This document discusses new drug delivery systems that aim to overcome disadvantages of current administration routes. It introduces controlled drug delivery systems that release drugs at predetermined rates and target drug delivery systems that transport drugs to specific sites. Examples of controlled release mechanisms like transdermal patches, oral extended release, and implantable devices are provided. Targeted systems discussed include liposomes, nanoparticles, and monoclonal antibodies. The goal of these novel systems is to better control pharmacokinetics and deliver drugs in a more targeted manner.
Drug delivery systems has undergone major modification in the recent past . With the advent of nanomedicines and liposomes , drug delivery systems has taken a huge leap towards targeted, carrier mediated and sustained release drug delivery.
Drug delivery systems has undergone major modification in the recent past . With the advent of nanomedicines and liposomes , drug delivery systems has taken a huge leap towards targeted, carrier mediated and sustained release drug delivery.
Novel drug delivery system, nanoparticles, resealed erythrocytes, niosomes, microspheres. It also contains information about virus, bacterias and their removal methods and sterility methods.
The phenomenon of complex formation of drug with protein is called as Protein drug binding. The proteins are particularly responsible for such an interaction. A drug can interact with several tissue components.
Novel drug delivery system, nanoparticles, resealed erythrocytes, niosomes, microspheres. It also contains information about virus, bacterias and their removal methods and sterility methods.
The phenomenon of complex formation of drug with protein is called as Protein drug binding. The proteins are particularly responsible for such an interaction. A drug can interact with several tissue components.
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Video Lecture is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DXu_CLgB4q0
Introduction, terminology/definitions and rationale, advantages, disadvantages, selection of drug candidates. Approaches to design-controlled release formulations based on diffusion, dissolution and ion exchange principles. Physicochemical and
biological properties of drugs relevant to controlled release formulations.
Modified-release dosage and its variants are mechanisms used in tablets (pills) and capsules to dissolve a drug over time in order to be released more slowly and steadily into the bloodstream, while having the advantage of being taken at less frequent intervals than immediate-release (IR) formulations of the same drug.
Sustained release drug delivery 130210234837-phpapp01pratik swarup das
SUSTAINED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY: Any of the dosage form that maintains the therapeutic blood or tissue levels of drug by continuous release of medication for a prolonged period of time, after administration of a single dose. In case of injectable dosage forms it may vary from days to months.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
3. Introduction…
The method by which a drug is delivered
can have a significant effect on its
efficacy.
Some drugs have an optimum
concentration range within which
maximum benefit is derived (Therapeutic
Index) and concentrations above or below
this range can be toxic or produce no
therapeutic benefit at all.
5. Drug Delivery
Definition
The appropriate administration of drugs through
various routes in the body for the purpose of
improving health.
- engineered technologies for the targeted delivery
and/or controlled release of therapeutic agents.
6. Goal of new technologies is to alter
4 pharmacokinetic properties:
- Absorption of drug
- Distribution of drug
- Metabolism of drug
- Elimination of drug
7. Need for new drug delivery systems
Drug absorption,
distribution and
metabolism vary among
individuals
Individualized
therapy
Controlled
release
7
9. Disadvantages in current therapy
Inactivation by gastric juice
Metabolism before reaching target cell – First pass
metabolism in lung / liver / Intestine
Too many adverse reactions
16/05/16
dds
10. How to overcome this???
By improving rate of drug delivery
Decreasing Biodegradation
Time release medications
Site-specific targeting
Finding ways to administer injectable only medications in
oral form
Costly, multiple-dose, long-term therapies →
Inexpensive, potent, time-releasing or self-triggering
formulations.
11. How to overcome this???
To combat this a multidisciplinary approach that
combine Pharmaceutics, Polymer Science, Bio-
conjugate Chemistry, and Molecular Biology in
controlling the Pharmacokinetics,
Pharmacodynamics, Non-specific Toxicity,
Immunogenicity, Bio recognition and efficacy of
drugs was generated to develop novel drug
delivery systems (DDS).
12. New Drug Delivery System
Aims to deliver the drug at a rate
directed by the needs of the body
during the period of treatment,
and target the active entity to the
site of action
15. CDDS cont…
Advantages of CDDS :
Patient compliance is improved due to decreased
frequency in dosing
Reduced severity and toxicity of side effects.
More constant blood level improves therapeutic
action.
Disadvantages of CDDS :
Cost
Uncontrolled poisoning if poor formulation result in
fast and high drug release.
Not suitable for many drugs that are absorbed from
particular region.
Irritation at site of application.
dds
20. Prodrug
Prodrug is an inactive form of drug which gets
metabolized in the body to an active drug
Used to overcome the pharmacokinetic disadvantage of
useful drug E.g. : levodopa
To provide longer duration of action. e.g. – Procaine
Penicillin, Benzathine pencillin
21. Nasal drug delivery
As aerosols, metered dose inhalers, dry powder
inhalers(rotahalers) and Nebuliser
E.g .: Anti histaminic - Astemizole
Desmopressin in Rx of Diabetes insipidus
Calcitonin
Insulin can be given as inhalers instead of SC
inj. Which have better patient compliance
(approved in june 2014 by FDA)
22. Recent advances in
pulmonary delivery
Oxygen concentrator
-An oxygen concentrator is a device which concentrates the oxygen from a gas
supply (typically ambient air) to supply an oxygen enriched gas mixture.
A home oxygen concentrator in an emphysema patient's house.
23. Pulmonary microspheres
A novel process for generating sustained
release (SR) particles for pulmonary drug
delivery.
High purity nanoparticles of a hydrophilic,
ionised drug are entrapped within
hydrophobic microspheres using a spray-
drying approach.
Eg- terbutaline sulphate
24. Drug Eluting stents
A metallic stent contains
drug which is gradually
released over 14-30 days
Drugs used are : Sirolimus,
Paclitaxel, everolimus
dds
25.
26.
27. Computerized Miniature
Pumps
These are programmed to release
drugs at a definite rate either
continuously or intermittently in
pulses.
Insulin pump
GnRH pump
28. Insulin pump
A medical device used for the administration of insulin in the treatment
of diabetes mellitus, also known as continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
therapy. The device configuration may vary depending on design.
Insulin pump, showing an infusion set loaded into spring-loaded insertion device. A
reservoir is attached to the infusion set (shown here removed from the pump).
30. Site Specific / Targeted DDS
Specific medium / carrier is required
that can control the therapy’s
administration by means of either a
physiological or chemical trigger
To achieve this vast research going in
micro & nano technology.
31. Drug carriers
Polymeric microspheres
Polymer micelles
Biodegradable polymers (natural-cellulose
or synthetic-
polyanhydrides/polyesters/polyacrylic
acids/polyurethane)
Dendrimers (star polymers)
Electro-active polymers
Magnetic microcarriers
Hydrogel-type materials
33. Types of polymers
Polymer Microspheres : Two types
Reservoir type (drug is encapsulated-
chocolate wrapper)
Matrix like (drug physically entrapped in a
polymer network-cookie with chocolate
crunch in between)
Polymers micelle may be single or polymeric
micelle (hydrophobic and hydrophilic)
36. Liposomes as Drug carriers
These are minute vesicles and consists one or more
phospholipids bilayers.
May be unilamellar, multilamellar or multivesicular
Filled with non lipid soluble drugs and retained until
liposome is disrupted.
Niosomes : similar to Liposomes but has non-ionic
surfactants instead of phospholipids in the bilayer
formation
Eg : Amphotericin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin,
Azithromycin, Vincristine(approved in 2012)
37.
38.
39. Advantages of Liposomes in DDS:
• Increased stability and decreased
toxicity of encapsulated drug.
• Better pharmacokinetic, good therapeutic
index.
• Both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs
can be carried.
• Biologically inert, biodegradable, non-
toxic, non-antigenic, non- pyrogenic.
• Disadvantage: Highly expensive
41. Micelles
Consist of aggregates of a few hundred
amphiphilic molecules
That contains distinct
Hydrophilic regions facing the surrounding
water
And
Hydrophobic regions forming an inner core.
42.
43. Advantages of Micelles
Typically have diameter of 10-80 nm, Small enough not
to sediment under gravity
But large enough –Can’t cross tight capillary
endothelium (BBB)
Malignant tumors and inflamed tissues have large
fenestrated capillaries, so transfer into such tissues
more rapid than normal tissues
Absorption directly to the lymphatic system rather than
vascular system to bypass first pass metabolism
Protect the drug from metabolic degradation, so half
life is prolonged
46. Ocusert
Thin elliptical micro units
containing drug in reservoir
Eg : Pilocarpine ocusert used
in Glaucoma placed
Site : Under lower eyelid
delivers the drug for a period
of 7 days
Adv. – Pilocarpine is a short
acting drug given 6th hrly is
avoided.
48. Progestasert
Drug is entrapped in solid polymer
i.e., silicon rubber and implanted or
injected in to the body.
Progestasert : It is an IUCD inserted
into uterus delivers progesterone at a
constantly specified rate for 1yr.
ADV. : No missing of dose
DISADV. : Ectopic pregnancy
Chances of PID
49. UROGENITAL
Pessary- medical device inserted into the vagina, either
to provide structural support, or as a method of
delivering medication.
50. Vaginal ring- polymeric drug delivery devices designed
to provide controlled release of drugs for intravaginal
administration over extended periods of time.
51. Intrauterine device- small contraceptive device, often 'T'-shaped,
often containing either copper or levonorgestrel, which is inserted
into the uterus.
52. Extra-amniotic administration- a route of
administration to the space between the fetal
membranes and endometrium inside the uterus of
a pregnant woman.
It can be used to administer drugs
affecting uterus motility, such
as oxytocin and prostaglandins, e.g. in labor
induction or medical abortion
53. Transdermal Adhesive Patch
Drug is incorporated into a
polymer reservoir
Provides steady & smooth plasma
conc. for a period of 1-7 days
Site of application : Chest,
Abdomen, Upper Arm, lower
Back, Buttock Or Mastoid Region
Size : 5-20 cms and available in
various shapes.
E.g. : Nitroglycerin, Nicotine,
Estradiol, Hyoscine, Fentanyl
54. Transdermal Adhesive Patch cont…
Adv. – more convenient and better
patient compliance
ADR : Local Irritation, Erythema
Disadvantage : Drug delivery is slow &
passive, large molecular wt drugs
cannot be delivered, lack of dosage
flexibility.
dds
56. Recent advances in TDD
Iontophoresis
Galvanic current allows the penetration of drug applied to the skin into
deeper tissues.
Anode iontophoresis - compounds with positive charge
Cathode iontophoresis – compounds with negative charge.
E.g. Salicylates
- Enhance transport of charged LMWmolecules through skin
- Involves application of low voltage electric impulses for long periods
- Used as therapy for hyperhidrosis and analgesics
Electroporation
- High voltage pulses
- Allows systemic delivery of large, charged molecules
- Eg: heparin, oligonucleotides
57. Sonophoresis
- Ultrasound enhancement of drug delivery
- For insulin, interferon, erythropoietin
- Ultrasound application cavitationtiny air filled
spaces in lipid bilayersdiffusibility of drug through
skin
58. Ethosomes
Ethosomes are the slight modification of
well established drug carrier- liposome.
Ethosomes are lipid vesicles containing
phospholipids with high concentrations of
ethanol and water.
These are vesicles tailored for enhanced
delivery of active agents
59. Mechanismof Action
Ethanol causes skin disruption
↓
More permeability through skin
↓
Ethosomes permeate inside
↓
Fuse with skin lipids
↓
Release drug into deep skin layers
62. Special delivery forms in
Subcutaneous route
Dermojet : Needle is not
used.
A high velocity jet of
drug solution injected
using gun like implement
and Solution gets
deposited in
subcutaneous tissue.
Essentially painless and
suited for mass
inoculations.
Eg. Insulin
63. DERMAL
Jet injector- medical injecting syringe that uses a high-
pressure narrow jet of the injection liquid instead of a
hypodermic needle to penetrate the epidermis.
It is powered by compressed air or gas, either by a pressure
hose from a large cylinder, or from a built-in gas cartridge or
small cylinder.
Eg: used for mass vaccination, and as an alternative to
needle syringes for diabetics to inject insulin
64. Periodontal Disease
Percent with evidence of periodontal
disease in 25%
2-3% requiring surgery
Advantages
Surgery is painful and expensive
oral tetracyclines cause GI effects, nausea,
diarrhea etc
65. Tetracycline Hollow Fibres
Are effective with less than 1/1000th of
the dose
Can be appliead in less than 3 min per
tooth
Are barely Visible
Causes elimination of spirochetes
Do not cause local irritation
66.
67.
68. Special delivery forms in SC route
Pellet implantation : Drug in solid pellet form introduced
with a trochar and canula.
Provides sustained release of drug over weeks and
months. Eg. DOCA, Testosterone
69. Special delivery forms in
SC route cont…
Sialistic (Non biodegradable) and
Biodegradable implants :
Crystalline drug is packed in tubes
or capsules made of suitable
materials and implanted under
skin.
NORPLANT - Levonorgestrel
subdermally implanted provides
contraception for a period of 5
yrs.
ADV. : No missing of dose
70. Monoclonal antibodies
These are Antibodies produced by a single clone and are
directed against a single antigenic determinant
(epitope)
Mabs are produced on large scale using Hybridoma
technique.
71. MAbs cont…
Murine MAbs not preferred now a days due to
shorter half life and ability to induce allergic
reactions
Chimeric MAbs : partly human and partly mouse
antibody
Humanised MAbs –least Antigenic
In the name of Mabs the letter before mab
indicates source of antibody i.e., “O” for murine
(Muromonab)
“Xi” – chimeric (Rituximab, Abciximab)
“Zu” - human (Omalizumab, Pavlizumab)
72. Dendrimers
Dendritic macromolecules (highly branched, globular) :
Used to encapsulate individual small drug molecules
(unimolecular nanocapsule)
Can also serve as “hubs” onto which large numbers of
drug molecules can be attached via covalent bonds.
Eg. : Anticancer agents 5-fluorouracil to
polyaminoamine dendrimers
Methotrexate to hydrazide-terminated dendrimers
formed from poly aryl ether.
74. Bacterial ghosts/Artificial cells
as carriers
Different species of microorganisms have been used to
produce ghosts like Salmonella, Pasteurella hemolytica,
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, E.coli
Artificial Cells : Size & structure same as biological cell
with some functional property of biological cells.
E.g. Microencapsulation of islets of pancreas,
hepatocytes, cholesterol removing microorganisms-
Pseudomonas pictorum & Urea removal - E.Coli
76. Hydrogel carriers
Hydrogels are hydrophilic, polymeric
networks capable of imbibing large
amounts of water or biological fluids.
Hydrogels are stimuli-sensitive gel
systems modulate release in response to
pH, temperature, ionic strength, electric
field, or specific analyte concentration
differences.
77. Micro Electro Mechanical System
(MEMS)
Dorian Liepmann and Boris Stoeber developed
MEMS syringe, the size of a fingernail.
It is pre-loaded with a lyophilized, or freeze-
dried, drug stored in its silicone rubber reservoir.
The "shot/drug" is delivered by pressing the device
against the skin for a few seconds.
The dry drug is pushed through the microneedles
into the skin where the body's interstitial fluids
assist in rapidly absorbing the drug directly into
the bloodstream.
79. Gene Therapy
Gene therapy is an
experimental/therapeutic technique that
uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In
the future ,this technique may allow
doctors to treat a disease by inserting a
gene( nucleic acid polymer) into a patient
cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
81. Nano particles
Nanoparticles includes Nanospheres and Nanocapsules
of size 10-200 nm which are solid particles, either
amorphous or crystalline formed from biodegradable or
non biodegradable polymers.
Nanocapsules : These are vesicular systems in which the
drug is confined to a cavity surrounded by a unique
polymer membrane
Nanospheres : These are matrix systems in which the
drug is physically and uniformly dispersed.
82. Nanoparticles as carriers
Nanoparticles have many applications, including anti-
tumour therapy, gene therapy, AIDS therapy,
radiotherapy, in the delivery of proteins, antibiotics,
virostatics, vaccines and as vesicles to pass the blood-
brain barrier.
83. Nano - Erythrosomes as
carriers
Drug loaded in body’s own erythrocytes.
Also called GOLDEN EGGS.
ADVANTAGES:
Biocompatible
Nontoxic with minimum ADR.
Non-nucleated so large space
available for drug incorporation.
86. Nanotechnology in healthcare…
Nanotechnology offers tools and
techniques for more effective
detection, diagnosis and
treatment of diseases
Lab on chips help detection &
diagnosis of diseases more
efficiently
Nanowire help in early
detection of cancer biomarkers
87. Nanotechnology in Cancer
The mixture of two different-sized
nanoparticles work with the body's
bloodstream to seek out, stick to and kill
tumors.
One is designed to find the
cancerous tumor and
then adhere to it, while the
second is designed to then kill the tumor
cells.
90. Magnetic Micro carriers
Include Magnetic Microspheres, Magnetic
Liposomes, Magnetic Nanoparticles, Magnetic
Resealed Erythrocytes, Magnetic Emulsion etc.
Magnetic Micro/Nanoparticle & molecular
magnetic labels have been used for great number
of application in various areas of biosciences,
targeted drug delivery, imaging & in bio separation
technology.
Editor's Notes
Insulin pump - also provided with glucose sensor devices which trigger the desired dose as per the body needs.
1.Inclusion of cholesterol and other alterations of phospholipid composition, improve the stability of liposomes and renders them less permeable to other drugs---so can reduce drug drug interactions
2.Attachment of PEG(poly ethylene glycol) –Prevent opsonization and invisible to macrophases ---increased half life—doxorubicin
3.Ab directed at specific antigens expressed by tissues –reduce toxicity –Amphotericin B and anticancer drugs
Micelle formation is a natural property of bile acids, which is secreted into deodenum
Drug is incorporated into a polymer reservoir usually poly-isobutylene which in turn bonded to an adhesive plaster and delivered at skin surface by diffusion for percutaneous absorption into circulation.
Depending on the pain ,patient can controll the release of analgesic drug – this can be useful in cancer pain.
Mouse myeloma cells are first grown in a culture deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase enzyme to inactivate Ag and prevent subsequent formation of immunoglobulins as tumour cell has specific antigen on its surface.
The networks are composed of homopolymers or copolymers, and are insoluble due to the presence of chemical crosslinks (tie-points, junctions), or physical crosslinks, such as entanglements or crystallites.