This ppt file provides information for network elements and its different elements. it helps a lot to those who are beginner in this field

1. SUPERVISED BY:
SIR IMRAN SHABBAR
PREPARED BY:
NAQASH ZAHEER
Internship Presentation

2. OSS
Operational Support System
Resource side
Group of computer programs used by
communications service providers for monitoring,
controlling, analyzing and managing telephone
network system
Supporting processes such as maintaining network
inventory, provisioning services, configuring
network components, and managing faults
The four key OSS elements are processes, data,
applications, technologies.

3. BSS
Business Support System
Customer side
Dealing with customers, supporting processes such
as taking orders, processing bills, and collecting
payments
Collective term for the telecoms software solutions
used to support customers
The term encompasses software that supports billing
& charging; customer management; product design
& management; sales & marketing; order & order
activation

4. ESS
Enterprise Support System
They deal with a range of issues that form the core of
enterprise support systems, such as availability of
finance, socio-cultural environment, personality
dimensions, education systems, enterprise clusters
and technology transfer
They are software applications
They allow for collaboration and communication
across the organization through collection of data

5. Resources in Network
There are two types of resources:
Logical Resources: Logical Resource represents
all the characteristics of a device that you can’t
physically touch as well as any actions on these
logical characteristics.
Physical Resources: Physical Resource is
anything you can touch which includes the cards, the
slots and the ports.

6. AAA
Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
Refers to security architecture for distributed
systems for controlling which users are allowed
access to which services, and tracking which
resources they have used
AAA server is a server program that handles user
requests for access to computer resources
Two network protocols providing this functionality
are particularly popular: the RADIUS protocol and
its newer Diameter counterpart

7. Authentication(AAA)
who the user is
Authentication refers to the process where an
entity's identity is authenticated
By providing evidence that it holds a specific digital
identity
Examples of types of credentials are passwords, one-
time tokens, digital certificates, digital signatures
and phone numbers

8. Authorization(AAA)
what the user can do
The authorization function determines whether a
particular entity is authorized to perform a given
activity
For example, granting read access to a specific file
for a specific authenticated user.

9. Accounting(AAA)
what the user did
Accounting refers to the tracking of network
resource consumption by users for the purpose of
capacity and trend analysis, cost allocation, billing
It may record events such as authentication and
authorization failures
It tracks traffic that passes through the security
appliance

10. RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service
client/server protocol
Enables remote access servers to communicate with
a central server to authenticate dial-in users and
authorize their access to the requested system or
service.
RADIUS is a client/server protocol that runs in the
application layer, using UDP as transport

11. RADIUS(Diagram)

12. Diameter
Diameter is an authentication, authorization, and
accounting protocol for computer networks
Replaces the much less capable RADIUS
Provides an upgrade path for RADIUS
Diameter is reliable transport protocols (TCP or
SCTP, not UDP)

13. TACACS+
Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System
Plus
An access control network protocol for routers,
network access servers and other networked
computing devices

14. TACACS+
Terminal Access Controller Access-Control System
Plus
An access control network protocol for routers,
network access servers and other networked
computing devices

15. MDF
Main Distribution Frame
A Main Distribution Frame (MDF) is the interface between
the subscriber cables coming from the local network (line
side) and the switching equipment in the exchange (system
side)
In telephony, a main distribution frame (MDF or main frame)
is a signal distribution frame for connecting equipment
(inside plant) to cables and subscriber carrier equipment
(outside plant).
All cable copper pairs supplying services through user
telephone lines are terminated at the MDF and distributed
through the MDF to equipment within the local exchange e.g.
repeaters and DSLAM

16. MDF(Picture)

17. Horizontal Blocks(MDF)
The horizontal blocks terminate the cables between
the switch and the MDF
Each connection corresponds to a telephone number
on the switch
The switch engineer shall determine the number of
horizontal blocks on the frame.
All horizontal blocks shall be stenciled to show the
termination IDs.

18. Vertical Blocks(MDF(
The vertical connectors are mounted on the vertical
side of the MDF
Each connector protects 100 or 200 pairs of the OSP
cables
The connector is equipped with tip cables.
The tip cables are routed from the MDF through the
floor to the cable vault or over the MDF to the wall,
where they are spliced to the OSP cable
The connectors for the tip cables shall be provided as
either stub-up or stub-down

19. OCS
Online charging system
System allowing a communications service provider
to charge their customers, in real time, based on
service usage

20. OSP
Outside Plant
Refers to all of the physical cabling and supporting
infrastructure (such as conduit, cabinets, tower or
poles)
located between a demarcation point in a switching
facility and a demarcation point in another switching
center or customer premises
acts as the communications equipment located
between a main distributions frames (MDF) and a
user end instrument

21. ONU
Optical Network Unit
An Optical Network Unit (ONU) converts optical signals
transmitted via fiber to electrical signals
To provide telecommunications services over an optical
fiber network
These electrical signals are then sent to individual
subscribers
ONU provides the subscribers with broadband Internet
access
An ONU is used in combination with an optical line
terminal (OLT).An optical network unit (ONU) but is
located near the customer.

22. OLT
Optical Line Terminal
Located in a central office and controls the
bidirectional flow of information across the network
Device which serves as the service provider endpoint
of a passive optical network
There are 32 ONU’s in one OLT.
OLT carries out 10-40 mbps.

23. ONU and OLU

24. PON
Passive Optical Network
System that brings optical fiber cabling and signals
all or most of the way to the end user
A PON reduces the amount of fiber and central office
equipment required compared with point-to-point
architectures.
A passive optical network is a form of fiber-optic
access network.
It carries out 2.5 Gbps.
It consist of OLT’s

25. SONET
Synchronous Optical Networking
SONET used in the United States
Protocol that is used to transmit a large volume of
data over relatively long distances using a fiber optic
medium
Multiple digital data streams are transferred at the
same time over optical fiber using LEDs and laser
beams

26. SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Standard technology for synchronous data
transmission on optical media
Provides faster and less expensive network
interconnection than traditional PDH
(Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)
Synchronous means the bits from one call are
carried within one transmission frame

27. ISDN
Integrated Services for Digital Network
Set of communication standards for simultaneous
digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other
network services over the traditional circuits of the
public switched telephone network
ISDN supports data transfer rates of 64 Kbps
(64,000 bits per second).
There are two types of ISDN:
1.BRI 2. PRI

28. BRI
Basic Rate Interface
Consists of two 64-Kbps B-channels and one D-
channel for transmitting control information
Two channels are used for actual voice or data traffic
with each one operating at a rate of 64 KBPS
There is a third channel that is used for call
supervision (connecting, disconnecting, etc.). This
channel operates at a rate of 16 KBPS

29. PRI
Primary Rate Interface
standardized telecommunications service level
within the ISDN specification for carrying multiple
voice and data transmissions between a network and
a user
PRI is the standard for providing telecommunication
services to offices
The Primary Rate Interface consists of 23 B-channels
and one 64 Kbps D-channel using a T-1 line or 30 B-
channels and 1 D-channel using an E1 line

30. T1
Most commonly used digital transmission service in
the United States, Canada, and Japan
It has a data rate of about 1.544 megabits / second
It contains twenty four digital channels
The scalability of the T1 is up to 200 and above users
Broadband telecommunication connection used this
especially to connect ISP’s to internets infrastructure
Full duplex exchange of data over traditional wire

31. E1
E1 is similar to the T1
E1 is the European term for the transmission
The data rate of E1 is about 2 mega bits per second
It has 32 channels at the speed of 64 Kbps
2 channels among the 32 are already reserved
One channel is used for signaling while the other
channel is used for controlling

32. DSLAM
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer
Network device
Often located in telephone exchanges
Connects multiple customer digital subscriber line
(DSL) interfaces to a high-speed digital
communications channel using multiplexing
techniques

33. SMPP
Short Message Peer to Peer
Used in Mobile phones
Sending and receiving medium of SMS messages
SMPP is a standard protocol designed to provide
flexible data communication interface for the
transfer of short messages between external short
messaging and message centre's
Used as a third party

34. SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Internet standard for the electronic mail
transmission

35. FTP
File Transfer Protocol
Network protocol for transfer files from one host to
another host over TCP based network

36. FTAM
File Transfer Access Method(Management)
An ISO standard that specifies methods of
transferring files between networked computers
Similar to FTP and NFS

37. Network Elements
Logical entities uniting one or more physical devices
An equipment used in provisioning of a
telecommunication services
Telephone, routers computer clusters

38. MML
Man Machine Language
Specific language
Define to standardize the interfaces for managing a
telecommunications from a console

39. SOAP
Simple Object Access Protocol
XML based protocol for accessing web services
Protocol specification for exchanging structure
information in the implementation of web services in
computer networks

40. NGN
Next Generation Network
Packet based network
One network transport all information and services
by encapsulating these in to packets
Also known as “all-IP”
It is active network (electricity required)

41. GPON
Gigabit Passive Optical Network
High bandwidth
Point to multipoint access
From one single fiber from provider central office to
serve multiple homes and small business
2.5 Gbps downstream
1.2 Gbps upstream

42. DOCSIS
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
International telecom standard that permits the
addition of high speed data transfer to an existing
cable system
Cable modem standard
Downstream traffic transfer rate is between 27-
36Mbps

43. Synchronous
Transmission
Asynchronous
Transmission
Consistent and
continuous transfer of
data blocks
Faster
No start no stop bit
Communication over
telephone lines
Not consistent
Slower
Bit 1 for start and 0 for
stop
SONET and Ethernet
Synchronous Vs Asynchronous

44. SMSC
Short Message Service Center
Network element in mobile phone networks
Purpose is to store, forward, convert and deliver
SMS messages
Network element platform

45. SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Standard for electronic mail transmission
E-mail transmission

46. MMSC
Multimedia Messaging Services
Standard way to send messages that include
multimedia content to and from mobile phones
Only up to 160 characters in length
Camera equipped handset

47. MPLS
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Mechanism in high performance telecommunication
networks that directs data from one network node to
next based on short path labels
Speeding up network traffic flow
Combination of routing and switching techniques
Protocol independence transport
Encapsulate packets of various network protocols

48. CPE
Customer Premises Equipment
CPE device is telecommunications hardware located
at the home or business of a customer
Generally refers to devices such as telephones,
routers, and switches

49. SS7
Signaling System No.7
Set of telephony signally protocol
Used to set up most of the worlds PSTN telephone
calls
Set up and tear down the telephone calls
56-64 Kbps channel dedicated
Form of circuit switching
Binds all telecom network together

50. NMS
Network Management System
Remote monitoring and control of the network
If one part affect the rest of network also affect
NMS consist of:
1. Configuration management
2.Fault management
3.Performance management
4.Security management
5.Accounting management

51. SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol
Protocol for exchanging information between
management solution and a number of agents
Formatting and storing management information

52. Cable Modem
Type of network bridge and modern that provides bi-
directional data communication via radio frequency
channels on an optical fiber and coaxial cable
Modem used for connecting to the internet and is
much faster than dial-up modem
Doesn't connect phone line

53. SSL
Secure Socket Layer
Cryptographic protocols or online security protocols
Provide data encryption and authentication between
applications and servers
Provide communication over the internet
By Port method is commonly referred to as “SSL”
SSL 3.1 is most common

54. TSL
Transport Layer Security
TSL is new name of SSL
TSL 1.0 is SSL 3.1
By Protocol method is commonly referred as “TLS”
Also cryptographic protocol

55. HLR
Home Location Register
Database from a mobile network in which
information from all mobile subscriber is stored
It stores subscriber identity, telephone number,
location of subscriber, subscriber status, subscriber
services
It stores permanent data

56. VLR
Visitor Location Register
Current subset of HLR
Current location is stored in VLR when call
Entity is removed when subscriber leaves that cell
It stores mobile status, temporary mobile subscriber
identity

57. Business Case
Capturing the reasoning for initiating a project or
task
Well structured written document
Help decision makers to ensure that:
1. Proposed initiative will have value
2.Performance indicators

58. SDP
Service Delivery Platform
Set of components that provide a services delivery
architecture for a type of services
Roles are manage and sell services
Provide middle ground for exchange of services
between users and service providers
Do not create and deliver services but provides
structure for service delivery

59. RAS
Remote Access Server
Access to a computer from remote distance
Type of services that allow users to gain access to
files and print services on the LAN from a remote
Location

60. MTOSI
Multi-Technology Operations System Interface
XML based operation system
Standard for implementing interfaces between OSS
Covers all communication technologies
Purpose is to ease system integration

61. OSS/J
OSS through JAVA
TM forum technical program whose primary goal is
to develop open interface standards for the
integration of BSS and OSS
OSS/J API’s are multi technology based and include
java, XML, and web services integration profiles