Florence Nightingale developed an environmental theory of nursing in the 1850s based on her experiences as a nurse in the Crimean War. Her theory emphasized that the environment, including factors like ventilation, warmth, noise, light, and cleanliness, can impact a patient's health and recovery. She believed the nurse's role is to control and alter the environment to support the patient's natural healing abilities. Nightingale identified three types of environment - physical, psychological, and social - that can affect health. Her theory remains influential in nursing today by highlighting the importance of the patient's overall environment.
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process. Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory of NursingRaksha Yadav
This presentation is about Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory of nursing, The environmental model of nursing care and application of Nightingale's theory in Nursing practice.
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
Peplau's theory explains the phases of interpersonal process, roles in nursing situations and methods for studying nursing as an interpersonal process. Nursing is therapeutic in that it is a healing art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care.
Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory of NursingRaksha Yadav
This presentation is about Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory of nursing, The environmental model of nursing care and application of Nightingale's theory in Nursing practice.
gud evening guys
this is descrive you that this ppt is making very simple way and i hope this will help you to understand lightky about nursing theories
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
Theory of self care includes of self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites and therapeutic self-care demand. This theory promotes the goal of self-care
Self-Care: Activities performed independently by an individual to promote and maintain personal well-being throughout life.
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
Virginia henderson's theory of nursingMandeep Gill
Virginia Henderson was born in Kansas City, Missouri in 1897, the fifth of eight children in her family. During the World War 1, Henderson developed an interest in nursing. So in 1918 she entered the Army school of Nursing in Washington D.C. Henderson graduated in 1921 and accepted a position as a staff nurse with the Henry Street Visiting Nurse Service in New York. After 2 years, in 1923, she started teaching nursing at the Norfolk Protestant Hospital in Virginia. She has enjoyed a long career as an author and researcher. She is known as, “The Nightingale of Modern Nursing” & “The 20th century Florence Nightingale."
Theory of self care includes of self-care, self-care agency, self-care requisites and therapeutic self-care demand. This theory promotes the goal of self-care
Self-Care: Activities performed independently by an individual to promote and maintain personal well-being throughout life.
Florence nightingale’s environment theoryShrooti Shah
The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the environment- all the external conditions and forces that influence the life and development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and conditions can prevent, suppress, or contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his own vitality by meeting his basic needs through control of the environment.
Mechanical ventilation uses endotracheal intubation and a ventilator to replace spontaneous respiration and ventilation.
The ventilator provides the function of the respiratory muscles, endotracheal tube establishes a patent and unobstructed airway and the exogenous oxygen source gives a patient a therapeutic concentration of the gas.
Pulmonary edema can be defined as an abnormal accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung parenchyma.
This process leads to diminished gas exchange at the alveolar level, progressing to potentially causing respiratory failure.
Endotracheal (ET) intubation involves the oral or nasal insertion of a flexible tube through the larynx into the trachea for the purposes of controlling the airway & mechanically ventilating the patient and is Performed by doctors, anesthetist, respiratory therapist or nurse practitioner in the procedure . it is emergency procedure.
A drug is a substance used in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of health problems.
A drug is a chemical substance derived from different sources –living or non living , which alter or change the function of cells, by reacting with them.
A route of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body.
Nurses must administer numerous drugs daily in a safe and efficient manner. The nurse should administer drugs in accord with nursing standards of practice and agency policy. The safe storage and maintenance of an adequate supply of drugs are other responsibilities of the nurse.
The nurse documents the actual administration of medications on the medication administration record. The MAR is a medical record form that contains the drug’s name, dose, route, and frequency of administration
A health history is a collection of data that provides a detailed profile of the patient's health status.
Nurses use therapeutic communication skills and interviewing techniques during the health history to establish an effective nurse-patient relationship. Physical examination is an important tool in assessing the client’s health status.
Approximate 15 % of the information used in the assessment comes from the physical examination.
Imbalances of fluids occurs when body’s compensatory mechanisms are unable to maintain a homeostatic state.
hypovolemia (fluid volume deficit)
hypervolemia (fluid volume excess)
Roy conceptualizes the human system in a holistic perspective, as holism stems from the underlying philosophic assumption of the model. Holism is the aspect of unified meaningfulness of human behaviour in which the human system is greater than the sum of individual parts.
This system model provides a comprehensive, flexible, holistic and system based perspective for nursing.
It deals with stress and stress reduction and is primarily concerned with the effects of stress on health.
This model provides a total approach to client problems by providing a multidimensional view of the person as an individual.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer incidence and cancer death for both men and women.
Malignant chest tumor can be primary, arising within the lung, chest wall, or mediastinum, or it can be a metastasis from a primary tum or site elsewhere in the body.In approximately 70 percent of the patient with lung cancer disease has spread to regional lymphatic and other sites by the time of diagnosis
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Ensure that the right medications given to the right patient in the right dose through the right route at the right time for the right reason based on the right (appropriate) assessment data using the right documentation and monitoring for the right responses by the patient with right education, ensuring that patient receive accurate and through information about the mediation and considering the right to refuse, acknowledging that patients can and do refuse to take medication (Elliot&liu,2010; Macdonald, 2010; Kee et al.,2012).
Nurses and midwives are responsible to provide their clients/patients with the high-quality care. They are undoubtedly confronted with various
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Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice.
The term diagnosis is a statement or conclusion regarding the nature of phenomenon.
A nursing diagnosis is a clinical judgment concerning a human response to health conditions/life processes, or a vulnerability for that response, by an individual, family, group or community. A nursing diagnosis provides the basis for selection of nursing interventions to achieve outcomes for which the nurse has accountability.
Assessment is the first step of nursing process.
Assessing is the systematic and continuous collection, organization, validation and documentation of data.
This includes data about person’s physical and psychological status or study of the patient as a whole to identify his strengths and weakness and his needs and problems
Nursing assessment does not focus upon disease as do medical assessment. It is based on a board scientific knowledge, keen observation and purposeful listening.
The nursing process is cyclical; that is, its component follows a logical sequence, but more than one component may be involved at one time. At the end of the first cycle, care may be terminated if goals are achieved, or the cycle may continue with reassessment, or the plan of care may be modified.
Hemodialysis: management of chronic kidney diseaseSapana Shrestha
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peritoneal dialysis, management of chronic renal failureSapana Shrestha
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Policy on management of kidney disease in NepalSapana Shrestha
Government of Nepal provides primary health services free of cost at a district level through basic health care center, and district hospital. Secondary and tertiary level health care is provide at a reasonable cost by provincial and federal level hospitals and specialized tertiary care center.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
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The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
2. Background
Florence Nightingale was born in Florence,
Italy on May 12, 1820.
On 1851- Florence Nightangle went to
Kaiserwerth for training as nurse under the
direction of Pasture Fliedner and his wife
Erika at Kaiserwerth Germany
3. Background cont’d
1854- Florence Nightingale and 38
volunteer nurses were sent to Scutari to
assist with caring of the injured at the
Crimean war.
4. With her lamp, Nightingale traverses
the night during the Crimean war
The hospital barracks use infected
with fleas, rats sewage flow under the
ward.
She was a statistician, using bar and
pie charts, highlighting key points. She
states mortality rate was decreased
from 42.7% to 2.2% by using
environment theory.
5. Background cont’d….
•In 1860 Nightingale published Notes in
Nursing. She explained her environmental
theory in her book Notes on Nursing.
•Often considered as the first nurse
theorist and first nurse researcher.
•Nightingale’s theory remains an integral
part of nursing and healthcare today.
6. She stated in her nursing notes that
nursing “is an act of utilizing the
environment of the patient to assist him in
his recovery.”
Her contribution during Crimean war is
well-known.
International Nurses Day, May 12 is
observed in respect to her contribution to
Nursing.
Died- 13 August 1910, at the age of 90
years
7. The foundation of Nightingale’s theory is the
environment- all the external conditions and
forces that influence the life and
development of an organism.
According to her, external influences and
conditions can prevent, suppress, or
contribute to disease or death.
Her goal was to help the patient retain his
own vitality by meeting his basic needs
through control of the environment.
10. Physical environment: Physical
Environment consists of physical
elements where the patient is being
treated.
It affects all other aspects of the
environment.
It includes health of houses, ventilation
and warming, light, noise, bed and
bedding, cleanliness of rooms and walls,
personal cleanliness, nutrition and taking
of food.
Aspects of the physical environment
11. Psychological environment:
Psychological environment can be
affected by a negative physical
environment which then causes
STRESS.
It requires various activities to keep the
mind active.
It involves communication with the
person, about the person, and about
other people.
communication
Advice
12. Social environment
It consists of a person’s home or
hospital room, as well as the total
community
Mortality data especially generations
of families lived and died in poverty
and prevention of disease by
organizing hospitals and house clean
with appropriate supplies.
13. The environment is viewed as all the
external condition and influence
affecting life and development of an
organism and capable of preventing,
suppressing or contributing to disease
or death.
Although she tend to emphasize the
physical environment more than
psychological or social environment,
this need to be viewed in the context
of her time and her activities as a
nurse leader on a war-torn
environment.
14. The focus of nursing in this model is to
alter the patient's environment in order
to affect change in his or her health.
The environmental factors that affect
health, as identified in the theory, are:
fresh air, pure water, sufficient food
supplies, and efficient drainage,
cleanliness of the patient and
environment, and light (particularly
direct sunlight).
15. If any of these areas is lacking, the patient
may experience diminished health. A
nurse's role in a patient's recovery is to alter
the environment in order o gradually create
the optimal conditions for the patient's body
to heal it self
In some cases, this would mean minimal
noise and in other cases could mean a
specific diet.
All of these areas can be manipulated to
help the patient meet his or her health goals
and get healthy.
16. Florence nightingale:
Environmental Nursing Theory
Five components for healthy
environment
Proper ventilation
Adequate light
Sufficient warmth
Control of effluvia
Control of noise
17. Nightingales environmental
concept
Major area of
concentration
Example
Ventilation Fresh air which is of primary importance can be achieved
through
open windows. Corrupt, musty air breeds disease. An outlet
is needed for impure air.
Dirty carpets and furniture are a source of impurity in the air
Warmth Guarding the vital heat is essential for the patient's recovery.
Chilling is to be avoided.
Hot bottles, bricks and drinks should be used to restore lost
heat.
Effluvia (smells) Sewer air is to be avoided, and care is needed to get rid of
noxious
body odour caused by disease.
Chamber utensils should be odour free and out of site.
Fumigation and disinfectants should not be used but
the offensive substance removed.
18. Nightingales environmental
concept
Major area of
concentration
Example
Noise Intermittent sudden noise causes greater
excitement than continuous noise especially
during the patient's first sleep. The more the
patient sleeps peacefully the greater is his
ability to sleep.
Whispering or discussing a patient's
condition just outside his room is cruel.
Light Second only the need to fresh air is a value
of light. Bed should be placed in such a
position as to allow the patient to see out the
window the sky and the sunlight.
19. Nursing Paradigms
Nursing
Nursing ought to signify the proper
use of fresh air, light, warmth,
clenliness , quiet and proper selection
and administration of diet for gaining
vital power to the patient.
Nursing is different from medicine and
the goal of nursing is to place the
patient in the best possible condition
for nature to act.
20. Cont’d….
The goal is to facilitate the patient
reparative process
Nursing is the "activities that promote
health which occur in any care giving
situation. They can be done by anyone."
21. Person
Nightingale referred human as the
patient. Human being is affected by
the environment.
Human or individual has vital
reparative power to deal with the
disease
22. Health/ disease
Nightingale did not define health specifically
She believed nature alone cures disease
It is maintained by controlling the
environmental factors so as to prevent
disease.
Disease is viewed as a reparative process
instituted by the nature.
23. Environment
Physical environment is stressed by
Nightingale, especially in ventilation,
warmth, noise, light and cleanliness.
"Poor or difficult environments led to poor
health and disease".
"Environment could be altered to improve
conditions so that the natural laws would
allow healing to occur."
24. Application of the theory
Nightingales theory apply in all
situation in which nursing care is
provided.
Nightingales’ nursing principle remain
applicable today.
The environmental aspect of her
theory remain integral component s of
in different domains of nursing
25. In practice
Nightingales’ nursing principle remain
applicable today. The environmental
aspect of her theory remain integral
component s of current nursing care
even in the 21st century.
Modern sanitation and water treatment
have fairly successfully controlled
traditional sources of disease, but
contaminated water has health issues
in communities.
26. In health care facility, increasing use
of sophisticated equipment is the
major source of noise and also the
control of room temperature
individually for the patient is difficult.
27. In education
Principle: instruction in scientific principle and
practical experience for the mastery of skills
With the influence of her training and many of its
principles still can be found in today's nursing
program.
She believed that the measurement of "the art of
nursing could not be accomplished through
licensing examination, but she used testing
methods including case studies (notes), for nursing
probationers at St. Thomas hospital.
It is clear that nightingale understood that good
practice could result only from good education
(training).
28. research
Use of graphical representations like the bar, pie
diagrams.
Notes on nursing.
Nightingale's interest in scientific inquiry and
statistics continue to define the scientific inquiry
used in nursing research.
Although Nightingale's theory cannot generate the
nursing research used to test the modern theories
but her concepts have served as the basis for
current
research, which adds to modern nursing science
and practice.
30. STRENGTH
•Nightingale’s theory has been used to provide
general guidelines for all nurses.
•The relation concepts (nurse, patient and
environment) are applicable in all nursing
settings today.
•It offers the nursing a specific way of looking
at a particular phenomenon
31. The ideas are basically simple to apply and
easy to measure in terms of outcome
The universality and timelessness of her
concepts remain pertinent even today
(hospitals, nursing homes ,schools, the
individual homes) as before.
32. We are increasingly becoming aware of
how environmental pollution affects our
health in negative way. For this reason we
should give validity to this theory.
The assumption that the environment
affects human is consistent with
Nightingale explanation of the purpose
and goal of nursing and meaning of
health.
33. LIMITATIONS
Nightingale’s theory are presented as
truths rather than tentative, testable
statements.
She advised nurses that their practice
should be based on their observation and
experiences rather than systematic,
empirical research.
34. She only focused on physical environment
but other variables of human environment
are ignored e.g. genetic makeup
,psychosocial environment.
She rejected the germ theory and only
relying on personal observation and
experience.
The concept of “Nature alone cures” may
be changed nowadays
35. Deeply religious, she viewed nursing as
a means of doing the will of God (Nursing
is a divine calling).
Four major concepts are not
explicit(clear) in Nightingales theory.
38. Application of Nightingale’s
Theory in The Nursing Process
Miss. XYZ, age 48 years, has admitted in female
medical ward of ABC hospital for a diagnosis of
fever. She had complaints of fever with headache,
malaise and anorexia. She was in hospital for 5
days. Her laboratory report shows plenty of WBCs
in urine RE and waiting for blood and urine culture
report, chest x-ray shown normal.
39. Assessment
1. Physical Environment:
o Presence of enough window & proper ventilation, but the
environment is cool. (ventilation)
o Having proper light but no direct sun light to the bed. (light)
o Well facility for hot water but without purification. (health of
houses)
o Ward toilet drainage system is good but presence of food
particles and dust in the pan & around the pan. (health of
houses)
40. Assessment Cont’d………
o Room environment is clean and ward is
swiped frequently. (cleanliness of rooms and
walls)
o Patient bed is near nursing station. (noise)
o Having only one pieces of biscuits with milk,
one full cup of dal and 1 glass of plain water
during 6 hours period. (nutrition)
o Bed is clean & tidy but presence of food
particles and cover of medicines, pieces of
papers and dust inside the locker. (bed and
bedding)
41. Contd…..
2. Psychological
Environment
o Patient has never been admitted in
hospital before
o Feeling uncomfortable and unable to
sleep well.
o She is very active woman and feels
her time is wasted since the
admission.
42. Contd…….
3. Social Environment
o Patient told that her home environment is
clean.
o No history of illness like her in the family or
neighborhood.
43. Nursing Diagnosis
o Altered body temperature (101 ˚F) related to
infection.
o Altered nutrition less than body requirement
related to inadequate intake of food.
o Sleep disturbance related to strange noisy
environment.
o Risk for infection related to unsafe drinking water,
dust from locker, dirt from sink and outside of the
room(poor environmental sanitation).
44. Goal
o Temperature will be reduced to 99 ˚F within 20
minutes.
o The client’s nutrition will be maintained during
hospitalization.
o The client will have sound sleep at night for more
than 6 hours.
o The client will be free from infection during hospital
stay.
45. Intervention
1. Reduce body temperature:
Maintain cross ventilation by opening
doors and windows.
Remove the extra clothes and blankets.
Provide cold sponge.
Provide plenty of fluids to drink.
46. Intervention cont’d..
2. Maintain nutrition:
o Encourage patient for oral care.
o Provide adequate diet by encouraging small frequent
and nutritious feeding.
3. Maintain sound sleep:
o Keep the patient in calm and comfortable position.
o Avoid unnecessary stimulation and noise.
o Keep the patient away from nursing station.
47. Intervention Cont’d……
4. Infection prevention:
o Dispose waste properly.
o Provide purified & boiling water for drinking
according to patient demand.
o Clean the locker routinely and keep all medicines in
small paper box or medicine bag.
o Inform visitor for proper waste disposal.
o Keep the surrounding clean.
o Provide sufficient support and advice related to
disease process, diet therapy.
48. Evaluation
Evaluation can be done through
Vital sign of patient will be maintained
within normal limits, weight
maintained, patient feels comfort as
verbalized by sound sleep during days
of hospitalization, no sign of infection
exhibited after nursing intervention.
49. REFERENCES
Adhikary, R. D. (2010). Nursing Theories and
Models. (2nd ed). Kathmandu: Makalu
Publication House
George, J. B. (2011).Nursing Theories: The
Base for Professional Nursing Practice. (6th
ed.). India: Pearson Education
Tomey, A. M. & Alligood, M. R. (1998). Nursing
Theorists and Their Work. (4th ed.). Missouri:
Mosby
Rai, L. (2011). Nursing Concept Theories and
Principles. (2nd ed.). Udaypur: Nabin Kumar