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Imaging in ent
This document provides an overview of imaging modalities used in ENT and summarizes the anatomy and common pathologies of the ear, nose, sinuses, and throat. It discusses the basic anatomy of the ear including the external, middle, and inner ear. Common ENT pathologies are described such as chronic otitis media, cholesteatoma, otosclerosis, deviated septum, sinus polyps, and angiofibroma. Imaging findings of these conditions on modalities like CT and MRI are shown. The anatomy and diseases of the nose, sinuses, throat are also reviewed.
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Imaging in ent
- 1. Imaging in ENT MuhammadBin Zulfiqar PGR II SIMS/SHL New Radiology Department
- 2. BASIC ANATOMY • EAR 1)External 2) Middle 3) Inner • NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUSES • THROAT 1) Oral cavity and mouth 2) Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Pharynx 3) Larynx
- 3. Imaging modalities • PlainRadiography(main) • Computerized tomography(main) • Magnetic resonance Imaging • Ultrasound • Barium swallow
- 4. Anatomy of EAR •External • Middle • Inner
- 6. Tympanic Membrane Separates external earfrom middle ear.
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- 14. Internal Ear Facial nerve canal Theincus is seen connecting to the stapes
- 15. Internal Ear Geniculate ganglion Theincus is seen connecting to the stapes
- 16. Nose and Paranasal Sinuses • Nasal Bones • Nasal Soft Tissue • Nasopharynx
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- 21. Para Nasal Sinuses •Frontalsinuses •Maxillary sinuses •Sphenoid Sinuses •Ethmoid air cells oAnterior oMiddle oposterior
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- 23. A. Frontal Sinus B.Sphenoid Sinus C. Nostril D. Posterior Nasopharyngeal wall E. Posterior esophageal wall F. Nasal turbinate Para Nasal Sinuses
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- 25. Throat 1) Oral cavityand mouth 2) Pharynx • Nasopharynx • Pharynx • Oropharynx 3) Larynx
- 26. • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx •Pharynx • Larynx
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- 40. Diseases of Ear •Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media • Cholesteatoma • Otosclerosis CHOCHLEAR IMPLANT
- 41. Chronic Suppurative OtitisMedia • Poorly pneumatized mastoid air cells. • Ear drum is thickened. • Soft tissue seen around ossicles without erosion. • Calcification of ear drum, tendon of stapedius. • Almost complete opacification of middle ear cavity.
- 42. Chronic Suppurative OtitisMedia Stapes calcification Eardrum calcification Eardrum calcification Normal Loss of pneumatization
- 43. Chronic Suppurative OtitisMedia Opacification of tympanic cavity
- 44. Cholesteatoma • Present assoft tissue mass with associated erosions. • Auditory ossicles, especially the long process and lenticular processes of the incus as well as the head of the stapes • Wall of the lateral semicircular canal • Lateral epitympanic wall (the scutum)
- 45. Cholesteatoma Cholesteatoma: 20-year oldwoman with recurrent Otitis. Granulations on left ear drum. Soft tissue mass between ossicular chain and lateral tympanic wall, which is eroded. Right side for comparison. Granulations on left ear drum. Soft tissue mass between ossicular chain and lateral tympanic wall, which is eroded. Right side for comparison.
- 46. Cholesteatoma Cholesteatoma with erosionof the wall of the lateral semicircular canal There is a soft tissue mass with erosion of the long process of the incus. Automastoidectomy due to a large cholesteatoma
- 47. Cholesteatoma The examination showsa mass with mixed intensity on sagittal T1 and high intensity on transverse T2 weighted images. It has a high intensity on diffusion weighted images, which indicates restricted diffusion. (arrows)
- 48. Otosclerosis • Otosclerosis isa genetically mediated metabolic bone disease of unknown etiology. • conductive hearing loss and is considered to be the hallmark of the disease. • The process starts in the region of the oval window, classically at the fistula ante fenestram, i.e. in front of the oval window (fenestral otosclerosis). • It can also occur around the cochlea (retrofenestral otosclerosis).
- 49. Otosclerosis There is alucency anterior to the oval window (arrow) and between the cochlea and the internal auditory canal. This is combined fenestral and retrofenestral otosclerosis. Otosclerosis anteriorly to the oval window (arrow)
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- 51. Cochlear Implant • Cochlearimplantation is performed in patients with sensorineural deafness due to degeneration of the organ of Corti. • The electrode is inserted into the scala tympani of the cochlea via the round window or via a drill hole directly into the basal turn. • Post-operatively its position can be evaluated with plain films or with CT.
- 52. Cochlear Implant Status aftercochlear implantation
- 53. Nose And ParaNasal Sinuses • Deviated Nasal Septum • Nasal Bone Fracture • Enlarged Adenoids • Sino nasal Polyposis • Angiofibroma
- 54. Deviated Nasal Septum •Nasal septum deviation is a common physical disorder of nose involving a displacement of nasal septum. • Trauma is a frequent cause. • Can be congenital. • Poor drainage of sinuses.
- 55. Deviated Nasal Septum Watersview (close-up view of the patient in the previous image) shows a deviated nasal septum, quadrangular cartilage displaced from the maxillary crest, and a nasal root deviated to the right
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- 58. Enlarged Adenoids • Theadenoids are sections of soft tissue found at the back of the nasal cavities where they meet the pharynx. • Like tonsils, adenoids help to stop harmful bacteria and airborne pathogens from entering the airways and causing infections. • Multiple sinus infections, snoring and worsened breathing esp. in children.
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- 60. Sinonasal Polyposis • Polypsare soft tissue pedunculated masses of edematous hyper plastic mucosa lining the upper respiratory tract…..nasal cavity and sinuses. • These are benign mucosal lesions. • Commonest sites in order of frequency are; 1. Ethmoids 2. Maxillary antra 3. sphenoids
- 61. Causes of SinonasalPolyposis 1. Allergic rhinitis 2. Asthma 3. Cystic fibrosis(child) 4. Kartagener syndrome 5. Nickel exposure 6. Nonneoplastic hyperplastic hyperplasia of inflammed mucous membranes.
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- 63. Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma •Benign highly vascular tumor • Locally invasive, submucosal spread • Vascular supply most commonly from internal maxillary artery – Also: internal carotid, external carotid, common carotid, ascending pharyngeal • Occurring almost exclusively in males • Peak age of onset = 13-15 years old • Intracranial Extension between 10-20% • Recurrence Rates as high as 50%
- 64. Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma Origenconsidered to be posterlateral nasal wall at sphenopalatine foramen. Medial growth Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Lateral growth Pterygopalatine fossa Vertical expansion through inferior orbital fissure to orbit possible Infratemporal fossa Superior expansion through pterygoid process may involve middle cranial fossa Lateral and posterior walls of sphenoid sinus can be eroded Cavernous sinus may be involved Pituitary may involve.
- 65. Coronal CT: BoneWindow • Widening of left sphenopalatine foramen • Lesion fills left choanae • Extends into sphenoid sinus
- 66. Axial CT: SoftTissue Window with Contrast • Homogenous enhancement • Widening of left sphenopalatine foramen • Extension into – Nasopharynx – Pterygopalatine fossa
- 67. Axial CT: SoftTissue Window with Contrast • Homogenous enhancement • Widening of right sphenopalatine foramen • Extension into – Nasopharynx – Pterygopalatine fossa
- 68. Axial MRI: T1 •Heterogeneous intermediate signal • Flow voids represent enlarged vessels • Extension into – Nasopharynx – Masticator space
- 69. Coronal MRI: T1with Contrast • Diffuse intense enhancement • Multiple flow voids within hypervascular mass • Extension into – Nasopharynx – Pterygopalatine fossa
- 70. Axial MRI: T2 •Heterogeneous intermediate to high signal enhancement • Multiple flow voids within hypervascular mass • Extension into – Nasopharynx – Pterygopalatine fossa
- 71. THROAT Diseases • Enlargedadenoids • Pharyngitis • CROUP(Laryngotracheobronchitis)
- 72. Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis •Bacterial • Viral • Fungal
- 73. Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) •Croup, also called acute laryngotracheobronchitis is caused by viral infection of the upper airway usually parainfluenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). • It is common and has a peak incidence before the age of 1 year (typically between 3 and 6 months of age). • It is presented Clinically by protracted barking cough and inspiratory strider due to tracheal narrowing that is caused by mucosal edema .
- 74. Croup (acute laryngotracheobronchitis) steeplesigndistension of the hypopharynx due to the patient's attempt at decreasing airway resistance
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