This document discusses key characteristics of single-core and 3-core cables, including:
1) Insulation resistance of a single-core cable is determined by the resistivity of the insulation material and thickness of insulation between the conductor and sheath.
2) The capacitance of a single-core cable can be modeled as two long co-axial cylinders, with the conductor as the inner cylinder and outer sheath at earth potential.
3) Dielectric stress within a single-core cable is highest at the conductor surface and decreases with distance from the conductor, with the stress defined as the potential gradient at each point.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
Over Head Line Insulators : Presentation Topic in Electrical Engineering SeminarSandip Kumar Sahoo
Over Head Line Insulators a Presentation Topic in Electrical Engineering for Seminars was prepared by me with comprehensive research and phenomenal guidance. You just need a little research on the mentioned points and you are ready to go. I hope this PPT will help you immensely.
A gas insulated substation (GIS) is a high voltage substation in which the major structures are contained in a sealed environment with sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating medium. GIS technology originated in Japan, where there was a substantial need to develop technology to make substations as compact as possible. The clearance required for phase to phase and phase to ground for all equipment is much lower than that required in an air insulated substation; the total space required for a GIS is 10% of that needed for a conventional substation.
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
The major challenge in Indian power sector is operating upgrading of the transmission & distribution lines with efficient meteringApplication of smart grid devices for consistently condition monitoring of overhead lines &substation can decides the action of maintenance required and thus condition-based maintenance (CBM) technique can be implemented. To meet ever increase in demand, reduction of value of losses, utilization of huge renewable energy and absence of automation in power Transmission & Distribution, there is need of Preventive Maintenance (PM) & logy(RCM).
The financial growth of India also depends on availability of electricity. Indian power sector having characteristics as shortage of generation and high T & D losses up to 30% of total electricity generation with some parts of states of country up to 40%. When losses due to theft are added in the total then average losses increases up to 30%. The economical loss reaches at 1.5% of the national GDP which is increasing. To maintain stability of power system up gradation is essential. Transmission system is operated & regulated as per the Regulations & standards given by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC). At present Maintenance technology is one of the topics of R & D for various countries.
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
AC Distribution System - Generation Distribution and TransmissionGowtham Cr
It include the introduction, requirements, types of distribution system, explanation of Ac Distribution system ,it's Classifications, calculations and types.
Over Head Line Insulators : Presentation Topic in Electrical Engineering SeminarSandip Kumar Sahoo
Over Head Line Insulators a Presentation Topic in Electrical Engineering for Seminars was prepared by me with comprehensive research and phenomenal guidance. You just need a little research on the mentioned points and you are ready to go. I hope this PPT will help you immensely.
A gas insulated substation (GIS) is a high voltage substation in which the major structures are contained in a sealed environment with sulfur hexafluoride gas as the insulating medium. GIS technology originated in Japan, where there was a substantial need to develop technology to make substations as compact as possible. The clearance required for phase to phase and phase to ground for all equipment is much lower than that required in an air insulated substation; the total space required for a GIS is 10% of that needed for a conventional substation.
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
The major challenge in Indian power sector is operating upgrading of the transmission & distribution lines with efficient meteringApplication of smart grid devices for consistently condition monitoring of overhead lines &substation can decides the action of maintenance required and thus condition-based maintenance (CBM) technique can be implemented. To meet ever increase in demand, reduction of value of losses, utilization of huge renewable energy and absence of automation in power Transmission & Distribution, there is need of Preventive Maintenance (PM) & logy(RCM).
The financial growth of India also depends on availability of electricity. Indian power sector having characteristics as shortage of generation and high T & D losses up to 30% of total electricity generation with some parts of states of country up to 40%. When losses due to theft are added in the total then average losses increases up to 30%. The economical loss reaches at 1.5% of the national GDP which is increasing. To maintain stability of power system up gradation is essential. Transmission system is operated & regulated as per the Regulations & standards given by Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC), Central Electricity Authority (CEA), State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERC). At present Maintenance technology is one of the topics of R & D for various countries.
Construction of cables
Parts of a cable
Properties of cable insulators
Properties of conductors
Types of cables
Underground cables
Methods of laying underground cables
Types of cable faults
Comparison between overhead and underground cables
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
A Presentation based on Underground Cables Used In the Transmission And Distribution System.It is a topic covered in the syllabus of B.E. in Electrical Engineering in 5th semester Subject named "Electrical Power System" For more detail you can check the book "Electrical Power System" by Author V.K.Mehta and S.Chand Publication.
600 Series Interface D Compact Elastimold Cable Connectors and Bushings connect and terminate HV cables to Interface D bushings on switchgear and transformers. Elastimold provide high voltage cable accessories to suit the 7 main bushing interfaces : A, B, C (Compact), C (Symmetrical), D, E and F. Elastimold cable joints, cable terminations, epoxy bushings, angled (elbow) and straight plug-in or bolted separable connectors for connecting, jointing and terminating high voltage cables.
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Bolted Aluminium Stud Elastimold separable elbow connectors are high voltage cable terminations used to connect polymeric (XLPE or EPR insulated) power cables to HV equipment including transformers, switchgear, capacitors and motors. 600 Series Connectors - 676LRA Tee Connectors, 12-24kV 1250Amps 35-630sqmm Slip on cable connectors - quick to install to high voltage switchgear and transformers (oil, air and gas insulated) Touchproof cable terminations - made from conductive EPDM rubber, fully screened HV termination for safety One part cable termination - built-in stress relief, insulation and outer semi-conductive layers Maintenance friendly - readily disconnectable cable connector for high voltage maintenance work Compact cable connectors - space-saving HV cable terminations for SF6 gas insulated switchgear (GIS) EPDM rubber cable connectors - resistant to ozone, corona, chemicals, water and atmospheric pollutants Flexibility - Elastimold cable connectors are disconnectable and re-useable. Re-use of the high voltage cable connector permits site re-location of HV electrical equipment without requiring cable re-termination.
Underground Cable Accessories
Elastimold® offers the industry's most complete package for managing underground cable connections.
Broad Product Range..
Elastimold accessories, available from 5kV to 138kV, connect, ground, splice, terminate and protect underground cable.
Elastimold Innovation
Elastimold’s long, innovative history includes pioneering such products as extended and repair elbows, jacket seal elbows, and shrink-fit joints.
CATU are world-market leaders in Electrical Safety Equipment for LV-HV Substation, Switchgear and Overhead Line projects and maintenance. T&D are CATU's largest UK distributor of Electrical Safety Equipment.
Catu insulating gloves provide high dielectric performance for LV-HV cable jointing, live-line, substation, overhead and underground cable installations - insulating gloves protect against electrical shock.
Catu Arc Flash Clothing & Protection Kits for working on LV-HV switchgear, cables and "racking-in and racking-out" of circuit breakers.
Catu Life Saving & Accident Intervention Kits are designed to make all necessary electrical safety equipment on-hand for rapid intervention and rescue up to 33kV.
Catu Kits include rescue stick, voltage detector, insulated cable cutting tool, insulating platform, rescue hook, insulating gloves and boots - mobile and wall-mounted substation kits.
Catu Short Circuiting & Earthing Kits suit overhead transmission and distribution lines, substation busbars, rail electrification, transformer and switchgear applications.
Short Circuiting and Portable Earthing Kits are available with a choice of earth clamps for both live and earth end in accordance with UK DNO, Network Rail and National Grid specifications - customised earthing kits to order.
Catu voltage detectors and phase comparators for voltage detection and integrity testing on LV-HV electricity transmission, distribution and overhead lines and cables.
Power Cables Operation, Maintenance, Location and Fault DetectionLiving Online
Faults in underground cable may cause loss of supply to customers and loss of revenue for suppliers so it is imperative that the fault location process is efficient and accurate to minimise excavation time, which results in reducing inconvenience to all concerned. For fault locating to be efficient and accurate technical staff need to have expert knowledge accompanied with experience in order to attain service reliability.
This workshop is designed to ensure that those responsible for the selection, laying, operation, maintenance and monitoring of power cables understands the technical issues involved and comply with relevant specifications and requirements.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
Anyone associated with power cable operation, maintenance, location and fault detection techniques. The workshop will also benefit those working in system design as well as site commissioning, maintenance and troubleshooting. Typical personnel who would benefit are:
Electrical maintenance technicians and supervisors
Maintenance personnel
Operations personnel
Process control engineers
Service technicians
MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/power-cables-operation-maintenance-location-and-fault-detection-39
Reduced Dielectric Losses for Underground Cable Distribution SystemsIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper describes the process to reduce dielectric losses for underground cable distribution system. As already known, that system is an alternative solution to energy distribution systems in urban areas. Influence of large capacitance is a separate issue that needs to be resolved.
Large capacitance effect on Express Feeder of 10 miles long has resulted in power losses more than 100 MW per month. In the no-load condition, current dispatch has recorded 10 Amperes, and has increased the voltage at receiving end by 200-500 Volts, with leading power factors.
Installation of the inductor to reduce cable loss dielectrics is done by changing the power factor (pf) to 0.85 lagging. After installation of the inductor, which is 5 mH/700 kVAR, dielectric losses is reduced to 3.57%, which is from 105,983 kW to 102,195 kWh per month. The capacitive leakage current has also been reduced from 249.61 Ampere to 245.17 Ampere.
Analysis of Stranded Multi-Conductor Cable in Multilayered Dielectric MediaJimmi James
ABSTRACT
Due to complexity of electromagnetic modeling, researchers and scientists always look for development of accurate and fast methods to extract the parameters of electronic transmission cables. These parameters play a critical role in various applications like electro surgery, fault location in cables and many more. In this paper, the modeling of stranded multiconductor cable in multilayered dielectric media is illustrated. We specifically determine the distributed parameters of two wire transmission lines in two-layered dielectric media. The effect of frequency change on the parameters is also discussed. This numerical analysis was successfully implemented for modeling of a cable which connects the hand piece of an electro surgical device to its generator. Comparison of the theoretical and the practically measured results is demonstrated with good agreements.
The purpose of this paper is to study and design of 230 kV twin bundle double circuit overhead transmission line. In design consideration, the selection of economic voltage, choice of conductor size, number of insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor are considered. The electrical transfer of energy from one place to another over long distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for reducing the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge impedance. Daw Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27830.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27830/design-of-230-kv-twin-bundle-double-circuit-overhead-transmission-line/daw-hnin-yu-lwin
This Lecture includes the Resistivity survey, field procedure, application advantage, limitaion, Apparant resistivity, VES (Vertical Electrical Sounding), Resistivity Profiling and IP Survey in brief.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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2. h bl d i id d i h i bl hi k f i l i i l
Insulation Resistance of a Single‐Core
Cable
The cable conductor is provided with a suitable thickness of insulating material
in order to prevent leakage current. The path for leakage current is radial
through the insulation. The opposition offered by insulation to leakage current is
known as insulation resistance of the cableknown as insulation resistance of the cable.
Consider a single‐core cable of conductor radius r1 and internal sheath radius r2 .
Let l be the length of the cable and ρ be the resistivity of the insulation.
Consider a very small layer of insulation of thickness dx at a radius x.
The length through which leakage current tends to flow is dx and the area of X‐
section offered to this flow is 2π x l.
4. Capacitance of a Single‐Core Cable
A single‐core cable can be considered to be equivalent to two
long co‐axial cylinders. The conductor (or core) of the cable is
the inner cylinder while the outer cylinder is represented by
lead sheath which is at earth potentiallead sheath which is at earth potential.
Consider a single core cable with conductor diameter d and
inner sheath diameter D.
Let the charge per metre axial length of the cable be Q
coulombs and ε be the permittivity of the insulation material
between core and lead sheath.
ε = ε0 εr where εr is the relative permittivity of the insulation.ε ε0 εr where εr is the relative permittivity of the insulation.
6. Dielectric Stress in a Single‐Core Cable
Under operating conditions, the insulation of a cable is
subjected to electrostatic forces. This is known as
dielectric stress.
h d l bl f hThe dielectric stress at any point in a cable is in fact the
potential gradient (or electric intensity) at that point.
Consider a single core cable with core diameter d and
internal sheath diameter D The electric intensity at ainternal sheath diameter D. The electric intensity at a
point x metres from the centre of the cable is
By definition, electric intensity is equal to potential
gradient. Therefore, potential gradient g at a point x
metres from the centre of cable is
7. P i l diff V b d d h h i
Dielectric Stress in a Single‐Core Cable
contd..
Potential difference V between conductor and sheath is
*potential gradient at any point is equal to the electric intensity at that point.
8. Dielectric Stress in a Single‐Core Cable
contd..
The variation of stress in the dielectric is shown in Fig.
It is clear that dielectric stress is maximum at the conductor
surface and its value goes on decreasing as we move away fromg g y
the conductor.
Maximum stress is an important consideration in the design of a
cable. For instance, if a cable is to be operated at such a voltage
that maximum stress is 5 kV/mm, then the insulation used must
have a dielectric strength of atleast 5 kV/mm, otherwise
breakdown of the cable will become inevitable.
9. Capacitance of 3‐Core Cables
h i f bl i h i h h f h dThe capacitance of a cable system is much more important than that of overhead
line because in cables (i) conductors are nearer to each other and to the earthed
sheath (ii) they are separated by a dielectric of permittivity much greater than
that of air Fig shows a system of capacitances in a 3 core belted cable used forthat of air. Fig. shows a system of capacitances in a 3‐core belted cable used for
3‐phase system.
Since potential difference exists between pairs of conductors and between each
conductor and the sheath electrostatic fields are set up in the cable as shown inconductor and the sheath, electrostatic fields are set up in the cable as shown in
Fig. 1(i). These electrostatic fields give rise to core‐core capacitances Cc and
conductor‐ earth capacitances Ce as shown in Fig. 1 (ii). The three Cc are delta
connected whereas the three Ce are star connected, the sheath forming the stare , g
point fig.1(iii).
10. Capacitance of 3‐Core Cables
It is reasonable to assume equality of each Cc and each Ce. The three delta
connected capacitances Cc [See Fig. 2(i)] can be converted into equivalent star
connected capacitances as shown in Fig. 2 (ii). It can be easily shown that
l l h h d lequivalent star capacitance Ceq is equal to three times the delta capacitance Cc
i.e. Ceq = 3 Cc.
11. h f i h i i (iii) d h i l i iThe system of capacitances shown in Fig. 1 (iii) reduces to the equivalent circuit
shown in Fig. 3 (i). Therefore, the whole cable is equivalent to three star‐
connected capacitors each of capacitance [Fig. 3 (ii)],