This summary outlines Betty Neuman's Systems Model, a nursing theory developed in 1972. The model views the client as an open system that reacts to environmental stressors. There are five categories of stressors that can affect an individual: physiological, psychological, socio-cultural, developmental, and spiritual. The clinical application of the theory involves assessing the stressor and patient's response, identifying nursing diagnoses, planning patient-centered care with interventions, and evaluating the outcome.

4. This theory is other
wise called as
Neuman’s Systems
Model.
Developed by Betty
Neuman in 1972.

5. This Neuman’s
systems model is
based on stress and
the clients reaction to
the stressor.

6. In this model the client is
the individual, group,
family or community.
Neuman considers any
internal and external
factors that affects patient
as stressors.

7. According to Neuman 5 factors
causes stress to an individual
1. Physiological stressors.
2. Psychological stressors.
3. Socio-cultural stressors.
4. Developmental stressors.
5. Spiritual stressors.

8. Physiological - Refers
of the functions of the
body.
E.g. Fever, Pain,
Vomiting, Pregnancy,

9. Psychological - Refers to mental
processes and emotions.
E.g. Loss of employment,
Money problems,
Exams,
Being scolded by your teacher,
Victim of rape or other crime.

10. Socio-cultural - Refers to
relationships and
social/cultural expectations
and activities.
E.g. Marital disagreements,
dysfunctional relationships
Change of culture

11. Spiritual - Refers to the
influence of spiritual
beliefs.
E.g. Change of religion,
Imposing beliefs.

12. Developmental - Refers to
those processes related to
development over the lifespan
E.g. Beginning of school,
Changing physique,
Marriage,
Physical changes of ageing.

13. Clinical application
of Neuman’s theory

14. 1.
•Asses the stressor and patients
response to the stressor,
2. •Identify nursing diagnosis
3. •Plan patient centered care
4. •Implement interventions
5. •Evaluate the patients response
6. •Determine if the stressor is resolved