Dosage forms refer to how pharmaceutical drugs are marketed and administered to patients. They include capsules, tablets, suppositories, and ointments. Capsules contain medications enclosed in a shell, while tablets are solid compressed doses that may contain one or more active ingredients. Suppositories are solid forms inserted into orifices to exert local or systemic effects. Ointments are viscous preparations used topically. Drug delivery aims to transport pharmaceutical compounds safely in the body to achieve their therapeutic effects and includes approaches like targeted delivery, sustained release formulations, and protecting oral drugs from stomach acid.

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2. Dosage forms (also called unit doses) are pharmaceutical drug products in
the form in which they are marketed for use, with a specific mixture of
active ingredients and inactive components (excipients), in a particular
configuration (such as a capsule shell, for example), and apportioned into
a particular dose. For example, two products may both be amoxicillin, but
one is in 500 mg capsules and another is in 250 mg chewable tablets.
Tablet Capsule Suppositories Ointment

3. A tablet is a pharmaceutical dosage form. Tablets may be defined as the solid unit
dosage form of medicament or medicaments with or without suitable excipients and
prepared either by molding or by compression. According to BP or USP

6. Capsule is the most versatile of all dosage forms. Capsules are solid dosage forms in
which one or more medicinal and inert ingredients are enclosed in a small shell or
container usually made of gelatin. According to BP or USP

9. A suppository is a solid dosage form that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository),
vagina (vaginal suppository), or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or
melts and exerts local or systemic effects. Suppositories are used to deliver both
systemically and locally acting medications.

11. ointment (plural ointments) (medicine) A viscous preparation of oils and/or fats, usually
containing medication, used as a treatment or as an emollient.

13. This involved the estimation of the percent of paracetamol drug in some manufactured tablets
in Iraqi markets using UV spectroscopy method by determining the active ingredient in ten
different samples of tablets and comparisons with standard material of paracetamol. The
process was conducted using different solvent (water, water – methanol mixture 95:5 v/v,
water – methanol mixture 90:10 v/v, water – ethanol mixture 95:5 v/v and water – ethanol
mixture 90:10 v/v). The results of tablets weighing indicate that there is a significant
difference in weight of the tablets with RSD ranged from (0.53 – 4.89). The percentage
recovery for different solvents were found to be ranged between (98.19 – 104.16) and RSD
ranged from (0.101 – 0.422). The methods were linear in the range of 1 – 30 mg/L with an R2
of (0.9994, 0.9989, 0.9990, 0.9997 and 0.9998) for water, methanol and ethanol respectively
with a maximum absorbance at 243 nm. Linearity was determined by the regression analysis.
The accuracy of the method was validated by mean percentage recovery, which was found to be
in the acceptable range of 99 ‐101.2%. The results compare favorably with those of official
methods (PDF) Spectrophotometric.

14. Sustained-release dosage forms are dosage forms designed to release (liberate) a
drug at a predetermined rate in order to maintain a constant drug concentration for
a specific period of time with minimum side effects. Sustained Release Drug
Delivery System (SRDDS) is designed to release a drug at a predetermined rate by
maintaining a constant drug level for a specific period of time with minimum side
effects. ... SR of drugs in GI tract following oral administration is not affected by the
absorption process.

16. Microencapsulation is a process by which very tiny droplets or particles of liquid,
solid or even gas material are surrounded or coated with a continuous film of
polymeric material. As it is better drug delivery system than conventional drug
delivery system with minimum side effect and having targeted action. There are
different technique to encapsulate the material by chemical method which
includes coacervation method, polymeric-polymeric incompatibility, and physical
method which include air suspension method, pan coating, spray drying, and
centrifugal extrusion. The main important material used in microencapsulation is
core material (which is specified material to be coated) and coating material (which
is capable of forming film).since it is applicable in pharma industry, agriculture
industry, food industry, construction industry.

18. Time-release drugs use a special technology to release small amounts of the medication
into a person's system over a long period of time. This is also referred to as sustained
release, extended release, or controlled release. These Time-released vitamins dissolve
more slowly, so they take longer to enter your bloodstream. There is no evidence that
shows slower is better for your body, and since time-released supplements are usually
more expensive, they'll just end up costing more without offering any benefits and to
come in pill form and are simply made to be more potent but dissolve slowly.

19. A team of engineers and scientists at the University of British Columbia has developed a
device that can be implanted behind the eye for controlled and on-demand release of drugs
to treat retinal damage caused by diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of
vision loss among patients with diabetes. The disease is caused by the unwanted growth of
capillary cells in the retina, which in its advanced stages can result in blindness. The novel
drug delivery mechanism is detailed in the current issue of Lab on a Chip, a
multidisciplinary journal on innovative microfluidic and nanofluidic technologies.

20. Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for
transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to safely achieve its
desired therapeutic effect. It may involve scientific site-targeting within the body, or it
might involve facilitating systemic pharmacokinetics; in any case, it is typically
concerned with both quantity and duration of drug presence. Drug delivery is often
approached via a drug's chemical formulation, but it may also involve medical devices or
drug-device combination products. Current efforts in the area of drug delivery include
the development of targeted delivery in which the drug is only active in the target area
of the body (for example, in cancerous tissues), sustained release formulations in which
the drug is released over a period of time in a controlled manner from a formulation,
and methods to increase survival of per-oral agents which must pass through the
stomach's acidic environment. In order to achieve efficient targeted delivery, the
designed system must avoid the host's defense mechanisms and circulate to its
intended site of action.