulty circuit is disconnected immediately [6].
2.2. General Practical Ground Electrodes
The word "ground" is determined as a directing connection by which a circuit or gear is
identified with the earth. The connection is utilized to assemble and keep up as nearly as would
be prudent the capability of the ground on the circuit or equipment connected with it. A "ground"
comprises of a grounding conductor, a holding connector, its grounding electrode, and the soil
in contact with the terminal.
A grounding system refers to metallic wire of various geometric shapes and sizes,
acting as electrodes and buried in the soil. The vertical rod, horizontal electrode, ring electrode
and the grounding grid are four commonly used grounding electrodes as illustrated in Figure 1.
The most elementary and most economical configuration of ground electrode is a vertical rod
electrode. This type of electrode is extremely effective for small installations. It is more effective
when the seat layer of soil penetrated has lower impedance. Actually, if using a single stick,
generally do not reduce the resistance, so it is necessary to add a number of rods connected in
parallel [3].
The horizontal ground is mainly used for large electrical installations and is usually
buried in a shallow or moderate depth. The ring electrode is an instance of the horizontal
grounding grid and is now and again utilized as fringe ground conductors around structures like
wind turbines. In order to find even lower ground resistance, the horizontal ground grid can be
augmented with vertical poles, which are normally inserted at the fringe of the grounding
grid [3].
3. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 15, No. 4, December 2017 : 1530 – 1539
1532
Figure 1. Types of Grounding Resistance System of Transmission Tower [3]
2.2.1. Vertical Ground Electrodes
The vertical ground electrodes are the most usual type of electrodes in grounding
systems and usually the most economical to install. The long vertical electrodes can be used to
reach a low ground resistance in high resistivity soil and are driven to a few meter depth when
soil conditions allow. A series of high impulse current tests were held on four vertical ground
electrodes in different soils (shale, mud, crushed rock, sand) by Bellaschi. The current range
was from 2 kA to 8 kA and rise times varied from 6µs to 13µs. Again, the impulse resistance
was obtained as the ratio of peak voltage to peak current and, in agreement with previous work,
a fall of impulse resistance with increase of current was observed [7].
The impulse resistance dropped below the low frequency resistance, and this
characteristic was attributed to the soils electrical breakdown. It was confirmed that the size,
shape and the system of the ground electrode were factors contributing to the grounding
characteristics. The impulse resistance was determined for both plus and negative polarities;
the divergence was found to be really low. Deeply buried type or shaft type grounding can be
used when more profound underground soil resistivity is lower. The resistance can be lower by
getting an advantage of nearby natural grounding or the groundwater level is high and wet [7].
Figure 2 shows the vertical ground electrode grounding system.
Figure 2. Vertical Ground Electrode Grounding System
4. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
New Waste Material to Enhance the Performance of …. (Nazatul Shiema Moh Nazar)
1533
2.2.2. Horizontal Ground Electrodes
Horizontal ground electrodes can be used to reduce the ground resistance of a
substation or a tower base footing. The horizontal ground electrode applied to tower lines may
be continuous or non-continuous and lay between towers and parallel to the line conductors.
Alternatively, conductors may be placed perpendicular to the transmission line and enhanced
arrangements using 4 points, 6 points or 8 points star can be used [2]. Geri and Garbagnati
conducted field trials on a horizontal steel ground electrode to investigate its impulse response.
Impulse currents with magnitudes from 5 to 26 kA and a rise time of 2.5 μs were injected into
the 5m long electrode. The impulse resistance was observed to decrease as the current peak
increased, and this reduction was attributed to the non-linear ionization phenomenon on the soil.
This technique can be connected when there is moderately great even horizontal
position and soil conditions close to the tower. Even horizontal mode has minimal effort on the
grounds that simple to introduce it. It cannot cut down the power frequency grounding
resistance, but also effectively diminishes adequate resistance while the expansion is not far [2].
Figure 3 shows the horizontal ground electrode grounding system.
Figure 3. Horizontal Ground Electrode Grounding System
2.3. Soil Resistivity
Soil resistivity plays a significant role when defining the intent of the grounding system
for new installations of transmission cable to meet ground resistance requirements. Preferably a
location with the lowest possible resistance is the best position to make a transmission tower.
The soil resistivity relies on moisture content, temperature, and soil composition. The resistivity
of the soil will change geographically and at different soil depths because the soil is seldom
consistent. Moisture content changes occasionally, differs as indicated by the way of the sub
layers of earth [8,9].
It is advised that the ground rods be placed as deep as possible into the earth
because soil and water are more stable at deeper stratum, at the water table if possible. Ground
rods also should be founded where there is a stable temperature, as example below the freeze
outline. For a grounding system to be efficient, it should be designed to resist the toughest
possible clime [1]. The soil resistivity is differing by its location. The soil at flat area usually has a
lower soil resistivity compare to the hill area. This is because the characteristic of hill area that
have stony soil and rock. Table 1 shows the soil resistivity on different type of soil.
Table 1. Soil Resistivity on Different Type of Soil
Soil Resistivity(ohm-cm)
Surface soil and loam 100-5000
Clay 200-10000
Sand and gravel 5000-100000
Surface limestone 10000-1000000
Shales 500-10000
Sandstone 2000-200000
Granites and basalts 100000
Decomposed gneisses 5000-50000
Slates 1000-10000
5. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 15, No. 4, December 2017 : 1530 – 1539
1534
2.4. Backfill for Grounding
Backfill material is often used where grounding conditions are poor. The backfill was
prepared by mixing salt and local soil or by saturating the soil backfill with a salt-water solution.
Backfill other than soil was also used because soil is not always easily recovered from some
drilled or blasted holes and because unfrozen material is difficult to find during the winter.
Absorbent paper saturated with a salt solution and compacted in the hole around the electrode
was evaluated as a soil substitute in several installations.
2.5. Rice Straw Ash as Backfill Material
Rice straw is the waste products of the operation to obtain rice apart from rice grains.
Ashes of rice straw can be obtained from the combustion process. There are two types of rice
straw ash, which can be obtained from the stubble burning activities that is white ashes (carbon-
free) and black ashes. The black ashes are in black color. They still have unburned carbon
compare to the white carbon that completely burn its carbon. The black carbon is denser, while
the white carbon is lighter. Ashes in general, have low resistivity significantly.
Rice straws have about 15% ash after burning, thus for 1000kg of rice straw being
burned, 150kg ash is produced and contain about 82% of silica. Because of the high silica in the
rice straw ashes it made the rice straw is one of the hydrophilic polymer that are easy to absorb
water [10]. While the resistance of the hydrophilic polymer will make the ashes to reduce the
amount of water being absorbed. So to take the ashes to absorb more water, the high quantity
of ashes needs to be applied. Figure 4 shows the burning process of rice straw ashes and
Figure 5 shows the sample of rice straw ashes.
Figure 4. Burning Process of Rice Straw Ashes Figure 5. Sample of Rice Straw Ashes
2.6. Bagasse Ash as Backfill Material
The sugarcane bagasse consists of approximately 50% of cellulose, 25% of
hemicellulose and 25% of lignin. Each ton of sugarcane generates approximately 26% of
bagasse (at a moisture content of 50%) and 0.62% of residual ash. The residue after
combustion presents a chemical composition dominates by silicon dioxide (SiO2). Bagasse ash
mainly contains aluminum ion and silica [11]. Figure 6 shows the bagasse ash sample.
Figure 6. Sample of Bagasse Ash
3. Methodology
3.1. Selection Technique to Improve Grounding System
TNB’s transmission tower specification currently states that the tower footing resistance
of the 132kV and 275kV transmission towers has to be lower than 10Ω, while for 500kV
transmission towers the tower footing resistance has to be below 5Ω [9]. Those values were
6. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
New Waste Material to Enhance the Performance of …. (Nazatul Shiema Moh Nazar)
1535
chosen because it is effective and low cost. After the selected techniques were applied, the
reading of the grounding resistance was taken and compared.
3.1.1. Increase the depth of the electrode rod
One very efficient way of lowering the ground resistance has increased the depth of the
ground electrode. In this technique, electrode rod is pushed deeper into the soil. The deeper the
electrode pushes into the soil, the lower the grounding resistance. The spacing of additional
rods needs to be at least equal to the depth of the driven rod so that the additional electrodes
will be effective [7].
3.1.2. A Soil treatment
Some other style to lower the earth resistivity is to handle the soil with a salt, such as
copper sulfate, magnesium sulfate, or sodium chloride. Combined with moisture, the salts leach
into the soil to reduce earth resistivity. In this paper, the local soil combined with salt, 2 kg of rice
straw ash and 2 kg of bagasse ash. Figure 7 shows the methods for the soil treatment.
Figure 7. Salt is put around the electrode rod
3.2. Conducting Testing
In order to achieve the objectives of this paper, the electrode rod will be planted into the
ground near the transmission tower. The electrode rod pushed to a depth of 0.2 meter, 0.4
meter, 0.6 meter, 0.8 meter, 1.0 meter and 1.2 meter into the ground. This experiment runs for
several days. Grounding resistance for each electrode rod was taken. Then the data were
analyzed and compared to validate the effect of the technique that chosen.
3.3. Testing Procedures
i. The selector switches in OFF position; the instrument was connected as shown in Figure 8.
Potential stakes and current stakes are driven into the earth, forming a straight line with the
test electrode.
Figure 8. Connection of electrode under test and stake
ii. The length of potential stake to electrode under test is at least 60% of the length of the
current stake to electrode under test. In this testing, length of potential stake is 3.6 meter
and length of current stake is 6 meter.
7. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 15, No. 4, December 2017 : 1530 – 1539
1536
iii. The selector switch is set to the 3 points resistance measurement marked “3p”.
iv. The desired voltage was selected using 50 volts.
v. The TEST button was pressed and released. By pressing and holding the TEST button, the
resistance measurement will be continually updated and displayed.
vi. In a short period, a resistance will be displayed in ohm and recorded in the table. The
readings were taken three times and were averaged.
vii. These readings are taken to get all the data.
4. Results
4.1. Result: Depth of Electrode Rod
As shown in Figure 9, it clearly shows that 1.2 meter depth has the lowest grounding
resistance. This result shows that the grounding resistance is proportional to the depth of the
electrode rod seen the deeper electrode rod planted into ground, the lower the value of
grounding resistance obtain. The lower resistance is needed so that lightning strikes or fault
current can discharge to the ground as fast as possible.
From the data taken, the grounding resistance can reduce up to 59% for a difference of
1.0 meter depth. The deeper electrode can reduce grounding resistance because the longer
electrode rod has a larger area to discharge fault or lightning strike to the ground. When the
electrode rod has larger area, it can quickly discharge the fault or lightning strike in a short time.
Therefore, the depth of the electrode rod can be one of the techniques to reduce the grounding
resistance of the transmission line tower. The deeper the electrode rod put in the ground, the
lower its grounding resistance.
Figure 9. Resistance of Local Soil (kΩ) versus Depth of Rod (m)
4.2. Result: Effect of Soil Treatment
Figure 10 to Figure 15 shows the resistance of soil treatment versus depth of rod.
However, the lowest grounding resistance is 0.074 kΩ or 0.000074 Ω as shown in Figure 13. It
shows that the electrode rod with (bamboo salt + rice straw ash) addition that represented by
Figure 13 has lower grounding resistance compare to the others. Due to salts are added around
the electrode rod, it will leach and react with the ground. The salt will migrate its charged ion to
the electrode rod from the copper electrode rod has the ability to attract charged particles and
reduce the soil resistivity. When the soil resistivity is low, there is easy to discharge the fault
compare to ground that have high soil resistivity.
This testing was made not to put salt into the all the transmission tower, but to show the
difference in soil resistivity can affect the grounding resistance. Usually, the higher place like hill
has a higher soil resistivity. This is because the higher place has stony soil, loamy soil and rock.
It means if the transmission tower is set up there, it will have a poor grounding system.
Preferably a location with the lowest possible resistance is the best position to make a
transmission tower. Hence the need to move the transmission tower to the suitable location for
grounding spot increase in the overall cost of installation because it will far away from the
facility. Therefore, soil treatment can use as a solution to this problem. Although the testing to
reduce the grounding resistance not according to the requirements of TNB which is below 10Ω,
but it can be concluded that the chosen technique can improve the grounding resistance of the
transmission tower by reducing the grounding resistance.
8. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
New Waste Material to Enhance the Performance of …. (Nazatul Shiema Moh Nazar)
1537
Figure 10. Resistance of Soil Treatment (Himalayan Pink Salt) (kΩ) versus Depth of Rod (m)
Figure 11. Resistance of Soil Treatment (Bamboo Salt) (kΩ) versus Depth of Rod (m)
Figure 12. Resistance of Soil Treatment (Himalayan Pink Salt + Rice Straw Ash) (kΩ)
versus Depth of Rod (m)
9. ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 15, No. 4, December 2017 : 1530 – 1539
1538
Figure 13. Resistance of Soil Treatment (Bamboo Salt + Rice Straw Ash) (kΩ)
versus Depth of Rod (m)
Figure 14. Resistance of Soil Treatment (Himalayan Pink Salt + Bagasse Ash) (kΩ)
versus Depth of Rod (m)
Figure 15. Resistance of Soil Treatment (Bamboo Salt + Bagasse Ash) (kΩ)
versus Depth of Rod (m)
5. Conclusion
There are two techniques can be used to reduce the grounding resistance which is
increasing the depth of the electrode rod and the soil treatment by using rice straw ashes and
bagasse ashes as backfill material. Both techniques are capable to reduce the grounding
10. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
New Waste Material to Enhance the Performance of …. (Nazatul Shiema Moh Nazar)
1539
resistance. However, this testing cannot reach the TNB’s transmission tower specification. TNB
regulates that for the 132kV and 275kV transmission towers, the grounding resistance has to be
lower than 10Ω. The research location that was held in the hill area makes it difficult to get the
rounding resistance below 10Ω. As a conclusion, it is important to have a better grounding
system. In order to make sure the grounding system is in good condition, it is compulsory to
retain a low grounding resistance. Therefore, it can prevent lightning interface of transmission
line and to assure security operation of the power system.
References
[1] Lee WC, Mohd ZAAK, Chandima G, Wan FWA. Analysis of Earth Resistance of Electrodes and Soil
Resistivity at Different Environments. 2012.
[2] Y Khan, NH Malik, AA Al-Arainy, MI Qureshi, FR Pazheri. Efficient Use of Low Resistivity Material for
Grounding Resistance Reduction in High Soil Resistivity Areas. 2010.
[3] A Abreu, AIL Design. Experience in Material Selection for Grounding Systems for Power
Transmission Towers. 2014; 4: 1–5.
[4] Don J, K Nithiyananthan. Effective Methods for Power Systems Grounding. 2008.
[5] RB Carpenter, JA Lanzoni. Designing for A Low Resistance Earth Interface (Grounding). 2007.
[6] T Conditions. Characterisation of earthing systems under high frequency and transient conditions.
1999: 188–192.
[7] R Zeng, J He, Z Wang, Y Gao. Analysis on Influence of Long Vertical Grounding Electrodes on
Grounding System for Substation. 2000: 1475–1480.
[8] C Boaventura, J Osvaldo, S Paulino. The influence of seasonal soil moisture on the behavior of soil
resistivity and power distribution grounding systems. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2014.
[9] N Azlina, A Rahman, A Marzuki, A Marican, AM Davies, M Zainal, A Ab, N. Abdullah. A Practical
Method for Optimised Earth Electrode Designs at Transmission Towers Exposed to Lightning. 2011:
131–134.
[10] A Nurnadia, MD Intan, WARW Aizan, S Hanizam. Development of HDPE/Rice Straw Composite for
Construction Application via Injection Mold Teenique.
[11] R Srinivasan, K Sathiya. Experimental Study on Bagasse Ash in Concrete. 2010.