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The document discusses radiology of the mastoid bone. It describes the five compartments of temporal bone pneumatization including the mastoid. It lists the functions of temporal bone air cells. It describes the three types of mastoid pneumatization: sclerotic, diploic, and pneumatic. It discusses x-ray views used to image the mastoid including Law's view, Schuller's view, Towne's view, and Stenver's view. It provides guidance on reading x-rays and examples of findings and diagnoses.
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Ent radiology
This document provides information on various radiographic views and examinations of the head and neck region. It discusses Water's view for imaging the maxillary sinuses, basic positioning for paranasal sinus views, Caldwell's view for the ethmoid and frontal sinuses, and examples of common sinus findings on radiography like mucosal thickening and retention cysts. It also summarizes techniques for imaging the nasopharynx, neck, cervical spine, trachea, and larynx. Common foreign body locations and aspiration findings are outlined. Sialography for salivary gland evaluation and bronchography are briefly described. Finally, it reviews skull radiographic views like PA, Caldwell, Chamberlain-Townes, and lateral projections as
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A presentation about an interesting case that came to the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
A 17 years old male, presented with a painful neck swelling, The swelling was first noticed 10 years ago and was small and painless then. In the last two months, the swelling increased in size and became painful and started to cause slight discomfort on swallowing.
The presentation contains 50 slides, and is divided into the following parts :
1 - The case
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This presentation was prepared by me and I will present it today in sha Allah in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
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Presentation1, radiological imaging of ear microcia.
Microtia refers to underdeveloped or absent external ears. The document discusses the anatomy of normal ears, classifications of microtia, associated abnormalities, and imaging findings. HRCT is useful for evaluating microtia and associated ear anomalies. Common findings include external ear canal atresia, middle ear abnormalities like ossicular anomalies, facial nerve anomalies, and occasionally inner ear or vascular anomalies. Imaging helps surgeons plan reconstruction by identifying important structures like the facial nerve course. Microtia is often associated with ear and other organ developmental anomalies.
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This document summarizes important anatomical variations of the paranasal sinuses that are relevant for sinusitis. It describes variations that can occur in structures like the agger nasi cells, uncinate process, middle turbinate, cribriform plate, and maxillary ostia. These variations include pneumatization of cells or bony structures as well as anatomical abnormalities that can obstruct drainage of the sinuses. Understanding these variations is important for evaluating patients with recurrent sinusitis as certain variations may contribute to obstruction and recurrence.
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This document discusses various cystic neck masses that may be encountered on imaging. It describes the clinical features, imaging appearance and characteristics of thyroglossal duct cysts, branchial cleft cysts, lymphangiomas, dermoid and epidermoid cysts, thymic cysts, laryngoceles, ranulas and cystic metastatic lymph nodes. Key details are provided about the location, imaging features and distinguishing characteristics of each type of cystic neck mass. Differential diagnoses are discussed to aid in determining the correct diagnosis.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the temporal bone as visualized on HRCT scans. It describes the 3 main planes of scanning and their utility. It then details the individual bones that make up the temporal bone and the external, middle, and inner ear structures. Numerous axial, coronal, and sagittal HRCT images are presented to illustrate key anatomic landmarks and relationships. Structures like the ossicles, facial nerve canal, internal auditory canal, labyrinthine and cochlear anatomy are specifically called out.
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The document discusses imaging of diseases of the mastoid. It begins with the normal anatomy of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, including its external and internal surfaces. Common pathologies seen in mastoid imaging are then described, such as congenital malformations, infections like acute otomastoiditis, neoplasms, fractures, and post-surgical changes. Relevant imaging modalities like CT and MRI are discussed. CT is highlighted as the best method for evaluating bone and air space anatomy due to its high spatial resolution.
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This document discusses differentiating between pilonidal sinus and fistula in ano using imaging. A pilonidal sinus presents with natal cleft sepsis extending to the coccyx or sacrum, without intersphincteric sepsis or enteric communication. A fistula in ano presents with intersphincteric sepsis and may have enteric communication, perianal/ischioanal/supralevator sepsis. The case presented is of a 26-year old female with natal cleft sepsis extending to the left labia without intersphincteric involvement, consistent with pilonidal sinus.
Case of the week : Thyroglossal cyst
A presentation about an interesting case that came to the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
A 17 years old male, presented with a painful neck swelling, The swelling was first noticed 10 years ago and was small and painless then. In the last two months, the swelling increased in size and became painful and started to cause slight discomfort on swallowing.
The presentation contains 50 slides, and is divided into the following parts :
1 - The case
2 - Thyroglossal cysts
3 - Imaging Thyroglossal cysts
4 - Differential diagnoses
This presentation was prepared by me and I will present it today in sha Allah in the tutorials of the Radiology Department of Sebha Medical Center.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of salivary glands diseases.
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to assess salivary gland diseases including plain film radiography, sialography, CT scan, MRI, diagnostic ultrasound, and nuclear scintigraphy. It provides details on the techniques and findings of each modality. The imaging plays an important role in evaluating symptoms, differentiating lesions, and determining extent of disease. Common diseases discussed include sialadenitis, sialolithiasis, mumps, HIV-related lesions, ranula, lipoma, hemangioma, and Sjogren's syndrome.
Paragangliomas of head and neck
This document discusses head and neck paragangliomas (HNPs), which are rare neoplasms arising from paraganglionic tissue located in the head and neck region. It defines paragangliomas and paraganglia, and describes the most common locations and characteristics of HNPs. The document also covers the histopathology, evaluation, and management of HNPs, noting that the majority are benign but locally invasive tumors that can be treated with surgery or radiotherapy depending on their size and location.
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The document discusses the anatomy and imaging of the paranasal sinuses. It begins with the embryology of the sinuses, noting that the maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses develop from invaginations of the nasal cavity into bones. The anatomy sections describe each of the four major sinuses - maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and frontal - as well as other structures like the osteomeatal complex and nasal passages. Variations in anatomy are also covered. Imaging modalities for evaluating the sinuses include conventional radiography, CT, and MRI, with CT considered the gold standard.
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This document provides information about different types of mastoidectomy procedures. It begins with a brief history of mastoidectomy surgery dating back to 1873. It then discusses indications for various procedures like cortical mastoidectomy, canal wall up (CWU) mastoidectomy, modified radical mastoidectomy, and radical mastoidectomy. Key anatomical structures are defined. Surgical techniques for CWU mastoidectomy are outlined, including incision, periosteal elevation, and middle ear dissection steps. Contraindications and debates around CWU versus canal wall down approaches are also summarized.
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This document discusses various diseases of the nasopharynx seen on radiological imaging. It includes MRI and CT scans showing abscesses, inflammatory pseudotumors, carcinomas, lymphomas, sarcomas and other rare tumors in the nasopharynx such as teratomas, chordomas and paragangliomas. Classification and characteristics of nasopharyngeal carcinoma are also covered, noting it is most common in East Asia and associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Images demonstrate features of local invasion and extension to surrounding structures.
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This document provides information on various radiological techniques used in ENT. It describes X-rays of the paranasal sinuses including Waters and Caldwell's views. Common abnormalities seen on sinus X-rays like polyps, cysts and sinusitis are mentioned. Radiological evaluation of the neck includes lateral views to assess retropharyngeal abscesses. Sialography, bronchograms and barium swallow techniques are summarized. CT and MRI are briefly noted as important imaging modalities in ENT.
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This document provides information about the anatomy and diseases of the pharynx and larynx. It begins with an overview of the anatomy of these structures and then discusses specific diseases including: Thornwaldt cyst, retropharyngeal abscess, juvenile angiofibroma, squamous cell carcinoma of the nasopharynx, vocal cord paralysis, laryngocele, laryngeal trauma, benign laryngeal tumors, laryngeal carcinoma, and the postsurgical larynx. Radiographic features of many of these conditions are illustrated with CT and MRI images.
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3. Common causes of proptosis include thyroid eye disease, orbital tumors, trauma like blowout fractures, and infectious etiologies like orbital cellulitis secondary to sinusitis. Evaluation and diagnosis involves a thorough history, exam and appropriate imaging.
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— Superior orbital fissure syndrome (SOFS) is a rare disease. So when a case of this came at Aravind Eye Institute, a detailed case report was prepared to publish. A 56 years old male patient, a known case of prostatic malignancy with skeletal metastasis presented with ptosis, exotropia, diminished pupillary reflex and limitations in extraocular movements of left eye. MRI brain revealed diffuse skull base and leptomeningeal metastasis. Whole body CT scan showed metastasis in ribs, scapula and in pelvic bones. He was diagnosed to have superior orbital fissure syndrome due to metastatic prostatic malignancy and was offered steroids and radiotherapy.Functional endoscopic sinus surgery
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EMBRYOLOGY AND MALFORMATION OF EAR
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Definition and Terminology
PD is characterized by idiopathic progressive expansion of one or more paranasal sinuses beyond the normal margins, without evidence of mucous membrane changes. The expansion may involve the complete sinus or a part of it.3
The medical literature offers various labels to describe enlargement of the sinus by air, including frontal sinus hypertrophy, PD, pneumosinus frontalis, aerocele, pneumocele, sinus ectasia, hyperpneumatization, pneumatocele, air cyst, and others.1,4,5
The varying terminology used to describe abnormal expansion of the frontal sinus has caused some confusion about the etiology and diagnosis of the condition.1 Urken et al4 classified the deformity into three groups—hypersinus, pneumocele, and PD—as follows:
Hypersinus or hyperpneumatization was defined as an enlarged frontal sinus that has developed beyond the upper limits of normal. The walls are normal, and the hyperaerated sinus does not extend over the normal limits of the frontal bone. The patient is asymptomatic, and the condition requires no intervention.1
Pneumocele refers to an aerated sinus with variable thinning of the sinus walls. The thinning, focal or generalized, differentiates pneumocele from PD. It is a pathological abnormality.1
PD is a condition where the sinus abnormally expands beyond the normal limits of the frontal bone. The bony walls of the sinus are of normal thickness, but are displaced, causing frontal bossing. There is no evidence of erosion, and the mucosa is of normal appearance. The frontal sinus is most commonly affected, and the ethmoidal, sphenoidal, or unilateral maxillary sinus may be involved.6,7
Etiology
The etiology of primary PD has been the source of great debate for many years. It is still unknown, but eight possible mechanisms have been proposed as follows: a spontaneously draining mucocele, the presence of a gas-forming microorganism, the presence of a one-way valve, congenital abnormality, hormonal change, local growth disturbances, osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity, and trauma.1,7-9
Generally, frontonasal duct obstruction of any cause and the subsequent increase in sinus pressure seem to be the most important factors in the pathogenesis of PD.1,3,4 In this case, the ostium was inspected and found to be macroscopically normal, and we did not find a clear etiology.
Review of the literature reveals that age at presentation varies from puberty to the elderly, but PD has not been reported in children. This may be due to the age at which the normal paranasal sinus develops, as well as the gradual onset of PD.5,6
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is made by clinical examination, and confirmation by radiography (plain film or CT), when the characteristic enlargement of the sinus is seen.7,8
Clinical symptoms are typically related to the displaced structures. In the case of outward expansion, the typical signs are frontal bossing and prominence of the supraorbital ridge.
Paranasal sinuses anatomy and pathology dr ashok
The document provides information on the anatomy and pathology of the paranasal sinuses. It describes the four groups of sinuses based on their location in bones. It details the anatomy of each sinus including location, size and relationships to surrounding structures. Imaging techniques for evaluating the sinuses like waters view, submental view and CT are explained. Common sinus pathologies such as sinusitis, fungal sinusitis, mucocele, osteoma and tumors are outlined.
anatomical Landmarks
The document describes several anatomical landmarks of the maxilla and mandible that are visible on dental radiographs. Key maxillary landmarks include the median palatine suture, nasal fossa, nasal septum, anterior nasal spine, incisive foramen, maxillary sinus, malar bone, maxillary tuberosity, hamular process, and nasolacrimal duct. Mandibular landmarks include the lingual foramen, genial tubercles, mental ridge, mental foramen, mental fossa, external and internal oblique lines, mylohyoid line, mandibular foramen, inferior dental canal, and submandibular gland fossa. These landmarks appear as radiopaque or
Neck mass differential diagnosis
This document discusses the differential diagnosis of neck swellings. It begins by defining a neck mass and differential diagnosis. It then describes the various structures that can cause swellings in the head and neck region, including lymph nodes, salivary glands, and muscles. The document outlines the approach to examining a neck mass, including inspecting for location, size, and color, and palpating for tenderness, size, and mobility. Radiographic investigations like MRI, CT, and ultrasound are discussed. Biopsy methods like fine needle aspiration are also summarized.
43974-Article Text-42236-1-10-20090702.pdf
This document provides a systematic approach for general practitioners to evaluate neck masses in patients. It begins with an overview of the aim and scope, which is to give GPs a structured process to diagnose neck masses through understanding neck anatomy and common pathologies. The document then reviews neck anatomy, focusing on major structures and lymph node levels. It stresses the importance of obtaining a thorough history and physical exam of the neck mass and surrounding areas to determine the enlarged structure and potential diagnoses. The goal is to correctly identify the issue and order appropriate tests to make a diagnosis in most cases.
Orbital Apex Syndrome
This document provides information on orbital apex syndrome (OAS) and related conditions. It begins with an overview of applied anatomy of the superior orbital fissure and orbital apex. It then discusses the classification of OAS, cavernous sinus syndrome, and superior orbital fissure syndrome. The clinical presentation, etiology, and management of these conditions is summarized. Common causes include tumors, infections, inflammation, and vascular abnormalities. The document provides details on specific pathologies, treatments, and outcomes.
The Ear, Anatomy, Physiology, Clinical diseases, and pathology, hearing tests
Ear is composed of three parts: External ear, middle ear, and the Inner ear.
Hearing tests (Rinne's and Weber's tests).
Most important hearing and ear diseases are included.
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- 1. Radiology of Mastoid Dr humra shamim
- 2. Pneumatization of temporal bone is divided in to 5 compartments: 1. Middle ear 2. Mastoid 3. Perilabyrinthine 4. Petrous apex 5 Accessory: This region include Squamous, zygomatic, occipital and styloid cells.
- 3. Functions of temporal bone air cells: 1. Sound reception 2. Resonance 3. Insulation 4. Supplementary air reservoir 5. Sound dissipation 6. Lightening the weight of skull 7. Protection against injury
- 4. • Pneumatization of mastoid region is of three types: 1. Sclerotic mastoid - Absent pneumatization. The non pneumatized portion is covered with dense bone. 2. Diploic mastoid - Partial pneumatization. The non pneumatized area is filled with bone marrow. 3. Pneumatic mastoid - Complete pneumatization
- 5. • Temporal bone pneumatization is symmetrical in 75% of normal individuals. Any asymmetrical penumatization indicates middle ear disease.
- 7. Xray views to see mastoid Law’s view: saggital plan of the skull is parallel to the film and x-ray beam is projected 15degree cephalocaudal Key areas not well seen Schuller’s view :similar to laws view but cephalocaudal beam makes an angle of 30 degrees (Extent of pnuematisation,destruction of intercellular septa,location of sinus plate ,dural plate ,tegmen,cholesteatoma and fractures of petrous pyramid)
- 11. • Towne’s view: anteroposterior view with 30 degree tilt from above and in front • Taken for acoustic neuroma, apical petrositis
- 12. • Stenver’s view :facing the film and head slightly flexed and rotated to 45 degrees to the opposite of side under examination and xray is angulated 12 degree caudal • Entire petrous pyramid,arcuate eminence,IAM,Labyrinth ,cochlea,mastoid antrum
- 13. • How to Read an X Ray?? • Plain Xray or Contrast? • Which part? • What is the view? • Findings? • Provisional Diagnosis? • Management of the condition?
- 14. • Plain x ray mastoids rt and left. • Schullers view • Showing cellularity of mastoid air cells on rt and sclerosis on left. • Ch. Left mastoiditis • Mastoid exploration.