The document discusses various topics related to technology and the internet: 1. It defines communications, telecommunications, and data communication. Telecommunications is the electronic transmission of signals for communication. 2. It describes different types of communication channels like simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex channels. It also discusses client-server models and how the internet works using protocols like TCP/IP. 3. It explains different types of internet connections like dial-up, broadband, satellite, and mobile access. It also covers internet service providers and factors to consider when choosing a provider.

1. Technology In Action Chapter 3 Using the Internet: Making the Most of the Web’s Resources

2. Communications

3. Communications Communication is the transmission of a signal from a sender to a receiver by way of a medium. The signal contains a message composed of data and information. For communication to be effective, both sender and receiver must understand the signals and agree on the way they are to be interpreted.

4. An Overview of Telecommunications Telecommunications: the electronic transmission of signals for communications Telecommunications medium: anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device

5. Telecommunications

6. Telecommunications It starts with a sending unit (1), such as a person, a computer system, a terminal, or another device, that originates the message. The sending unit transmits a signal (2) to a telecommunications device (3). The telecommunications device performs a number of functions, which can include converting the signal into a different form or from one type to another. The telecommunications device then sends the signal through a medium(4).

7. Telecommunications A telecommunications medium is anything that carries an electronic signal and interfaces between a sending device and a receiving device. The signal is received by another telecommunications device (5) that is connected to the receiving computer (6). The process can then be reversed and another message can go back from the receiving unit (6) to the original sending unit (1).

8. Telecommunications Data Communication – A specialized subset of telecommunications that refers to the electronic collection, processing, and distribution of data – typically between computer system hardware devices.

9. Functions of a modem

10. Channel Bandwidth Telecommunications professionals consider the capacity of the communications path or channel when they recommend transmission media for a business Channel bandwidth: the rate at which data is exchanged over a communication channel Usually measured in bits per second (bps) Narrowband channels provide rates up to 64K BPS (twisted pair) Broadband begins with 1.5 MBS

11. Basic Communications Channel Characteristics Simplex channel A communication channel that can transmit data in only one direction Half-duplex channel A communication channel that can transmit data in either direction, but not simultaneously. Full-duplex channel A communication channel that permits data transmission in both directions at the same time.

12. Simplex, half-duplex and full duplex transmission

13. Parallel Transmission

14. Serial Transmission

15. The Internet: The Basics Origin of the Internet The Internet vs. the Web Clients and servers Connecting to the Internet

16. Client and Server Client computer: Users connect to the Internet Request data and Web pages Server computers: Store Web pages and data Return the requested data to the client Server Client

17. Client/Server Systems (continued)

18. Client-Based Architectures

19. Two Tier Client-Server Architecture

20. Three Tier Client-Server Architecture

21. Components of a simple network

22. Client/server computing on the Internet N-tier Architecture

23. Packed-switched networks & packet communication

24. TCP/IP and OSI Model

25. Message transmission using layers

26. Connecting to the Internet Dial-up connection: Uses standard telephone line Least costly connection Requires a modem Converts analog and digital signals Slowest connection speed (56Kbps)

27. Broadband Connections Digital Subscriber Lines Faster than dial-up Upload (300Kbps – 1.5Mbps) Download (1Mbps – 1.5Mbps) Requires special DSL modem DSL modem

28. Broadband Connections Cable: Uses TV coaxial cable Fast connection speed (500Kbps – 4Mbps) Speed depends on number of users Not available in all areas Requires a cable modem Coaxial cable

29. Microwave Transmission

30. Satellite Connections Uses a satellite dish and coaxial cable Download speed 500 kbps Upload speed 100 kbps Signal is affected by location and weather

31. Satellite Transmission

32. Network Types: Local Area Network

33. Network Types: Wide Area Network

34. Types of Networks Type Area Local Area Network (LAN) Up to 500 meters (half a mile); an office or floor of a building Campus Area Network (CAN) Up to 1,000 meters (a mile); a college campus or corporate facility Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) A city or metropolitan area Wide Area Network (WAN) Transcontinental or global area

35. Network Topology

36. Network Topology

37. Network Topology

38. Ring Based Design

39. Star Based Design

40. Full and Partial Mesh Design

41. Virtual Private Network Internet VPN Tunnel VPN Tunnel VPN Device Backbone Backbone Office Office VPN Device VPN Device Telephone Line ISP Employee’s Home Access Server

42. Communications Media

43. Communications Media (continued)

44. Twisted-Pair Wire Cable

45. Coaxial Cable

46. Fiber Optic

47. Types of Optical Fiber

48. Communications Software and Protocols Communications protocol: a set of rules that govern the exchange of information over a communications channel Protocols govern several levels of a telecommunications network, such as: Hardware device level Application program level

49. How the Internet Works Routing Messages over the Internet

50. How the Internet Works (continued) Several Ways to Access the Internet

51. Comparing Internet Connection Options Connection Option Maximum Upload Data Transfer Rate (approximate) Maximum Download Data Transfer Rate (approximate) Dial-Up 56 Kbps 56 Kbps DSL (ADSL) 300 Kbps 1 Mbps DSL (SDSL) 1.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps Cable 500 Kbps 4 Mbps Satellite 100 Kbps 500 Kbps

52. Choosing an ISP Factors to consider: Customer service Local access numbers E-mail options Cost Trial period

53. Internet Service Providers ISP: Internet service provider Provide user access to the Internet National, regional, or local companies OSP: Online service provider Provide online proprietary content as well as Internet access AOL, CompuServe, MSN

54. The Origin of the Internet ARPANET: Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Funded by the U.S. government in the 1960s Allowed computers at leading universities and research organizations to communicate with each other over great distances

55. IT INFRASTRUCTURE Electronic accounting machine era: (1930–1950) General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: (1959 to present) Personal computer era: (1981 to present) Client/server era: (1983 to present) Enterprise internet computing era: (1992 to present) Evolution of IT Infrastructure: 1950–2005

56. Evolution of IT Infrastructure: 1950–2005 Figure 6-3

57. The Web The Web is a part of the Internet distinguished by: common communication protocols TCP/IP and HTML special links (called hyperlinks ) Web invented in 1989 by Tim Berners-Lee 1993, National Center for Supercomputing Applications releases the Mosaic browser Developers of Mosaic release Netscape (1994) Netscape is beginning of Web’s major growth

58. The Internet vs. The Web Internet – part of the system that is primarily hardware infrastructure (telecommunications, routers, servers, disk drives, etcetera) Web – part of the system that contains intellectual property in many multimedia formats (test files, graphic files, sound files, video files, etc.) INTERNET WWW

59. Web Sites Web site: Collection of related Web pages First page known as Home or Index page Web page: HTML document Text and graphics Unique address Hyperlinks Home page Related pages

60. The World Wide Web (continued) Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): the standard page description language for Web pages HTML tags: codes that let the Web browser know how to format text - as a heading, as a list, or as body text - and whether images, sound, and other elements should be inserted

61. URL URL: Uniform Resource Locator Unique Web page address URL http:// Protocol identifies the means of access www.nytimes.com/ Domain name contains the host and top-level domain Pages/cartoons/ Path identifies the subdirectories within the Web site

62. Hyperlinks Provide access to other Web pages Specially coded text or graphics Cursor becomes a hand with finger pointing upward

63. Internet Communications Instant Messaging Voice over Internet (VoIP) Weblogs Podcasts Webcasts and Wikis Chat Rooms Newsgroups E-mail

64. Instant Messaging Real-time text-based conversations Set up a list of contacts Buddy list Contacts must be online IM software detects presence Example: AOL Instant Messenger

65. Voice over Internet Protocol VoIP - The Internet as a means to place phone calls Uses technology similar to e-mail to send voice data digitally Requires a microphone an Internet connection A VoIP provider Services differ Free services require an account on both ends Paid services connect phone to computer Cable and DSL providers offer phone through broadband WiFi IP phones call through Internet hotspots and wireless networks

66. How IP Telephony Works Figure 8-13

67. Cisco Family of IP Phones

68. Weblogs (blogs) Known as blogs Available to the public Simple to create, read, and manage Entries listed on a single page Most recent entry at the top Searchable Some are personal Many are focused on a topic

69. Podcasts Video blog (vlog) – entries are video clips Podcasts – compressed audio/video files distributed on the Internet RSS (Really Simple Syndication) technology allows constant updates for subscribers Podcasts are all over the Web Requires “aggregator” software to gather podcasts Requires media player software to play them Simple to create and attach RSS files

70. Webcasts and Wikis Webcasts broadcast audio/visual files but are not updated use streaming media A wiki is a Web site that allows anyone to change its content Wikis provide an excellent source for collaborative writing Unlike blogs, wikis can be edited for a “common” opinion

71. E-mail Electronic mail Primary means of communication E-mail accounts Client-based Web-based Spam Prevention

72. Chat Rooms Real-time text-based conversations Rooms focus on specific topics or interests Identity protection Username

73. Newsgroups Online discussion forums Post and reply to messages

74. Social Networking Social networking sites like MySpace.com Members share common interests Members communicate by voice, chat, instant message, video, and blogs Members create personalized profiles Growth has been explosive Risks must be recognized and reduced

75. Web Entertainment Multimedia: Involves forms of media and text Graphics Audio Video Streaming audio and video Plug-in

76. Online Annoyances Spam – electronic junk mail Pop-ups – intrusive advertising Cookies – tracking user’s browsing habits Spyware – programs that collect data from a user’s computer Malware - software that has a malicious intent Phishing and Hoaxes – Ruses to fool and maybe steal from users

77. Spam Junk e-Mail Spam filters Antispam practices

78. Pop-ups Usually advertising Pop-up automatically Pop-up blockers

79. Cookies Text files stored on client computers when visiting Web sites Used on return visits to Web sites Unique ID number Personal information remembered Privacy risk Selling information

80. Spyware Added as a program piggybacked with a requested program Gathers information, usually about surfing habits Antivirus software doesn’t detect it Spyware removal programs are required

81. Malware Software that has a malicious intent Spyware is a form of malware Other forms are viruses, worms, and Trojan horses Designed to render a computer useless or penetrate it completely

82. Phishing and Hoaxes Phishing is a phony communication Attempts to scam someone into sending vital information Hoaxes are attempts to scam people into sending money, or join a chain letter

83. Navigating the Web: Web Browsers Computer software Graphical Enables Web navigation Popular browsers: Internet Explorer Netscape Navigator Camino (Mac OSX)

84. Browser Toolbars

85. Getting Around the Web Web sites URLs Hyperlinks Favorites and Bookmarks

86. Current Top-Level Domains . aero Members of the air transport industry .biz Businesses .com Can be used by anyone .coop Cooperative associations .edu Degree granting institutions .gov United States government .info Information service providers .mil United States military . museum Museums . name Individuals .net Networking organizations .org Organizations (often nonprofits) .pro Credentialed professionals

87. Favorites and Bookmarks List created of favorite Web pages Easy method of returning to Web pages Internet Explorer uses Favorites Netscape uses Bookmarks Live Bookmarks use RSS

88. Tabbed Browsing Found on Firefox and Safari browsers Available on the latest version of Internet Explorer Multiple pages in same browser window

89. Search Engines User keys word or phrase in search box “ Spider” or “Web Crawler” program scans Web pages Results are indexed and sent to the client

90. What do YOU use the web for? ???

91. Information technology infrastructure: The Internet provides a universal and easy-to-use set of technologies and technology standards that can be adopted by all organizations. Direct communication between trading partners: Disintermediation removes intermediate layers and streamlines processes. ELECTRONIC BUSINESS, ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, AND THE EMERGING DIGITAL FIRM

92. Open System Interconnect Model

93. ELECTRONIC BUSINESS, ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, AND THE EMERGING DIGITAL FIRM Round the clock service: Web sites available to consumers 24 hours Extended distribution channels: Outlets created for attracting customers who otherwise would not patronize a firm Reduced transaction costs: Costs of searching for buyers declines

94. How the Internet Reduces Transaction Costs

95. Information asymmetry: One party in a transaction has more information than the other. The Internet decreases information asymmetry. Increases richness: The Internet increases the depth, detail, and scope of information. Increases reach: The Internet increases the number of people who can be contacted efficiently. ELECTRONIC BUSINESS, ELECTRONIC COMMERCE, AND THE EMERGING DIGITAL FIRM

96. The Changing Economics of Information Figure 4-1

97. Conducting Business Over the Internet E-Commerce: Electronic commerce Business-to-consumer (B2C) Business-to-business (B2B) Consumer-to-consumer (C2C) Secure transactions B2B E-commerce Manufacturer Suppliers Retailer

98. Business-To-Consumer Advantages of E-commerce: Customer-centered retailing: Closer and more personalized relationship with customers is possible Web sites: Provide a corporate-centered portal for the consumer to quickly find information on products, services, prices, orders

99. Disintermediation: The elimination of organizations or business process layers responsible for certain intermediary steps in a value chain, reducing costs to the consumer Reintermediation: The shifting of the intermediary role in a value chain to a new source, adding additional value to the consumer Business-To-Consumer

100. The Benefits of Disintermediation to the Consumer

101. Clickstream tracking tools: Collect data on customer activities at Web sites and store them in a log Interactive Marketing and Personalization

102. Web Site Visitor Tracking

103. Create unique personalized Web pages for each customer Increased closeness to customer increases value to the customer, while reducing costs of interacting with the customer Web Personalization

104. Web Site Personalization

105. Compares information gathered about a specific user’s behavior at a Web site to data about other customers with similar interests to predict what the user would like to see next. The software then makes recommendations to users based on their assumed interests . Collaborative filtering:

106. The use of Web sites to provide customers with access to information and answers to questions Replacing human call center operators and clerks UPS.com: Customer tracking of packages Orbitz.com: Customer self-help for organizing and managing a trip Dell.com: “My Order Status” facility Customer self-service:

107. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): Enables the computer-to-computer exchange between two organizations of standard transactions. Currently 80% of B2B e-commerce uses this system. EDI is being replaced by more powerful Web-based alternatives. Business-to-Business Electronic Commerce

108. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) Figure 4-5

109. The largest Web-based form of B2B commerce Private B2B extranets that focus on continuous business process coordination between a small group of companies for collaboration and supply chain management. Wal-Mart uses its own private network to coordinate more than 15,000 suppliers to its stores. A Private Industrial Network

110. A Private Industrial Network

111. Distributors: B2B online catalogs provide buyers with access to thousands of parts and other goods (Grainger.com) Procurement platforms: Platforms for purchasing goods and materials and also sourcing, negotiating with suppliers, paying for goods, and making delivery arrangements (Ariba.com) Four different types of Net Marketplaces: Net Marketplaces

112. Independent exchanges: Third-party Net marketplace that is primarily transaction-oriented and that connects many buyers and suppliers for spot purchasing (Freemarkets.com, GEPolymerland.com) Industry consortia: Industry-owned Net marketplaces used primarily for long-term sourcing of direct inputs to production (ChemConnect.com) Net Marketplaces Four different types of Net Marketplaces: (Continued)

113. A Net Marketplace

114. Consumer-To-Consumer I want that Dino!

115. Electronic Commerce Payment Systems

116. Electronic Commerce

117. Now that I know hardware, software and network, I want to build something! Personal Video Recorder – record TV shows and watch it at anytime, skip commercials Slingbox http://www.slingmedia.com/ Build your own PVR A used computer, a wireless network card, TV tuner/capture card, home wireless network, ubuntu operating system, MythTV video recording software ( http://www.byopvr.com/Sections+index-req-viewarticle-artid-10-page-1.html ) How does it look? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jH_E3NmX8U