Earthing in a substation is important for safety. It involves connecting electrical equipment to earth at a uniform low potential to limit dangerous voltages under fault conditions. Key aspects of substation earthing design include soil resistivity testing, sizing the earth mat conductor based on fault current and duration, and ensuring step and touch potentials remain below safety limits. Proper earthing aims to provide protection to life and property against faults.
This document discusses earthing and earth pits. It defines earthing as connecting an object to the general mass of earth using an earth electrode. An earth electrode is a metal plate or pipe electrically connected to the ground. Proper earthing is important for safety and protection. When designing an earth pit, factors like soil resistivity, moisture content, and salt concentration must be considered. Soil resistivity affects the effectiveness of earthing and varies based on these conditions. Rod or pipe electrodes should be driven to a depth of at least 2.5 meters, with alternative layers of charcoal/coke and salt to improve conductivity.
This document discusses electrical grounding and earthing systems. It begins by introducing grounding and earthing, and distinguishing between ground and neutral conductors. It then describes different types of earthing systems according to the IEC standard, including TN, TT, and IT networks. The document also covers different types of grounding used in radio communications, AC power installations, and lightning protection. It discusses the concept of virtual ground and multipoint grounding. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical grounding and earthing systems, their uses, and important concepts.
Earthing is the process of connecting metallic electrical equipment to the earth using a low resistance wire. This serves several important purposes: to protect human life from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents, to protect buildings and machinery under fault conditions, to safely dissipate lightning and short circuit currents, and to maintain a stable voltage for sensitive electronic equipment. Traditionally, earthing involved digging a pit and burying a metal plate or pipe surrounded by charcoal and salt, which required regular maintenance and watering.
How Earthing works. What is earthing all in one for students and others? Types of Earthing. description that is needed. You can get to know how important Earthing is.
This document discusses basic electrical wiring and safety. It notes that approximately 290 people die from accidental electrocutions each year in the US, while 800 additional deaths result from electrical fires. Thousands more are injured. Proper electrical wiring and grounding is needed to prevent these accidents. The document then explains the basics of electricity, electrical circuits, different types of current, electrical service entrances, circuit breaker panels, proper wiring of devices, and basic symbols used in wiring diagrams.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
Earthing in a substation is important for safety. It involves connecting electrical equipment to earth at a uniform low potential to limit dangerous voltages under fault conditions. Key aspects of substation earthing design include soil resistivity testing, sizing the earth mat conductor based on fault current and duration, and ensuring step and touch potentials remain below safety limits. Proper earthing aims to provide protection to life and property against faults.
This document discusses earthing and earth pits. It defines earthing as connecting an object to the general mass of earth using an earth electrode. An earth electrode is a metal plate or pipe electrically connected to the ground. Proper earthing is important for safety and protection. When designing an earth pit, factors like soil resistivity, moisture content, and salt concentration must be considered. Soil resistivity affects the effectiveness of earthing and varies based on these conditions. Rod or pipe electrodes should be driven to a depth of at least 2.5 meters, with alternative layers of charcoal/coke and salt to improve conductivity.
This document discusses electrical grounding and earthing systems. It begins by introducing grounding and earthing, and distinguishing between ground and neutral conductors. It then describes different types of earthing systems according to the IEC standard, including TN, TT, and IT networks. The document also covers different types of grounding used in radio communications, AC power installations, and lightning protection. It discusses the concept of virtual ground and multipoint grounding. Overall, the document provides an overview of electrical grounding and earthing systems, their uses, and important concepts.
Earthing is the process of connecting metallic electrical equipment to the earth using a low resistance wire. This serves several important purposes: to protect human life from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents, to protect buildings and machinery under fault conditions, to safely dissipate lightning and short circuit currents, and to maintain a stable voltage for sensitive electronic equipment. Traditionally, earthing involved digging a pit and burying a metal plate or pipe surrounded by charcoal and salt, which required regular maintenance and watering.
How Earthing works. What is earthing all in one for students and others? Types of Earthing. description that is needed. You can get to know how important Earthing is.
This document discusses basic electrical wiring and safety. It notes that approximately 290 people die from accidental electrocutions each year in the US, while 800 additional deaths result from electrical fires. Thousands more are injured. Proper electrical wiring and grounding is needed to prevent these accidents. The document then explains the basics of electricity, electrical circuits, different types of current, electrical service entrances, circuit breaker panels, proper wiring of devices, and basic symbols used in wiring diagrams.
Since the loads having the trends towards growing density. This requires the better appearance, rugged construction, greater service reliability and increased safety. An underground cable essentially consists of one or more conductors covered with suitable insulation and surrounded by a protecting cover. The interference from external disturbances like storms, lightening, ice, trees etc. should be reduced to achieve trouble free service. The cables may be buried directly in the ground, or may be installed in ducts buried in the ground.
The document discusses vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs). It describes that VCBs use vacuum as an interrupting medium inside vacuum interrupters to extinguish arcs. This provides superior arc quenching over other mediums. The document discusses various components and functions of VCBs like auxiliary switches, anti-pumping relays, contact resistance testing, short circuit ratings, and accessories. It compares features of shunt and undervoltage releases and lists advantages of VCBs like being maintenance-free and having rapid arc interruption.
This document provides information on underground power cables. It discusses the construction of underground cables including conductors, insulation materials like rubber, paper and PVC. It classifies cables based on voltage level and describes common cable types used for different voltages like screened and pressure cables. It also discusses cable insulation materials, laying of cables, types of cable faults and compares underground and overhead power systems.
This presentation provides an introduction to switchgear. It defines switchgear as equipment used for switching, controlling, and protecting electrical circuits and equipment, consisting of devices like switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and relays. Essential features of switchgear include reliability, discrimination between faulty and healthy sections, quick operation, and provisions for manual and instrument control. Common types of switchgear equipment discussed are switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and relays.
Grounding in Power System Presentation
The presentation discusses the importance of grounding in power systems for safety, equipment protection, and building protection from lightning strikes. It covers types of grounding including solid grounding, resistance grounding, reactance grounding, and resonant grounding. Measurement instruments and calculation procedures for proper grounding are also reviewed. Lack of proper grounding can cause electric shocks, fires, and equipment damage. IEEE standards provide guidelines for industrial and commercial grounding systems.
- Electrical earthing provides a safe path for lightning and fault currents to protect humans and equipment.
- There are different types of earthing for different applications like LV systems, lighting, telecoms, and computers.
- Earthing can provide either Class I or Class II protection against electric shock.
- Factors that affect earth impedance include soil type and moisture, weather, electrode type and size, nearby utilities, and distance between electrodes.
- Common earthing arrangements include TN, TT, and IT systems. Measurement methods like Wenner and Schlumberger are used to determine soil resistivity which impacts earth impedance.
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
This document provides an introduction to medium voltage (MV) equipment, including key concepts such as:
- Voltage levels including operating voltage, rated voltage, insulation levels, and derating factors
- Current levels including operating current, short circuit current, and thermal withstand current
- Frequency standards of 50Hz and 60Hz
- Types of MV switchgear including air insulated switchgear, metal enclosed, compartmented, and block types
- Standards that MV switchgear must comply with such as IEC 62271
- Main functions of switchgear including protection, isolation, and control
- Comparison of SF6 and vacuum circuit breaker technologies
The document concisely covers the essential electrical concepts and specifications
This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
3) Overcurrent protection uses relays with current coils to detect overloads and faults above a pickup threshold. It also includes ground-fault protection.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
The document presents information on earthing systems. It discusses the functions of earthing, which include providing a path for fault currents and protection from electric shock. It describes common methods of earthing like plate, pipe, and rod earthing. It also discusses types of earthing systems, applications of earthing, and concludes that grounding and earthing systems provide important protection for electrical systems.
The document discusses underground power cables. It describes the components of underground cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armoring and serving. The main types of underground cables are discussed - solid cables like belted and screened cables used up to 66kV, and pressurized oil and gas cables used at higher voltages. Methods of laying cables underground include direct burying, draw-in systems using ducts, and solid systems within troughs. Underground cables have advantages over overhead lines like better appearance and reliability, but also challenges like higher installation costs and fault localization difficulties.
1. The document discusses guidelines for developing an electrical layout system for a proposed building, including determining power requirements based on the building's type, size, and layout, and accounting for future growth.
2. Main control panels and distribution boards should be conveniently located for accessibility, especially in emergency situations like fires.
3. Separate circuits should be developed for lighting and power needs, distributing the load evenly across all circuits.
This document discusses fault level calculations in electric power systems. It explains that fault level calculations are necessary to select protective devices, circuit breakers, and equipment that can withstand short circuit currents. The document outlines the procedure for calculating fault levels, which involves representing the system with a single line diagram, choosing a base MVA, calculating per unit reactances, determining the equivalent reactance to the fault point, and using formulas to calculate fault MVA and current. It also discusses how current limiting reactors can be used to insert additional reactance and reduce short circuit currents to match circuit breaker ratings.
Electrical wiring system - and estimation Mahfuz Sikder
The document discusses different types of electrical wiring systems used for domestic and commercial buildings. It covers various wiring methods like cleat wiring, wooden casing and capping wiring, lead sheathed wiring, conduit piping wiring and CTS/TRS sheathed wiring. For each method, it discusses the materials used, advantages, disadvantages and applications. The document also provides guidelines for domestic and industrial wiring installations and compares different wiring systems.
Sarvayogam corp presentation on chemical earthingShrikant Iyer
The document summarizes Sarvayogam Corp's chemical earthing products and installation process. It describes their E-Link brand of advanced chemical earthing systems, which use a dual electrode technology of an inner conductive strip surrounded by an outer corrosion-resistant pipe. This is filled with a specially developed backfill compound that improves soil conductivity and maintains moisture levels, providing a maintenance-free earthing solution certified to last 14-18 years. The document outlines the advantages of this system over traditional earthing and provides installation instructions, models tested by ERDA, and certifications held by Sarvayogam Corp.
This document summarizes different types of circuit protection devices used in electrical installations including fuses, circuit breakers, miniature circuit breakers (MCB), molded case circuit breakers (MCCB), and earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB). It describes the working and advantages of each device. Fuses provide overcurrent protection with a low resistance element that melts under high temperatures from overload currents. Circuit breakers and MCBs interrupt circuits automatically during overloads or faults for safer operation than fuses. ELCBs detect ground faults for protection in systems with high earth impedance.
The document discusses different types of grounding systems used in electrical installations. It describes six main grounding systems - equipment grounds, static grounds, system grounds, maintenance grounds, electronic grounds, and lightning grounds. It provides details on each type of grounding system, including their purpose and applications. The document also discusses conventional and maintenance-free earthing methods, as well as different types of earthing electrodes like plate, pipe, rod and strip earthing. International classifications of earthing systems like TN, TT and IT are also covered.
The document presents information on earthing systems. It discusses the functions of earthing, which include providing a path for fault currents and protection from electric shock. It describes various methods of earthing, including plate earthing, pipe earthing, and rod earthing. It also discusses different types of earthing systems and applications of earthing in electrical systems. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of proper grounding and earthing in electrical engineering for safety and protection of electrical equipment.
The document discusses vacuum circuit breakers (VCBs). It describes that VCBs use vacuum as an interrupting medium inside vacuum interrupters to extinguish arcs. This provides superior arc quenching over other mediums. The document discusses various components and functions of VCBs like auxiliary switches, anti-pumping relays, contact resistance testing, short circuit ratings, and accessories. It compares features of shunt and undervoltage releases and lists advantages of VCBs like being maintenance-free and having rapid arc interruption.
This document provides information on underground power cables. It discusses the construction of underground cables including conductors, insulation materials like rubber, paper and PVC. It classifies cables based on voltage level and describes common cable types used for different voltages like screened and pressure cables. It also discusses cable insulation materials, laying of cables, types of cable faults and compares underground and overhead power systems.
This presentation provides an introduction to switchgear. It defines switchgear as equipment used for switching, controlling, and protecting electrical circuits and equipment, consisting of devices like switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and relays. Essential features of switchgear include reliability, discrimination between faulty and healthy sections, quick operation, and provisions for manual and instrument control. Common types of switchgear equipment discussed are switches, fuses, circuit breakers, and relays.
Grounding in Power System Presentation
The presentation discusses the importance of grounding in power systems for safety, equipment protection, and building protection from lightning strikes. It covers types of grounding including solid grounding, resistance grounding, reactance grounding, and resonant grounding. Measurement instruments and calculation procedures for proper grounding are also reviewed. Lack of proper grounding can cause electric shocks, fires, and equipment damage. IEEE standards provide guidelines for industrial and commercial grounding systems.
- Electrical earthing provides a safe path for lightning and fault currents to protect humans and equipment.
- There are different types of earthing for different applications like LV systems, lighting, telecoms, and computers.
- Earthing can provide either Class I or Class II protection against electric shock.
- Factors that affect earth impedance include soil type and moisture, weather, electrode type and size, nearby utilities, and distance between electrodes.
- Common earthing arrangements include TN, TT, and IT systems. Measurement methods like Wenner and Schlumberger are used to determine soil resistivity which impacts earth impedance.
A substation receives power transmitted at high voltage from a generating station and transforms the voltage to a level appropriate for local use. It consists of transformers, switches, circuit breakers and other equipment to step up or step down voltages. Typical components include busbars to carry current, disconnectors and circuit breakers to connect and disconnect circuits, current and voltage transformers to detect and transform measurements, earthing switches for safety, and surge arrestors to protect from surges. Substations can be classified by their function, such as transformer or industrial substations, or by their control method, such as manual, automatic or supervisory control.
This document provides an introduction to medium voltage (MV) equipment, including key concepts such as:
- Voltage levels including operating voltage, rated voltage, insulation levels, and derating factors
- Current levels including operating current, short circuit current, and thermal withstand current
- Frequency standards of 50Hz and 60Hz
- Types of MV switchgear including air insulated switchgear, metal enclosed, compartmented, and block types
- Standards that MV switchgear must comply with such as IEC 62271
- Main functions of switchgear including protection, isolation, and control
- Comparison of SF6 and vacuum circuit breaker technologies
The document concisely covers the essential electrical concepts and specifications
This document describes various protection schemes for transformers, including differential, restricted earth fault, overcurrent, and thermal protection.
1) Differential protection compares currents entering and leaving the transformer zone to detect internal faults. It provides the best protection for internal faults.
2) Restricted earth fault protection is used to detect high-resistance winding-to-core faults not detectable by differential relays. It uses a neutral current transformer and is sensitive to internal earth faults.
3) Overcurrent protection uses relays with current coils to detect overloads and faults above a pickup threshold. It also includes ground-fault protection.
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
The document presents information on earthing systems. It discusses the functions of earthing, which include providing a path for fault currents and protection from electric shock. It describes common methods of earthing like plate, pipe, and rod earthing. It also discusses types of earthing systems, applications of earthing, and concludes that grounding and earthing systems provide important protection for electrical systems.
The document discusses underground power cables. It describes the components of underground cables including conductors, insulation, metallic sheathing, bedding, armoring and serving. The main types of underground cables are discussed - solid cables like belted and screened cables used up to 66kV, and pressurized oil and gas cables used at higher voltages. Methods of laying cables underground include direct burying, draw-in systems using ducts, and solid systems within troughs. Underground cables have advantages over overhead lines like better appearance and reliability, but also challenges like higher installation costs and fault localization difficulties.
1. The document discusses guidelines for developing an electrical layout system for a proposed building, including determining power requirements based on the building's type, size, and layout, and accounting for future growth.
2. Main control panels and distribution boards should be conveniently located for accessibility, especially in emergency situations like fires.
3. Separate circuits should be developed for lighting and power needs, distributing the load evenly across all circuits.
This document discusses fault level calculations in electric power systems. It explains that fault level calculations are necessary to select protective devices, circuit breakers, and equipment that can withstand short circuit currents. The document outlines the procedure for calculating fault levels, which involves representing the system with a single line diagram, choosing a base MVA, calculating per unit reactances, determining the equivalent reactance to the fault point, and using formulas to calculate fault MVA and current. It also discusses how current limiting reactors can be used to insert additional reactance and reduce short circuit currents to match circuit breaker ratings.
Electrical wiring system - and estimation Mahfuz Sikder
The document discusses different types of electrical wiring systems used for domestic and commercial buildings. It covers various wiring methods like cleat wiring, wooden casing and capping wiring, lead sheathed wiring, conduit piping wiring and CTS/TRS sheathed wiring. For each method, it discusses the materials used, advantages, disadvantages and applications. The document also provides guidelines for domestic and industrial wiring installations and compares different wiring systems.
Sarvayogam corp presentation on chemical earthingShrikant Iyer
The document summarizes Sarvayogam Corp's chemical earthing products and installation process. It describes their E-Link brand of advanced chemical earthing systems, which use a dual electrode technology of an inner conductive strip surrounded by an outer corrosion-resistant pipe. This is filled with a specially developed backfill compound that improves soil conductivity and maintains moisture levels, providing a maintenance-free earthing solution certified to last 14-18 years. The document outlines the advantages of this system over traditional earthing and provides installation instructions, models tested by ERDA, and certifications held by Sarvayogam Corp.
This document summarizes different types of circuit protection devices used in electrical installations including fuses, circuit breakers, miniature circuit breakers (MCB), molded case circuit breakers (MCCB), and earth leakage circuit breakers (ELCB). It describes the working and advantages of each device. Fuses provide overcurrent protection with a low resistance element that melts under high temperatures from overload currents. Circuit breakers and MCBs interrupt circuits automatically during overloads or faults for safer operation than fuses. ELCBs detect ground faults for protection in systems with high earth impedance.
The document discusses different types of grounding systems used in electrical installations. It describes six main grounding systems - equipment grounds, static grounds, system grounds, maintenance grounds, electronic grounds, and lightning grounds. It provides details on each type of grounding system, including their purpose and applications. The document also discusses conventional and maintenance-free earthing methods, as well as different types of earthing electrodes like plate, pipe, rod and strip earthing. International classifications of earthing systems like TN, TT and IT are also covered.
The document presents information on earthing systems. It discusses the functions of earthing, which include providing a path for fault currents and protection from electric shock. It describes various methods of earthing, including plate earthing, pipe earthing, and rod earthing. It also discusses different types of earthing systems and applications of earthing in electrical systems. In conclusion, it emphasizes the importance of proper grounding and earthing in electrical engineering for safety and protection of electrical equipment.
The document discusses grounding systems and their objectives which are to provide safety, ensure correct operation of equipment, prevent damage, dissipate lightning, stabilize voltage, and divert stray RF energy. It describes the three main types of grounding as equipment, system, and lightning/surge grounding. Various grounding components and methods are defined including earth electrodes, earthing conductors, earthing grids, soil characteristics, recommended earth resistance values, and substation earthing systems. New methods to decrease ground resistance such as chemical rods, grounding augmentation fill, and cracks filled with low resistivity materials are also summarized.
The three main types of grounding systems are:
1. Equipment grounding (safety) which provides safety for personnel.
2. System grounding which assures correct operation of electrical devices.
3. Lightning/surge grounding which protects against lightning strikes and transient voltages.
The primary goal of any grounding system is safety by limiting step and touch potentials and diverting stray energy to prevent shocks and equipment damage. Proper grounding design requires evaluating soil resistivity and installing an effective grounding network, often using multiple electrodes, to ensure personnel protection and continuity of operations.
The document discusses electrical safety precautions. It provides guidance on safely handling electrical appliances and working with electrical installations. Key safety measures include ensuring equipment is properly earthed, using insulated tools, disconnecting power before repairs, and not touching multiple terminals at once. Proper earthing helps limit voltages, provide fault protection, and reduce shock hazards. Critical components of an earthing system include earth electrodes, mats, and bonds to safely dissipate currents to earth.
Earthing and grounding systems are used to protect humans and equipment from electric shocks. Earthing works by providing an alternative path for fault currents to flow safely into the earth, rather than through a person. It connects exposed metal parts to the earth to drain away stray currents. Grounding provides an effective return path for main currents and protects power system equipment. While both terms refer to connecting to earth, earthing focuses on safety and protection, while grounding balances unbalanced loads and provides a return path. A complete earthing system includes an earth continuity conductor, earthing lead, and earth electrode buried underground. Proper earthing is important for safety and reliability of electrical installations.
The document discusses power system earthing. Earthing involves connecting electrical equipment to the earth to provide an alternative path for fault currents. This protects equipment and users from electrical shock. Common earthing methods include plate, pipe, rod, and strip earthing. Plate and pipe earthing involve burying copper or steel plates/pipes underground. Rod earthing uses driven copper or steel rods. Strip earthing buries copper or steel strips in trenches. Proper earthing is important for safety and maintaining voltage levels in electrical systems.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of earthing systems. It outlines the main risks of faulty electrical installations, such as fires and electrocutions. The primary goals of an earthing system are safety for personnel and equipment protection. Key factors that influence earth resistance are moisture content, dissolved salts, soil texture and temperature. Proper earthing is essential to dissipate faults, lightning strikes and voltage surges safely.
The document discusses the objectives and importance of an earthing system. It outlines the main risks if a faulty electrical installation is not properly earthed, such as fires and electrocutions. The primary goals of an earthing system are safety for personnel and equipment protection. There are three main types of grounding: equipment grounding for safety, system grounding, and lightning/surge grounding. An effective earthing system must limit step and touch potentials during normal and fault conditions, assure correct operation of electrical devices, prevent equipment damage, and dissipate lightning strikes.
The document discusses different types of earthing systems used in electrical installations. It provides details on:
- The purpose of earthing systems which is to provide protection from electric shocks and maintain safe voltages.
- Common types of earthing methods including plate, pipe, rod and strip earthing. It also discusses maintenance free earthing systems.
- Factors that determine good earthing including low resistance, corrosion resistance and ability to dissipate high fault currents.
- Causes of short circuits and how earthing provides protection during faults.
- Maximum earth resistance values that should be achieved for different electrical equipment.
The document discusses different types of earthing systems used in electrical installations. It defines earthing as connecting exposed metal parts of electrical equipment to the earth to protect users from electric shocks. There are two main types: conventional earthing which requires regular watering, and maintenance-free earthing which uses conductive compounds and requires no watering. Common earthing methods include plate, pipe, rod and strip earthing, which involve burying plates, pipes or rods underground to dissipate electric currents. A good earthing system must have low resistance and dissipate high fault currents safely.
This document discusses the importance of proper grounding and bonding for electrical systems. It defines key terms like grounding, bonding, and ground loops. The primary objectives of grounding are safety, fault protection, and creating a signal reference ground. Improper grounding can cause problems like earth loops, electromagnetic interference, loose connections, and reduced protection. The document outlines requirements for grounding in the National Electrical Code and describes components of effective grounding systems, including ground electrodes, conductors, and techniques like single-point and multipoint grounding. Signal reference grounds are important for sensitive equipment. Overall, the document emphasizes that proper grounding is fundamental to ensuring electrical system stability and preventing shock hazards.
Earthing systems are designed to protect people and equipment from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents to flow safely into the earth. The document discusses different earthing methods like plate, pipe, rod and strip earthing. It explains that a good earthing system must have low resistance to allow sufficient current to flow and trigger overcurrent protection devices. The purposes of earthing include protecting humans from electric shock, preventing overvoltages on equipment, and dissipating lightning currents.
This document discusses earthing systems and their importance for safety. It defines earthing as protecting people from electric shock by providing an alternative path for fault currents. The objectives of earthing are to ensure safe voltages and prevent overcurrent. Good earthing has low impedance to quickly disconnect faulty circuits. Chemical earthing uses graphite and aluminum silicate for higher heat dissipation and longer lifespan than conventional earthing using charcoal and salt. Chemical earthing also has a larger surface area and is easier to install and maintain. In conclusion, chemical earthing provides better corrosion resistance and performance at a lower cost compared to copper or GI plate earthing systems.
1. The document discusses different types of earthing systems used in electrical installations to protect humans from electric shock. Earthing provides an alternative path for fault currents to flow and protects equipment from over voltages.
2. Earthing is the process of connecting metallic bodies to the earth through an earth wire. Common earthing methods include plate, pipe, rod, and strip earthing.
3. Plate earthing uses a copper or GI plate buried in alternating layers of coke and salt. Pipe earthing uses a vertically buried GI pipe. Rod earthing uses driven copper or GI rods. Strip earthing buries copper or GI strips horizontally in trenches.
This document discusses earthing and electrical safety. It describes earthing as connecting electrical equipment to the earth to protect humans from electric shock. It then discusses different earthing methods like strip, plate, pipe and rod earthing. It explains the purpose of earthing is to protect lives and equipment from lightning and overvoltage. It also covers causes of electrical shock and types of protective devices like fuses, ELCBs and MCBs. In summary, the document outlines earthing techniques, its importance for safety, causes of shocks and protective equipment.
The document discusses lightning protection standards and earthing design requirements. It recommends the following earthing designs:
- For large substations, earthing resistance should be below 1 ohm.
- For small substations and telecom/SCADA systems, earthing resistance should be below 0.5-2 ohms.
- Tower and other structures should have 8-15 ohm earthing.
- Lightning protection systems require 5 ohm or less for 50kA strikes and 8-15 ohms for 100kA strikes.
- Exothermic welding and hybrid metal rods are recommended for connections.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
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Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
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For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
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ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
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• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
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My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
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The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
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Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
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What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
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UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6
Maintenance free earth electrode
1. MAINTENANCE-FREE EARTH & RING
EARTH
Introduction
This type of earthing and bonding system is adopted for S&T equipment with
solid-state components which are more susceptible to damage due to surges,
transients, and over voltages being encountered in the system due to lightning,
sub-station switching, etc. these equipment include Electronic Interlocking,
Integrated Power Supply equipment, Digital Axle Counter, Data Logger, etc.
This type of earthing arrangement requires no maintenance so-called
“Maintenance-free earthing or “Effective Earthing”. Effective earthing electrode
eliminates problems of conventional earthing:
1. By providing highly corrosion-resistant Earthing Electrode.
2. By eliminating the corrosion-causing elements in the salt.
3. By providing uniform non-corrosive, low soil resistivity material around
the electrode.
Importance of Earthing
Efficiently dissipate electric surge to protect equipment thus minimize
downtime, service interruption & replacement cost.
Provide a stable reference for electrical and RF circuits to minimize noise
during normal operation.
Protect staff from dangerous electric shock.
Characteristics of good Earthing System
Low resistance and electrical impedance
Conductors of sufficient dimensions capable of withstanding high fault
current.
Lower earth resistance ensures that energy is dissipated into the ground in
the safest possible manner
Lower the earth circuit impedance
2. High corrosion resistance
Mechanically robust and reliable.
Location for earth
Low lying areas close to building or equipment
Close to existing water points but not naturally well drained
Avoid Dry sand, limestone, granite, stony ground, and high bank.
Applications
House-hold earthing.
Transmission & distribution systems.
Substation & Power Generators Transformer.
Telecomm Towers & Microwave Antennas.
Lightning protection the earth in difficult conditions for home as well as
industries.
Manufacturing Facilities & Refineries.
Computers & Data processing Centers.
Railway signaling equipment/installations consisting of solid-state
components.
Features
Low resistance and electrical impedance ensure dissipation of energy into
the ground in the safest possible manner.
Adequate current carrying capacity
Durable and reliable.
Specially developed anti-corrosive Packing Material having less resistivity,
and high moisture retaining capacity is used surrounding the electrode.
This complete arrangement eliminates any possibilities of corrosion of the
electrode, unlike conventional systems.
3. Mechanically robust and reliable.
Maintenance Free
Reliable life: 10 -12 years.
The packing material helps in maintaining uniformity at different strata and
offers less resistance to current dissipation, with a good moisture-retaining
property. The acceptable Earth resistance shall not be more than 1 Ohm.
Components Following are the components of earthing and
bonding system:
Earth Electrode
Earth enhancement material
Earth pit
Equipotential earth-busbar
Tape/strip and associated accessories
Earth Electrode
Earth electrode is made up of high tensile low carbon steel circular rods bonded
with copper on the outer surface. The earth electrode shall be of minimum 17.0
mm diameter and 3-meter length
Earth enhancement material
Earth enhancement material is a superior conductive material that improves
earthing effectiveness by improving the conductivity of the earth electrode and
ground contact area. It mainly consists of Graphite and Portland cement. It is
supplied in sealed moisture-proof bags. It has the following characteristics:
Highly conductive, improves the earth’s absorbing power and humidity
retention capability.
Non-corrosive in nature having low water solubility but highly
hygroscopic.
Suitable for installation in dry form or in a slurry form.·The resistivity of
less than 0.2 Ohms-meter.
4. Does not depend on the continuous presence of water to maintain its
continuity.
Permanent and maintenance-free and in its “set form”, maintains constant
earth resistance with time.
Do not dissolve decompose or leach out with time.
Does not require periodic charging treatment nor replacement and
maintenance.
Suitable for any kind of electrode and all kinds of soils of different
resistivity.
Does not pollute the soil or local water table and meets environmentally
friendly requirements for landfill.
Backfill material
The excavated soil is suitable as a backfill but should be sieved (screened)
to remove large stones and place around the electrode taking care to ensure
that it is wet and compact.
Material like sand, salt, coke breeze, cinders, and ash shall not be used
because of its acidic and corrosive nature.
Earth pit Construction of unit earth pit
Prepare a hole of 100 mm to 125 mm dia manually or with the help of
‘Earth auger’ to a depth of about 2.8 meters.
Place the earth electrode into the center of this hole.
Gently drive on the top of the rod to penetrate it into the soil so that a
minimum of 150 mm of the electrode shall be inserted in the natural soil.
Now fill the Earth enhancement material (min. approx.30-35 kg) into the
augured/dug hole in slurry form and allow it to set. After setting, the
diameter of the composite structure (earth electrode + earth enhancement
material) shall be of minimum 100 mm dia. covering the entire length of
the hole.
Cover the remaining portion of the hole by backfill soil, which is taken out
during auguring/digging.
5. A copper strip of 150 mm X 25 mm X 6mm shall be exothermically welded
to the main earth electrode for taking the connection to the main
equipotential earth bus bar in the equipment room and to other earth pits if
any.
The main earth pit shall be located as near to the main equipotential earth
busbar in the equipment room as possible.
Construction of Ring/ loop Earth
At certain locations, it may not be possible to achieve earth resistance of <
1 Ohm with one earth electrode/pit due to higher soil resistivity. In such
cases, provision of loop earth consisting of more than one earth pit shall be
done.
The number of pits required shall be decided based on the resistance
achieved for the earth pits already installed. The procedure mentioned
above for one earth pit shall be repeated for other earth pits.
The distance between two successive earth electrodes shall be min. 3 mtrs.
and max. up to twice the length of the earth electrode i.e. 6 mtrs. approx.
These earth pits shall then be inter-linked using 25X2 mm. copper tape to
form a loop using an exothermic welding technique.
The interconnecting tape shall be buried at a depth not less than 500 mm
below the ground level. This interconnecting tape shall also be covered
with an earth-enhancing compound.
Inspection Chamber
The inspection chamber is a concrete box of 300mmX300mmX300 mm
(inside dimension) with a smooth cement plaster finish provided on top of
the pit.
A concrete lid, painted black, approx. 50 mm. thick with pulling hooks,
shall be provided to cover the earth pit.
Care shall be taken regarding the level of the floor surrounding the earth so
that the connector is not too deep in the masonry or projecting out of it.
On the backside of the cover, the date of the testing and average resistance
value shall be written with yellow paint on black background.
6. Equi-potential earth busbars
Each equipment room i.e. IPS/Battery Charger room and EI/Relay room is
provided with one equipotential earth bus bar. Such bus bars are termed
Sub equipotential busbars (SEEB).
The equipotential earth busbar provided in the IPS/Battery Charger room
and directly connected to Class ‘B’ SPDs and the main earth pit is termed
as the Main equipotential earth busbar (MEEB).
The EEBs have pre-drilled holes of suitable size for the termination of
bonding conductors.
The EEBs shall be insulated from the building walls by providing low
voltage insulator spacers of a height of 60 mm between the EEB and the
wall.
For ease of inspection and maintenance, EEBs shall be installed at the
height of 0.5 mm from the room floor surface.
Copper lugs with spring washers are used for all terminations on EEBs.
Bonding Connections
To minimize the effect of circulating earth loops and to provide
equipotential bonding, a “star type” bonding connection is required.
Each of the SEEBs installed in the rooms shall be directly connected to
MEEB using bonding conductors. Also, equipment/racks in the room shall
be directly connected to its SEEB.
The bonding conductors shall be bonded to their respective lugs by
exothermic welding.
All connections i.e. routing of bonding conductors from equipment to
SEEB and from SEEBs to MEEB shall be as short and as direct as possible
with minimum bends and separated from another wiring. However, the
connection from SPD to MEEB shall be as short as possible and preferably
without any bend.
Single earth system
7. The Telecom installations shall use a single earth system in which the
different earth connections from equipment, towers, D.C. power supply,
metallic structures, etc. shall be interconnected to each other through low
resistance earthing conductors.
This method is recommended to keep all the points to be earthed at
approximately the same potential level.
Earthing of IPS system [An example]
The IPS systems and their individual modules have earth terminals and these
should be properly earthed to the IPS cabinet.
Zonal Railways shall provide earthing arrangements as per IS:S 3043. The earth
resistance shall not be more than 2 ohms. Earth provided shall preferably be
maintenance-free using earth resistance improvement material.
No earth shall be connected to the system. The system earth shall be connected
to the Class B protection module and the Class B module only shall be connected
to the earth. (Class B protection is dealt with in Section IV – Lightning & Surge
Protection)
Care must be taken so that the distance between the earth pit connection and IPS
is always higher than that of the distance between the earth pit connection and
the Class B module.
Separate routing and combining of all earth at one point is correct
Precautions
Pour sufficient water so that the mixture is in paste/mud form.
Allow the pit to absorb the water and become compact.
Test the earth pit before connecting to the electrical circuit.
Do not hammer the avoid excess watering earth electrode.
The surroundings of the earth electrode should be kept moist by
periodically pouring water through the pipe in order to keep the resistance
below a specified value.
Coke treated electrodes shall not be situated within 6 meters of other metal
structures.
8. The protective earth of the Telecom system shall not be connected to the
earth of the mains power supply system. A minimum distance of 10 Meters
is desirable.
INSPECTION & TESTING
The complete protection arrangement should be inspected and tested by
ASTE/DSTE/Sr.DSTE to ensure that the work has been completed in a
satisfactory manner and the material and components used conform to the
standard.
Routine inspection of the installation, particularly the earth resistance shall be
taken twice a year by the SE/SSE in charge of the station, and Earth connections
of all installation should be checked thoroughly two months in advance of every
monsoon season and remedial measures should be taken well in advance of the
monsoon.
A logbook shall be kept in which details of the measurement and inspection
should be recorded for scrutiny by higher officials.