This document provides an overview of a gynecology course book that includes:
1) A list of course coordinators and teachers.
2) An outline of the course objectives, content, reading list, exams, and feedback process.
3) A detailed syllabus listing the weekly topics, learning objectives, and references.
4) Sample lectures including objectives, content, and references on topics like family planning, early pregnancy problems, and menopause.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Study of Incidence and Etiology of Prolapse at Rural Based Teaching Hospitaltheijes
In our country as large number of woman deliver at home, usually conducted by untrained dias, incidence of prolapse is higher. The etiology of prolapse was discussed by ARETAEUS, a Greek physician who believed procedentiato be result of weakness of ligaments of the uterus. There are multiple etiological factors in the developed of prolapse. Diagnosis of prolapse at the earliest will help to reduce the complications of prolapse as well as continue child bearing function of the young woman.
Abstract—3D ultrasound (3-dimensional sonography) when combined with sonosalpingography, it provides detailed information regarding internal and external contours of the uterus, without the need for radiation contrast material or surgical intervention. This study was done because of the need of such diagnostic modality that is highly accurate as well as least invasive. A descriptive study was conducted on 50 infertile females to assess the diagnostic value of 3-dimensional SHG in reference of diagnostic hystero-laproscopy (DHL) assuming as gold standard. It was found that sensitivity of 3-dimensional SHG reasons of tubal patency, ovarian pathology and uterine cavity was found 97.6%, 90.91% and 71.43% respectively. And diagnostic accuracy of 3-dimensional SHG in reference of DHL for tubal patency, ovarian pathology and for uterine cavity was found 96%, 92% and 96% respectively. So it can be concluded from present study that 3-Dimensional sonohysterography is an efficient tool to assess women with infertility. Its sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy is comparable to hysterolaproscopy.
Ultra sonographic Evaluation and Management of the First Trimester Bleedingiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Trichomoniasis in the women is usually asymptotic however the disease might be manifested as vaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: A case-control hospital based study conducted at Kassala Hospitals, eastern Sudan during the period from 1st January 2015 to 30th June 2015 to investigate the prevalence rate of Trichomoniasis during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcome. Results: During the study period there were 199 infected women with T vaginalis among 2374 deliveries yielding a prevalence rate of 8.3%. The vast majority (140/199, 70.4%) was asymptomatic while the rest presented with vaginal discharge (33/199, 16.6%), itching (16/199, 8%) and dysuria (10/199, 5%). With regard to membranes status and neonatal outcome higher proportion of infected women presented with premature ruptured membranes (30, 15.1% Vs 6, 3%; P = 0.000) and gave preterm birth (31, 15.6% Vs 7, 3.5%; P= 0.000). Using logistic regression analysis the study showed significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth (CI= 1.1 � 13.6, OR= 3.9, P= 0.030) and premature rupture of the amniotic sac before 4 centimeter dilatation (CI= 1.0 3.2, OR= 1.8, P= 0.025). Conclusion: Trichomoniasis is highly prevalent among parturient women in eastern Sudan, and there is significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth and premature ruptured membranes.
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Study of Incidence and Etiology of Prolapse at Rural Based Teaching Hospitaltheijes
In our country as large number of woman deliver at home, usually conducted by untrained dias, incidence of prolapse is higher. The etiology of prolapse was discussed by ARETAEUS, a Greek physician who believed procedentiato be result of weakness of ligaments of the uterus. There are multiple etiological factors in the developed of prolapse. Diagnosis of prolapse at the earliest will help to reduce the complications of prolapse as well as continue child bearing function of the young woman.
Abstract—3D ultrasound (3-dimensional sonography) when combined with sonosalpingography, it provides detailed information regarding internal and external contours of the uterus, without the need for radiation contrast material or surgical intervention. This study was done because of the need of such diagnostic modality that is highly accurate as well as least invasive. A descriptive study was conducted on 50 infertile females to assess the diagnostic value of 3-dimensional SHG in reference of diagnostic hystero-laproscopy (DHL) assuming as gold standard. It was found that sensitivity of 3-dimensional SHG reasons of tubal patency, ovarian pathology and uterine cavity was found 97.6%, 90.91% and 71.43% respectively. And diagnostic accuracy of 3-dimensional SHG in reference of DHL for tubal patency, ovarian pathology and for uterine cavity was found 96%, 92% and 96% respectively. So it can be concluded from present study that 3-Dimensional sonohysterography is an efficient tool to assess women with infertility. Its sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy is comparable to hysterolaproscopy.
Ultra sonographic Evaluation and Management of the First Trimester Bleedingiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Trichomoniasis in the women is usually asymptotic however the disease might be manifested as vaginitis, cervicitis, urethritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and adverse birth outcomes. Methods: A case-control hospital based study conducted at Kassala Hospitals, eastern Sudan during the period from 1st January 2015 to 30th June 2015 to investigate the prevalence rate of Trichomoniasis during pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcome. Results: During the study period there were 199 infected women with T vaginalis among 2374 deliveries yielding a prevalence rate of 8.3%. The vast majority (140/199, 70.4%) was asymptomatic while the rest presented with vaginal discharge (33/199, 16.6%), itching (16/199, 8%) and dysuria (10/199, 5%). With regard to membranes status and neonatal outcome higher proportion of infected women presented with premature ruptured membranes (30, 15.1% Vs 6, 3%; P = 0.000) and gave preterm birth (31, 15.6% Vs 7, 3.5%; P= 0.000). Using logistic regression analysis the study showed significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth (CI= 1.1 � 13.6, OR= 3.9, P= 0.030) and premature rupture of the amniotic sac before 4 centimeter dilatation (CI= 1.0 3.2, OR= 1.8, P= 0.025). Conclusion: Trichomoniasis is highly prevalent among parturient women in eastern Sudan, and there is significant association between Trichomoniasis, preterm birth and premature ruptured membranes.
Introduction: Though there are many studies on the effects of anesthesia methods used for cesarean section on the newborn,
research on this topic still continues. In our prospective observational study, we investigated the effects of different anesthesia techniques used in routine cesarean deliveries on early neonatal outcomes in our hospital. This prospective, observational, randomized study included a total of 222 ASA II risk group pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section at term (38-41 weeks’ gestation) without fetal distress. The women were randomized into three groups. In the general anesthesia with propofol group (Group P, n = 74), anesthesia was induced with 2 mg∙kg-1 propofol and 0.6-0.9 mg∙kg-1
rocuronium. In the general anesthesia with thiopental sodium group (Group T, n = 74), anesthesia was induced with 5 mg∙kg-1 thiopental sodium and 0.6-0.9 mg∙kg-1 rocuronium. Women in the spinal anesthesia group (Group SA, n = 74) were administered 0.5% (10 mg) hypertonic bupivacaine and 10 mcg fentanyl.
The profile of infants born to mothers with subclinical hypothyroidism in a t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Abstract: In lay language, the term abortion is generally considered synonymous with criminal abortion, whereas the term miscarriage generally implies that the pregnancy Stopped spontaneously. The law does not recognize such a distinction. It defines a criminal abortion as one that is illegally induced, that is to say, one which is not justified by the circumstances. . This paper aim to identify the pattern of unsafe abortion, to identify different types of injuries inflicted in attempted abortion and their outcomes regarding maternal morbidity and mortality.
Methods: The present study was conducted by the Department of Medico legal Institute, Egypt from JANUARY 2013 to DECEMBER 2014. The material for the present study comprises of information obtained from the patients’ case records for 24 patients registered as cases of criminal abortion.
Results and discussion: The overall mean age of cases who had abortion in our study occurs in age group 36-40 years; mean age 37.7 ± 1.4 (n= 9; 42%). And the majority of cases (n=9, 37.5%) were found in the 4th decade. In the majority of cases (n=9; 37.5%) abortion, resulted from physical violence due to argument and the assailants were usually neighbors. Beating and kicking at abdomen causing abortion to a young pregnant woman can be a method of revenge directed towards her or her husband in lower classes. Illegal pregnancy corresponded to only 12.5% (n=3) which is same percentage as that one of no reason for the criminal abortion.
In 62.5% (n=15) the trauma induced abortion was mainly blunt trauma. There were also 3 cases involved in biting. In 25% (n = 6) of the cases there was no trauma, the incident was alleged or didn’t end in abortion (D&C showed no fetal tissues).
As for interventions in the studied cases, 62.5% (n=15) of cases had surgical interference in the form of D&C (Dilatation and Curettage), while 37.5% of the cases ( n=9)received only medical treatment. The majority of cases had no complication and out of 24 cases, only one case ended in death ( 4.1%).(Table 5). It was a case of illegal abortion and the victim died from perforated uterus and intestine ending in neurogenic shock and death.
Only one case ended in death (4.1%) due to from perforated uterus and intestine ending in neurogenic shock and death.
Conclusion: Legible documentation for criminal abortion shall ensure accurate and concrete planning for health status of women and other demographic data which will improve the quality of life as well.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
—In recent years, termination of pregnancy has also become more common procedure due to intensive development of medicines and increasing demand for such procedures. In previously scarred uterus the use of medical abortion regimen could avoid severe complications such as uterine perforation, cervical laceration and other physical and psychological trauma which are caused by surgical termination of pregnancy. This prospective study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer from December 2015 to November 2017 to compare the efficacy, safety and acceptability of medical abortion in previously scarred and non-scarred uterus. For this study 75 women were included of amenorrhoea < 49 days with previous one or two LSCS (Lower segment cesarean section) and 75 women with no LSCS (primi and multipara with prior normal delivery). Regime which was used in this study was tab. Mifepristone 200 mg followed by Misoprostol 600µgm were given to them. Follow up was done at day 14 using sonography. The overall success rate for complete abortion in group I was 88% and that of group II was 89.3%.Total proportion of incomplete abortion was 9.33% in group I as compared to 8% in group II and continuation of pregnancy occurred 2.67% in both the groups during the entire study period. Thus there was no significant difference in efficacy of medicines in achieving abortion in scared and non-scared uterus. So early medical abortion represents an important method in previous scarred uterus patients having unwanted pregnancy. These regimens offer the prospect of a more private, less intrusive form of abortion that is both safe and effective.
Ultrasonographic Cervical Length Measurement at 10-14- and 20-24-weeks’ Gesta...AI Publications
Preterm labor is a regular occurrence in pregnancy; an estimated 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, with the number increasing. This was a prospective study of pregnant women who came to the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Kurdistan Province, Iraq, for an outpatient clinic. On a manageable sample of 150 singleton pregnancies. In this study, one hundred fifty singleton asymptomatic pregnancies encountered the inclusion criteria during the study period, 69 primi gravid, 81 multi gravid. The correlation between the cervical length at 20–24 weeks and preterm delivery was moderately poor (r =0.715), and this correlation was highly significant (P < 0.001). In another word, a better correlation was found between preterm delivery and cervical length at 20–24 weeks than at 10–14 weeks in the prediction of preterm delivery. This study also points towards the importance of serial ultrasound scans to detect those who are at higher risk. There was no statistically significant effect of age, parity. Finally, the findings revealed that trans vaginal ultrasound is more accurate at 20-24weeks than 10-14weeks gestation for prediction of preterm labor, it can be used routinely to prevent preterm birth.
Introduction: Though there are many studies on the effects of anesthesia methods used for cesarean section on the newborn,
research on this topic still continues. In our prospective observational study, we investigated the effects of different anesthesia techniques used in routine cesarean deliveries on early neonatal outcomes in our hospital. This prospective, observational, randomized study included a total of 222 ASA II risk group pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean section at term (38-41 weeks’ gestation) without fetal distress. The women were randomized into three groups. In the general anesthesia with propofol group (Group P, n = 74), anesthesia was induced with 2 mg∙kg-1 propofol and 0.6-0.9 mg∙kg-1
rocuronium. In the general anesthesia with thiopental sodium group (Group T, n = 74), anesthesia was induced with 5 mg∙kg-1 thiopental sodium and 0.6-0.9 mg∙kg-1 rocuronium. Women in the spinal anesthesia group (Group SA, n = 74) were administered 0.5% (10 mg) hypertonic bupivacaine and 10 mcg fentanyl.
The profile of infants born to mothers with subclinical hypothyroidism in a t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Abstract: In lay language, the term abortion is generally considered synonymous with criminal abortion, whereas the term miscarriage generally implies that the pregnancy Stopped spontaneously. The law does not recognize such a distinction. It defines a criminal abortion as one that is illegally induced, that is to say, one which is not justified by the circumstances. . This paper aim to identify the pattern of unsafe abortion, to identify different types of injuries inflicted in attempted abortion and their outcomes regarding maternal morbidity and mortality.
Methods: The present study was conducted by the Department of Medico legal Institute, Egypt from JANUARY 2013 to DECEMBER 2014. The material for the present study comprises of information obtained from the patients’ case records for 24 patients registered as cases of criminal abortion.
Results and discussion: The overall mean age of cases who had abortion in our study occurs in age group 36-40 years; mean age 37.7 ± 1.4 (n= 9; 42%). And the majority of cases (n=9, 37.5%) were found in the 4th decade. In the majority of cases (n=9; 37.5%) abortion, resulted from physical violence due to argument and the assailants were usually neighbors. Beating and kicking at abdomen causing abortion to a young pregnant woman can be a method of revenge directed towards her or her husband in lower classes. Illegal pregnancy corresponded to only 12.5% (n=3) which is same percentage as that one of no reason for the criminal abortion.
In 62.5% (n=15) the trauma induced abortion was mainly blunt trauma. There were also 3 cases involved in biting. In 25% (n = 6) of the cases there was no trauma, the incident was alleged or didn’t end in abortion (D&C showed no fetal tissues).
As for interventions in the studied cases, 62.5% (n=15) of cases had surgical interference in the form of D&C (Dilatation and Curettage), while 37.5% of the cases ( n=9)received only medical treatment. The majority of cases had no complication and out of 24 cases, only one case ended in death ( 4.1%).(Table 5). It was a case of illegal abortion and the victim died from perforated uterus and intestine ending in neurogenic shock and death.
Only one case ended in death (4.1%) due to from perforated uterus and intestine ending in neurogenic shock and death.
Conclusion: Legible documentation for criminal abortion shall ensure accurate and concrete planning for health status of women and other demographic data which will improve the quality of life as well.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
—In recent years, termination of pregnancy has also become more common procedure due to intensive development of medicines and increasing demand for such procedures. In previously scarred uterus the use of medical abortion regimen could avoid severe complications such as uterine perforation, cervical laceration and other physical and psychological trauma which are caused by surgical termination of pregnancy. This prospective study was conducted in Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, J.L.N. Medical College, Ajmer from December 2015 to November 2017 to compare the efficacy, safety and acceptability of medical abortion in previously scarred and non-scarred uterus. For this study 75 women were included of amenorrhoea < 49 days with previous one or two LSCS (Lower segment cesarean section) and 75 women with no LSCS (primi and multipara with prior normal delivery). Regime which was used in this study was tab. Mifepristone 200 mg followed by Misoprostol 600µgm were given to them. Follow up was done at day 14 using sonography. The overall success rate for complete abortion in group I was 88% and that of group II was 89.3%.Total proportion of incomplete abortion was 9.33% in group I as compared to 8% in group II and continuation of pregnancy occurred 2.67% in both the groups during the entire study period. Thus there was no significant difference in efficacy of medicines in achieving abortion in scared and non-scared uterus. So early medical abortion represents an important method in previous scarred uterus patients having unwanted pregnancy. These regimens offer the prospect of a more private, less intrusive form of abortion that is both safe and effective.
Ultrasonographic Cervical Length Measurement at 10-14- and 20-24-weeks’ Gesta...AI Publications
Preterm labor is a regular occurrence in pregnancy; an estimated 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, with the number increasing. This was a prospective study of pregnant women who came to the Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil, Kurdistan Province, Iraq, for an outpatient clinic. On a manageable sample of 150 singleton pregnancies. In this study, one hundred fifty singleton asymptomatic pregnancies encountered the inclusion criteria during the study period, 69 primi gravid, 81 multi gravid. The correlation between the cervical length at 20–24 weeks and preterm delivery was moderately poor (r =0.715), and this correlation was highly significant (P < 0.001). In another word, a better correlation was found between preterm delivery and cervical length at 20–24 weeks than at 10–14 weeks in the prediction of preterm delivery. This study also points towards the importance of serial ultrasound scans to detect those who are at higher risk. There was no statistically significant effect of age, parity. Finally, the findings revealed that trans vaginal ultrasound is more accurate at 20-24weeks than 10-14weeks gestation for prediction of preterm labor, it can be used routinely to prevent preterm birth.
Diethylstilbestrol Studies with Ethical ViolationsDES Daughter
1950’s illegal studies that violated the Hippocratic Oath, the Nuremberg Code, and the Declaration of Helsinki.
by Lacey-Clemens Friday, Nicole Skrabacz, Heather Perez
Read http://diethylstilbestrol.co.uk/des-tested-on-pregnant-women-without-consent/
Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Pre...paperpublications3
Abstract: Prematurity used to be a major cause of infant deaths. The premature babies need improved medical and nursing techniques by highly competence nursing team.
Material and Methods: This descriptive hospital based study was conducted at Soba university hospital, Khartoum state in the period from January to March 2014. The study aimed at assessing the knowledge and practices of pediatric nurses in neonatal intensive care unit concerning nursing management of preterm babies. The sample size compromised of 50 nurses that constituted the total coverage of study population during the period of the study. Data were collected using structured interview questionnaire and observation check list designed f or the study. The data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Results:The results obtained that the majority of nurses were knowledgeable about the characteristics of preterm babies, causes of prematurity, immediate nursing care of preterm, signs of hypothermia were adequate (100%, 92%, 100%,100% respectively). Half of them (50%) identify the breathing pattern of preterm baby. The nurses clinical performance were inadequate where 70% of them recorded pulse rate only when recorded the baby pulse.100% did not wear mask, 80% find a difficulty on selecting appropriate vein for sampling . Also 48% of nurses gave feeding incorrect and 60% of them did not aspirate gastric contents before feeding.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the majority of pediatric nurses had adequate knowledge about prematurity, but they were lacking in their clinical skills to manage the preterm baby. So the study recommended continuous training programs for the nurses to refresh their knowledge and practices towards management of preterm babies to ideal standards.Keywords: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge, Practices Regarding Nursing Management, Premature Babies.
Title: Pediatric Nurses’ Knowledge and Practices Regarding Nursing Management of Premature Babies in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Soba University Hospital, Khartoum State, Sudan
Author: Widad Ibrahim A/gadir A/moula, Ietimad Ibrahim Abd Elrahman kambal
ISSN 2349-7823
International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences (IJRRLS)
Paper Publications
Assignment 2 Final Project Part III Designing a StudyYou are t.docxrock73
Assignment 2: Final Project Part III: Designing a Study
You are the hospital administrator in a medium-sized, urban, for-profit hospital that caters to middle-income groups. You wonder if patients' satisfaction with the hospital stay will increase significantly if they are given better and more flexible meal options. You decide to conduct a research study to find the answer. The first step is to design the study.
Design a descriptive study to investigate if better meal options will increase patient satisfaction. Include the following elements of design:
1. Develop a research question or purpose of the study
2. Selection of subjects for study (what is the sample)
3. Assignment of subjects to experimental or control groups
4. Study time period
5. Type of data to be gathered
6. Measures of meal options and of patient satisfaction
7. Method of data collection
8. Guidelines for data interpretation
After you complete building the study design, list three design elements you considered in your study that were not readily obvious in the one you read last week “Diagnosed with Breast Cancer While on a Family History Screening Programme: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.”
By Tuesday, February 21, 2017, submit your study design and list of three identified design elements in a Word document to the W3: Assignment 2 Dropbox.
Diagnosed with breast cancer while on a family history
screening programme: an exploratory qualitative study
A. CLEMENTS, bsc, senior research nurse, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Education Research Group,
University of Oxford, Department of Primary Health Care, Oxford, B.J. HENDERSON, phd, research psycholo-
gist, Institute of Medical & Social Care Research, Ardudwy, Normal Site, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd,
S. TYNDEL, ba, research officer, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Education Research Group, University of
Oxford, Department of Primary Health Care, Oxford, G. EVANS, md frcp, consultant in medical genetics,
Department of Clinical Genetics, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, K. BRAIN, phd, senior research fellow,
Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, J. AUSTOKER, phd,
director, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Education Research Group, University of Oxford, Department of
Primary Health Care, Oxford, & E. WATSON, phd, deputy director, Cancer Research UK Primary Care Educa-
tion Research Group, University of Oxford, Department of Primary Health Care, Oxford, UK for the PIMMS Study
Management Group*
CLEMENTS A., HENDERSON B.J., TYNDEL S., EVANS G., BRAIN K., AUSTOKER J. & WATSON E. FOR
THE PIMMS STUDY MANAGEMENT GROUP (2008) European Journal of Cancer Care 17, 245–252
Diagnosed with breast cancer while on a family history screening programme: an exploratory qualitative study
Mammographic screening is offered to many women under 50 in the UK who are at moderate or high risk of
developing breast cancer because of their family history of the disease. Little is understoo ...
Hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer accounts for a sizable number of incidences of breast cancer, which is still a major global health concern. Breast tumors that express the estrogen receptor (ER) rely on estrogen to control cell proliferation and cycle regulation.https://www.slideshare.net/upload
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
New: 5th year Course Book/Gynecology
1. Course Book
Contents
1- Course coordinator and list of teachers on this course.
2- Course overview
3- Course objectives.
4- Course Reading list.
5- Course Contents.
6- Syllabus.
7- Exams: Rules and instructions.
8- Samples of expected questions and their answers.
9- External examiners.
10- Student's feedback.
2. Course coordinator and list of teachers on
this course
1-Name of the Course: gynecology.
2-lecturer/tutor in charge:
Dr Hanaa alani
3-Department Branch and the college: Department of
Obstetrics and Gynecology/ College of Medicin
4-Contacts:
-Address: University of Sulaimani/ College of Medicine/
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology.
-E-mail:HA_GRD @yahoo.com
-Website Link:
-Other participant
Lecturers:
1-Dr. Sallama Kamel Nasir.
2-Dr. Sundus Yousif Kellow.
3-Dr. Hanaa Abbas Al-ani.
4-Dr. Mahabat Salih Saeed
3. Course Overview
The clinical and basic science of gynecology deals with female
genital organs (external and internal).
This involves the normal development, physiology and functions of
the female genital organs, as well as abnormal development.
The course deals with all diseases (including infections and
malignancies) of the female reproductive organs.It also deals with
infertility and contraception.
Course objectives
The fifth year students usually have about 30 theoretical
lectures/ year in gynaecology (2 hours / week), and they have
three weeks/ year of clinical session( 3hours/day, 5days/ week )
in suliamani maternity teaching hospital.
For theoretical lectures by the end of the year the students
should have knowledge about:
- Normal and abnormal sexual development and puberty
- The normal menstrual cycle
-Disorders of the menstrual cycle
- Fertility control( contraception).
-infertility
-Disorders of early pregnancy (abortion, ectopic pregnancy and
trophoblastic diseases).
-Infections of the female genital organs
- Benign and malignant tumours of the female genital organs
- Endometriosis and adenomyosis
4. - Urogynaecology
- Uterovaginal prolapse
- Menopause.
Regarding the clinical sessions:
The 5th
year students will have 3weeks /year of clinical sessions
during which the student will learn how to take history from a
woman with gynecological problem and how to examine a
woman as well as they are going to see instruments,
contraceptive methods and x rays used in gynecology.
5. Course Reading list
REFRENSES:
Gyaenecology by Ten Teachers 18th
edition.
Further reading:
1 – Essentials of Obstetrics and Genecology 4th
edition.
2 – Lecture notes obstetrics and gynaecology 2nd
edition.
3- Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith
Edmonds
6. Syllabus
No. Title of the Subject Lecturer's/Tutor's Name
1. Developmental &congenital
malformation of female genital
tract
Dr Hanaa Alani
2 Physiology and menstruation Dr Hanaa
3 Vaginal discharle Dr Hanaa
4 Adolescence & puberty Dr Hanaa
5 PID Dr Salama
6 Tuberculosis of the lenital tract Dr Hanaa
7 Infertility & IVF Dr Hanaa
8 Sexually transmitted diseases
and AIDS
Dr sundus
9 Family planning Dr mahabat
10 Abortions (miscarriages) Dr mahabat
11 Dysmenorrhea & premenstrual
syndrome
Dr sundus
12 Abnormal uterine bleeding Dr Salama
13 Early pregnancy problems and
ectopic pregnancy
Dr mahabat
7. 14 Trophoblastic disease Dr mahabat
15 Endometriosis Dr Salama
16 Primary Amenorrhea Dr sundus
17 Secondary amenorrhea
&polycystic ovarian syndrome
Dr Hanaa
8. 18 Intersexuality Dr Hanaa
19 Genital prolapsed Dr Salama
20 Urine incontinence Dr mahabat
21 Tumours of the vulva(benign
&malignant
Dr Hanaa
22 Tumours of the vagina (benign
&malignant
Dr Hanaa
23 Benign tumours of the uterus Dr mahabat
24 Premalignant diseases of the
cervix
Dr Hanaa
25 Malignant diseases of the
cervix
Dr Hanaa
26 Carcinoma of the endometrim Dr sundus
27 Menapouse &HRT Dr mahabat
28 Postmenapousal bleeding Dr sundus
29 Operative gynecology Dr mahabat
30 Chronic pelvic pain Dr sundus
31 Ovarian tumours (benign) Dr Salama
32 Malignant ovarian tumours Dr Salama
33 Pre &postoperative evaluation Dr Hanaa
9. First Subject: Family Planning:
Lecturer/tutor’s name: Dr. mahabat Salih saeed
Learning Objectives:
1) to outline the types of contraception
2) to evaluate the methods of contraception, the advantage and
disadvantage of each method.
3) to determine the complications of contraception.
Reference:
Gynaecology by ten teachers, 18th
edition, Chapter 6, fertility control
-Obstetric and Gynaecology by Lawrence Impey, Printed in 1999
Chapter 12 Contraception, page 78.
-Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith Edmonds
7th
edition 2007, Chapter 32, page 299
Early pregnancy problems:
Lecturer/tutor’s name: Dr. Mahabat Salih Saeed
1. Miscarriages
10. Learning objectives:
1) To familiarise the students with the cause of early pregnancy
bleeding,
2) To learn about the risks of morbidity and mortality associated with
miscarriages
3) To learn the methods of diagnosis
References:
- Gynaecology by ten teachers, 18th
edition, Chapter 8, Disorders of
early pregnancy.
-Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith
Edmonds
7th
edition 2007, Chapter 12 + 13, page 94, 100
-Obstetric and Gynaecology by Lawrence Impey, Printed in 1999
Chapter 14, page 94
2) Ectopic Pregnancy
Learning objectives:
1) To learn about risks of Ectopic pregnancy
2) To understand the seriousness of the delayed management
3) To outline the methods of management
References:
-Gynaecology by ten teachers, 18th
edition, Chapter 8, page 97
-Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith
Edmonds
11. 7th
edition 2007,Chapter 14, page 106
-Obstetric and Gynaecology by Lawrence Impey, Printed in 1999
Chapter 14, page 97
3) Trophoblastic disease
Learning objectives:
1) To determine the types of trophoblastic disease, differentiate between
benign and malignant types.
2) To understand the types of management
References:
Gynaecology by ten teachers, 18th
edition, Chapter 8, page 99
Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith
Edmonds
7th
edition 2007, Chapter 15, page 117
Obstetric and Gynaecology by Lawrence Impey, Printed in 1999
Chapter 14, page 100
5) Benign tumours of the uterus
Learning objectives:
1) to understand the effect of this problem on pregnancy
2) To provide a framework for different ways of managing this
problem. 3) To learn about the types and locations of fibroids.
12. References:
Gynaecology by ten teachers, 18th
edition, Chapter 9, page 103
Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith
Edmonds
7th
edition 2007, Chapter 56, page 636
Obstetric and Gynaecology by Lawrence Impey
Printed in 1999
Chapter 3, page 18
6)Menopause and HRT
Learning objectives: 1) to know the definition of menopause and age of
menopause
2) to recognise the psychological and physical signs of
menopause
3) to raise awareness about the benefits and risks of
HRT
References: Gynaecology by ten teachers, by Ash Monga
18th
edition
Chapter 18, page 207
Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith
Edmonds
7th
edition 2007
13. Chapter 47, page 479
Obstetric and Gynaecology by Lawrence Impey
Printed in 1999
Chapter 13, page 86
7)Operative Gynaecology
Learning objectives: 1) to learn about the technique of laparoscopy and
hysteroscopy
2) to understand the risks of laparoscopy and
hysteroscopy.
3) to determine the indications for these procedures.
References: Gynaecology by ten teachers, by Ash Monga
18th
edition
Appendix 1, common gynaecological procedures, page 232
Dewhurt’s textbook of Obstetric and Gynaecology, by D. Keith
Edmonds
7th
edition 2007
Hysteroscopy and laparoscopy, chapter 50, page 560
14. Obstetric and Gynaecology by Lawrence Impey
Printed in 1999
Chapter 15, page 103
1-Normal and abnormal sexual development
• Genetic sex is determined by the presence of the sex chromosomes X and
Y.
• The presence of a Y chromosome determines male development; the
absence of a Y chromosome leads to a female phenotype.
• In Turner's syndrome, the absence of a second X chromosome leads to
streak ovaries.
• If the testis fails to develop or cannot function, the default state is female.
• True hermaphrodites have both ovarian and testicular tissue.The effect is
determined by the dominant cell line
• Congenital absence of the uterus and vagina is the second
most common cause of primary amenorrhoea.
• Uterine maldevelopment does not usually result in reproductive failure.
• External genitalia in girls may be virilized by excessive androgen exposure
in utero.
• Puberty is genetically determined and controlled from the hypothalamus.
References
Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition,P21
2-Gynaecological disorders of childhood and adolescence
• Gynaecological problems in the prepubertal child and at adolescence
create great levels of anxiety in parents
• The end result of puberty is the establishment of the fully
physically mature adult woman capable of reproductive
performance and fully psychologically developed as an
adult.
• Precocious puberty is defined as the onset of secondary
sexual characteristics prior to the age of 8 years. The
aetiology of this is varied.
• Delayed pubertyis rare with only 1% of females not having had
menarche by the age of 18. If there are no secondary sexual
15. characteristics by the age of 14 delay is diagnosed and investigation is
appropriae.
References
• Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition,
3-INFERTILITY
History, examination, investigations and counselling must include both
partners
• Treatment should be initiated taking into account the
duration of infertility, the female partner's age, previous
conception history and success rates.
• Men with abnormal sperm analysis should have endocrine assessment;
those with low «5 million/mL) or no sperm must be offered
chromosomal analyses.
• Couples must be given written information regarding the
risks of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, multiple
gestation and ovarian tumours.
• FSH and human menopausal gonadotrophin should be used
in low dose in clomiphene-resistant women ; clomiphene is
an effective treatment in anovulatory women.
• All ovulation induction cycles should be monitored
References
• Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition,P30
• Dewhurst’s textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology. / edited by D.
Keith Edmonds. –7thed. 2007
4-Genital tuberculosis
• Genitourinary TB is almost always secondary to infection
elsewhere in the body, usually pulmonary TB, but active
pulmonary disease can be documented in only one third of
patients
• Vascular dissemination is responsible for infection of fallopian
tubes in almost all patient with genitalTB, & involvement of
endometrium follows in 90%
• Most patients are cured by medical management alone , patients
who respond poorly or who have other problems( e.g tumer or
16. fistula) may require total hysterectomy & BSO after a trial of
chemotherapy.
References
Current obstetric &gynecologic diagnosis &treatment,fiftht
edition,p421-422,2003
5-Premalignant conditions of the cervix.
• Dysplasia The process of metaplasia can be disrupted by
external influences& can lead to disordered squamous
epithelium called dysplastic epithelium ( HPV ,smoking ,
immune suppression may act as coagent
• Observation and repeat Pap smears and biopsies can
confirm such spontaneous self-correction. Currently,
there is no treatment per se for CIN I, which either
resolves or progresses to CIN II, which is treated.
• If CIN does not resolve but instead progresses, or is
detected at CIN stage II or III, treatment is needed to
prevent the development of invasive disease.
• CIN lesions may be treated on an outpatient or inpatient
basis.
References
• Current obstetric &gynecologic diagnosis
&treatment,fiftht edition,p894-903,2003
• Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition
6-cervical cancer
17. • The cervix is made up of two kinds of cells: columnar cells and
squamous cells. Columnar cells constantly change into squamous
cells in an area of the cervix called the transformation zone. As a
result of this natural process of change, some cervical cells can
become abnormal. Infection can also cause abnormal cervical cell
changes. When abnormal cell changes persist over time (years) and
become severe, these cells may develop into cervical cancer
• Surgery is generally only employed in early stage cervical cancers.
• Higher stage disease is usually treated with radiation and
chemotherapy, but sometimes surgery is employed if cervical cancer
comes back after it has already been treate
References
• Current obstetric &gynecologic diagnosis
&treatment,fiftht edition,p903,2003
• Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition,
7-HYPERANDROGENISM, HIRSUTISM AND POLYCYSTIC
OVARY S
• The most common clinical presentation of hyperandrogenism in
reproductive-aged women is hirsutism or acne with or without
evidence of anovulation such as oligoamenorrhea - or amenorrhea or
dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
• PCOS is the most common cause of hirsutism and the most common
endocrinopathy in reproductive aged women.
• The etiology of anovulation in PCOS is often explained by high
intraovarian androgen levels which induce atresia and prevent the
emergence of a dominant follicle
18. • There are many therapies for the induction of ovulation in PCOS
patients.
The aim of medical therapy in hirsutism is to suppress androgen
production, block androgen receptors or decrease the
conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone by inhibition
of the enzyme 5a-reductase
References
• Current obstetric &gynecologic diagnosis
&treatment,fiftht edition,p1001,2003
• Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition,
8-Secondary amenorrhea
• the cessation of menstrual flow for a period of 6 months or
more in the absence of pregnancy, breastfeeding or
menopause.
• The problem may lie in the hypothalamus and the pituitary, or
the uterus or the ovary. Other endocrine glands like the
thyroid, the pancreas and the adrenal cortex also have a role to
play in causing amenorrhoea.
References
• Current obstetric &gynecologic diagnosis
&treatment,fiftht edition,p991-1000,2003
• Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition
19. 9-Vaginal discharge
• In children, vaginitis usually involves infection with GI
tract flora (nonspecific vulvovaginitis).
• Women of reproductive age: In these women, vaginitis
is usually infectious. The most common types are
bacterial vaginosis ,candidal vaginitis and trichomonal
vaginitis which is sexually transmitted.
• Postmenopausal women: Usually, a marked decrease in
estrogen causes vaginal thinning, increasing
vulnerability to infection and inflammation.
• Normal vaginal discharge is white, becoming yellowish
on contact with air, due to oxidation.
References
Dewhurst’s textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology. / edited by D.
Keith Edmonds. –7thed ,2007
Obstetrics and gynaecology an evidence- based text for MRCOG
Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition,
10-DISEASES OF THE VULVA and VAGINA
•Be familiar with common inflammatory conditions affecting the vulva and
vagina. Know which are infectious and which are frequently transmitted
sexually.
• Understand the relationship between HPV, VIN, VAIN, and squamous cell
carcinoma.
• Be familiar with “Bowen’s disease” and “extramammary Paget’s disease.”
• Understand the relationship between DES, vaginal adenosis and clear cell
carcinoma of the vagina.
20. • Know which mesenchymal tumors (benign and malignant) can involve
the vagina.
References
Dewhurst’s textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology. / edited by D.
Keith Edmonds. –7thed ,2007
Obstetrics and gynaecology an evidence- based text for MRCOG
Gynaecology by Ten Teachers,2006,18th Edition,
Subject name: pelvic inflammatory disease.
This subject is given in two hours.
Objectives: this lecture is included in the program so that the student
can understand the following
1. The natural defense mechanisms against genital infection.
2. The conditions that predispose to genital infection.
3. What is pelvic inflammatory disease?
4. causes of PID.
5. Pathological changes of PID.
6. Clinical presentation and diagnosis of PID.
7. Complications of PID.
8. Treatment of PID.
References
Gynecology by ten teachers 18th
edition.
Current for obstetrics and gynecology.
Dweharts for obstetrics and cynecology 7th
edition
21. Endometriosis:
This lecture is included so that the student will understand the following:
1. The definition of endometriosis.
2. The theories that explain the development of endometriosis.
3. The pathological features of endometriosis.
4. Clinical features and diagnosis of endometriosis.
5. The relationship between endometriosis and infertility and
endometriosis.
6. Treatment of endometriosis.
References:
Gynecology by ten teachers 18th
edition.
Dwehurts obstetrics and gynecology 7th
edition.
Ovarian tumours:
This subject is given in two hours.
Objectives:
This subject is included so that the student should understand:
1. The classification and different pathological types of ovarian tumours.
2. What is functional ovarian cysts and how to differentiate between
functional ovarian cysts and true ovarian tumours?
22. 3. How to differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian tumor.
4. How to diagnose ovarian tumours.
5. Risk factors of malignant disease of the ovary.
6. Staging of malignant ovarian tumours.
7. Management of ovarian tumours.
8. Prognosis and 5years survival.
References:
Genital prolapse:
Objectives:
1. Defenition of genital prolapse.
2. Classification of genital prolapse.
3. Structures that support the genital organs and prevent prolapse.
4. Factors that predispose to genital prolapse.
5. Clinical presentation of genital prolapse.
6. Treatment of genital prolapse.
Reference:
Gynecology by ten teachers 18th
edition.
Dwehurts obstetrics and gynecology 7th
edition.
NAME OF THE LECTURE: DYSMENORRHOEA
Objectives:
At the completion of this presentation, the participant should know:
1 – Definition and classification of dysmenorrhoea.
23. 2 – Etiology, diagnosis and management of primary dysmenorrhoea.
3 – Etiology, diagnosis and management of secondary dysmenorrhae
4 – Definition and the various hypothesis behind the etiology of
premenstrual syndrome.
5 – Diagnosis and management of premenstrual syndrome.
References:
1 –Gynaecology by ten teacher 17th
edition.
2 –Current 2003 obstetric and gynaecologic diagnosis and treatment 9th
edition.
NAME OF THE LECTURE: Sexually transmitted infections (2 hours)
Objectives:
At the completion of this presentation, the participant should know:
1 – Principles of management of sexually transmitted infections (STDs).
2 – Why STDs are a significant problem, classification of STDs.
3 – Chlamydia trachomatis; prevalence, signs and symptoms, diagnosis and
treatment.
4 – Gonorrhea; incidence and epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.
5 – Classification of genital ulcer diseases.
6 – Herpes simplex virus; epidemiology, primary and recurrent herpes
infection, diagnosis, treatment and complications.
7 – Syphilis; epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment.
8 – Tropical Genital Ulcer Disease; Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) and
Chancroid. Their clinical features and treatment.
24. 9 – Human papilloma virus; epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment.
19- HIV infection; virology, diagnosis, transmission, natural history and
principles of treatment, gynecological manifestations of HIV, Vertical
transmission of HIV and how to minimize it.
References:
1 –Gynaecology by ten teacher 17th edition.
NAME OF THE LECTURE: PRIMARY AMENORRHOEA
Objectives:
At the completion of this presentation, the participant should know:
1 – Definition of primary amenorrhoea.
2 – Causes of primary amenorrhoea.
3 – Description of the various causes of primary amenorrhoea.
4 – General investigations of primary amenorrhoea .
5 – Management of the various causes of primary amenorrhoea.
References:
1 –Gynaecology by ten teacher 17th edition.
2 – Lecture notes obstetrics and gynaecology 2nd
edition.
NAME OF THE LECTURE: Disorders of the menstrual cycle// abnormal
vaginal bleeding
Objectives:
At the completion of this presentation, the participant should know:
1 – Classification of menstrual disorders.
25. 2 – Definition of the various terms used in abnormal uterine bleeding.
3 – Causes of abnormal uterine bleeding.
4 – MENORRHAGIA; definition, prevalence, classification and etiology.
5 – Diagnosis; clinical features, Initial investigations, Investigations in
women who fail to respond to treatment after 3 months.
6 –Treatment; various medical options and surgical treatment (different
types and indications).
References:
1 –Gynaecology by ten teacher 18th edition.
2 – Essential of obstetrics and gynecology 4th
edition.
NAME OF THE LECTURE: Post menopausal bleeding (PMB)
Objectives:
At the completion of this presentation, the participant should know:
1 – Definition of PMB.
2 – Causes of PMB; gynecologic causes and non gynecologic causes.
3 – Management of PMB including diagnosis, investigations and treatment
options.
References:
1 –Gynaecology by ten teacher 18th edition.
2 – Essential of obstetrics and gynecology 4th
edition.
26. NAME OF THE LECTURE: Operative gyneacology/ laparoscopy
Objectives:
At the completion of this presentation, the participant should know:
1 – What is pelvic endoscopy.
2 – What is laparoscopy; indications and contraindications of the
procedure.
3 – Equipment for laparoscopy.
4 – Technique of laparoscopy.
5 – Complications of the procedure.
References:
1 – Dewhursts textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology 7th
edition.
2 – Lecture notes obstetrics and gynaecology 2nd
edition.
NAME OF THE LECTURE: Premalignant and malignant disorders of the
uterine corpus
Objectives:
At the completion of this presentation, the participant should know:
1 – Epidemiology and incidence.
2 – Etiology and risks factors for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.
3 – Classification; endometrial hyperplasia and malignant endometrial
cancer.
4 – Pathology, spread, and FIGO staging of endometrial cancer.
5 – Clinical presentation and diagnosis.
6 – Differential diagnosis and prognosis.
27. 7 – Treatment of the different stages of endometrial cancer.
References:
1 –Gynaecology by ten teacher 18th edition.
2 – Essential of obstetrics and gynecology 4th
edition.
:
28. Student's feedback on the subject
Date: Course: Year: Lecturer/ tutor:
No. Evaluation Questions Subject's
Level
1-5
Subjective Remarks
1 The objectives and key messages of
the subject were clear
2 The contents of the subject were
useful and related to the main
objectives of the course
3 The materials were prepared
carefully as needed
4 The lecturer/ tutor while lecturing
tried to analyze the principles,
contents and the important points of
the subject simply and properly.
5 The lecturer/ tutor while lecturing
kept my attention.
6 The lecturer/ tutor came into the
classroom on time and was
committed to the duration of the
lecture.
7 The lecturer's behavior in the
classroom was calm and respectful.
8 The slides used in the lecture were
clear and attractive.
9 At the end of the lecture, the lecturer
gave the students a chance for
questions and comments. His/ her
answers were complete.
10 The reading sources are new and
compatible with the subject.
Total of the levels
29. Exams
The fifth year students will have one clinical exams and one
written final exam.
The clinical exams is at the end of the course & it includes all
the gynecological cases that have been discussed in an out
patient clinic in maternity hospital ,the student is asked about
history, examination,investigation& how to manage these cases
including medical & surgical management.
For the written exam, it is only one exam at the end of the
year lasts for 3 hours and includes the following types of
questions:
1. An essays questions (there will be long and short essays):
For long essays the student will asked the following:
Discuss, write in details about, how you manage, mention the
causes, presentation and management, ect.
For such type of question the student should write in details
about the subject.
Standards to evaluate the level of
the contents
1 2 3 4 5
Very
bad
Bad Mediu
m
Good Very
good
30. For short essays, the student will asked to enumerate, write
briefly, and Mention the causes, ect.
For such question the student should answer briefly
according to the question.
We advice the students to do the following in order to have
proper answer:
-To read the questions twice.
-Think carefully before answering.
-Plan the answer on a separate paper.
-The answer should contain preface, main contents and conclusion.
2.Multiple choice questions:
For such questions, there will be a statement and below it
four different answers.
For each answer the student should write true or false.
3.Single choice questions:
For such question there will be a statement, and below it
four different answers, the student should select one
answer only which is the right answer.
31. Samples of the expected questions and their answers
Long essay question:
A 32- year- old lady with 8 weeks amenorrhea came to outpatient
clinic with mild vaginal bleeding and she feels no more pregnant and
ultrasound result showed no fetal heart. What is your management plan:
To answer such question, the student should analyze its
component:
1. Woman with 8weeks amenorrhea and she feel no more
pregnant, this means that she is pregnant 8weeks.
2. Clinically she feels disappearance of symptoms of
pregnancy and her ultrasound showed no fetal heart
sound so the pregnancy is not viable, so the diagnosis is
missed abortion.
3.Treatment of such woman will be treatment of missed
abortion at 1st
trimester and the student should write about
treatment in details.
Short essays questions:
1. What are the complications of fibroid on pregnancy?
2. Enumerate the types of urinary incontinence.
To answer such questions is only by mentioning the
complications and enumerating the types.
32. Multiple choice questions
In the presence of a positive pregnancy test and vaginal bleeding, the
following are possible differential diagnoses if the CERVIX is closed:
(T ) a – Ectopic pregnancy.
(F ) b – Incomplete miscarriage.
( T) c – Threatened miscarriage.
( F) d – Inevitable miscarriage.
(T ) e – Complete miscarriage.
– Regarding the pathophysiology of pelvic organ prolapsed:
( F) a – Pelvic organ prolapse is commoner in nulliparous than in
multiparous women.
( F) b – Pelvic organ prolapsed is never seen in nulliparous women.
(T) c –Prolapse is commoner after the menopause partly due to oestrogen
deficiency
( F) d – Epidural in labour is a risk factor for subsequent development of
prolapse.
( T) e – Forceps delivery is a risk factor for the development of prolapse.
The main tissues which provide support to the uterus include:
(T)a- uterosacral ligaments
(F)b-perineal body
(F)c- round ligament
(T) d-cardinal ligaments
(F) e-broad ligaments
33. Single choice questions:
Select the ONE lettered answer or completion that is BEST in each
statement below.
1–The most common symptom of endometrial hyperplasia is:
a –Vaginal discharge.
T (b) –Vaginal bleeding.
c –Amenorrhoea.
d –Pelvic pain.
e –Abdominal distensions.
2 –Hirsutisim is associated with all the following EXCEPT:
a – Polycystic ovary syndrome.
b – Congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
c – Cushing syndrome.
d – Increased androgen utilization by skin.
(T) e – Hyperprolactinemia.
For each description below, choose the SINGLE most
appropriate answer from the above list of options. Each
option may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
34. 1 –Gynaecological investigation:
a –colostomy.
b –laparoscopy.
c –hysteroscopy.
d –hysterosalpingography.
e –ultrasound.
F –more than one of the above.
G – None of the above.
D 1- A procedure that assesses both the uterine cavity and tubal lumen.
B 2- A procedure that visualizes pelvic endometriosis.
C 3- A procedure that visualizes the endometrial cavity.
F 4-A procedure that assesses the tubal patency.
35. External Examiner
From now on every course should have its own external examiner
with identified roles.
The one who can play the role of an external examiner should:
• Have an academic post with the scientific rank of assistant
Professor and higher.
• He/she should be an active, reputable and experienced
academic staff in his field or a related field to the course.
• He/she should have not participated in lecturing or
administering of the course.
The roles of the external examiner are:
• Evaluating the contents and the program of the course.
• Prior to the exam, he/she should contribute to choosing the
questions and looking at the ideal answers.
• Evaluating the process of the examinations: he/she should see
all the marked exam papers, then choose randomly nine
marked papers: three with high marks, three with medium
and three with low marks.
36. • Evaluating the students' feedbacks
• He/she should participate in the final meeting of the first
round examinations committee and give his assessment on
the entire course and the examination process, then to give
his opinion about the final results.
• He/she should participate in the final meeting of the second
round examinations committee and should have a main vote
on those problems that may face them.
• Then the lecturer/ tutor in charge will respond to the external
examiner's questions and will reply officially to all the
questions and clarify the reasons.
37. Student's Feedback on the Course
Date: Course: Year: Lecturer/ tutor:
Evaluation Questions Subject's
Level
1-5
Subjective Remarks
1 The objectives and key messages of the
subject were clear
2 The contents of the subject were useful and
were related to the main objectives of the
course
3 The coordinator teacher had worked hard to
prepare the materials
4 The coordinator teacher had worked hard to
cooperate and prepare the course
5 The lecturers were carefully selected and were
expert in their fields
6 The coordinator teacher gave a good attention
to the students' criticisms and claims
7 Information on the Examination process was
well provided
8 The questions of the exams were related to the
contents of the course.
38. 9 Total of the levels
10 There is a potential to
promote and develop the
course in the following
areas:
Standards to evaluate the level of the
contents
1 2 3 4 5
Very
bad
Bad Medium Good Very
good