The document provides an overview of cryptography and network security concepts. It describes the key objectives of studying this topic as understanding security requirements like confidentiality, integrity, and availability. It also discusses types of security threats and attacks. The document summarizes the main cryptographic algorithms and security architecture. It defines security services like authentication, access control, data confidentiality, and data integrity. It also discusses security mechanisms, threats, and attacks in network security.

1. cryptography and network security
Chapter : 1
Prepared by: Osama Elfar
Supervisored by: Dr-Noha Ezzat
Portsaid university
Faculty of science
Math, I.T & computer science dpet

2. Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
-Describe the key security requirements of confidentiality, integrity, and availability.
-Discuss the types of security threats and attacks that must be dealt with and give
examples of the types of threats and attacks that apply to different
categories of computer and network assets.
-Summarize the functional requirements for computer security.
-Describe the X.800 security architecture for OSI.

3. Cryptographic algorithms and protocols can be grouped into four main areas:
• Symmetric encryption: Used to conceal the contents of blocks or streams of
data of any size, including messages, files, encryption keys, and passwords.
• Asymmetric encryption: Used to conceal small blocks of data, such as encryp-
tion keys and hash function values, which are used in digital signatures.
• Data integrity algorithms: Used to protect blocks of data, such as messages,
from alteration.
• Authentication protocols: These are schemes based on the use of crypto-
graphic algorithms designed to authenticate the identity of entities.
Computer security concepts

4. Computer security concepts

5. • Confidentiality: This term covers two related concepts:
Data confidentiality: Assures that private or confidential information is
not made available or disclosed to unauthorized individuals.
Privacy: Assures that individuals control or influence what information
related to them may be collected and stored and by whom and to whom
that information may be disclosed.
• Integrity: This term covers two related concepts:
Data integrity: Assures that information and programs are changed only in
a specified and authorized manner.
System integrity: Assures that a system performs its intended function in
an unimpaired manner, free from deliberate or inadvertent unauthorized
manipulation of the system.
• Availability: Assures that systems work promptly and service is not denied to
authorized users.
CIA triad
Computer security concepts

6. Computer security concepts
But we have to add :
• Authenticity: The property of being genuine and being able to be verified and
trusted; confidence in the validity of a transmission, a message, or message
originator. This means verifying that users are who they say they are and that
each input arriving at the system came from a trusted source.
• Accountability: The security goal that generates the requirement for actions
of an entity to be traced uniquely to that entity. This supports nonrepudia-
tion, deterrence, fault isolation, intrusion detection and prevention, and after-
action recovery and legal action. Because truly secure systems are not yet an
achievable goal, we must be able to trace a security breach to a responsible
party. Systems must keep records of their activities to permit later forensic
analysis to trace security breaches or to aid in transaction disputes.

7. Levers of attack impact on organizations
Computer security concepts

8. The Challenges of Computer Security:
First. Is it really a challenge ??
LulzSec Sony, News International, CIA, FBI, Scotland Yard, and several
noteworthy accounts
Adrian Lamo Yahoo!, Microsoft, Google, and The New York Times,many US
government sectors
Mathew Bevan
and Richard
Pryce
US military computers and used it as a means to infiltrate the foreign
systems
Kevin Mitnick Nokia, Motorola and Pentagon
Albert Gonzalez 170 million credit cards and ATM numbers.
Computer security concepts

9. The Challenges of Computer Security:
1- Security is not as simple as it might first appear to the novice. But the mechanisms used to meet those
requirements can be quite complex, and understanding them may involve rather subtle reasoning.
2- In many cases, successful attacks are designed by looking at the problem in a completely different way,
therefore exploiting an unexpected weakness in the mechanism.
3-Because of point 2, the procedures used to provide particular services are often counterintuitive
4-Having designed various security mechanisms, it is necessary to decide where to use them.
5-Security mechanisms typically involve more than a particular algorithm or protocol. They also require that
participants be in possession of some secret information (e.g., an encryption key), which raises questions
about the creation, distribution, and protection of that secret information.
6-the attacker has is that he or she need only find a single weakness, while the designer must find and
eliminate all weaknesses to achieve perfect security.
7-There is a natural tendency on the part of users and system managers
8- Security requires regular, even constant, monitoring
9- Security is still too often an afterthought to be incorporated into a system after the design is complete
10- Many users and even security administrators view strong security as an impedimeant to efficient and user-
friendly operation of an information system or use of information.
Computer security concepts

10. The OSI Security Architecture
The OSI security architecture focuses on security attacks, mechanisms, and
services. These can be defined briefly as :
• Security attack: Any action that compromises the security of information
owned by an organization.
• Security mechanism: A process (or a device incorporating such a process) that
is designed to detect, prevent, or recover from a security attack.
• Security service: A processing or communication service that enhances the
security of the data processing systems and the information transfers of an
organization. The services are intended to counter security attacks, and they
make use of one or more security mechanisms to provide the service.
X.800, Security Architecture for OSI

11. Threats and Attacks (RFC 4949)
Threat: A potential for violation of security, which exists when there is a circumstance, capability,
action, or event that could breach security and cause harm. That is, a threat is a possible
danger that might exploit a vulnerability.
Attack: An assault on system security that derives from an intelligent threat; that is, an intelligent
act that is a deliberate attempt (especially in the sense of a method or technique) to evade
security services and violate the security policy of a system.
Security attacks

12. Active vs passive attacks:
Active attacks (Figure 1.1b) involve some modification of the data stream or the
creation of a false stream and can be subdivided into four categories: masquerade,
replay, modification of messages, and denial of service.
Security attacks

13. Active vs passive attacks:
Passive attacks (Figure 1.1) are in the nature of eavesdropping on, or monitoring
of, transmissions. The goal of the opponent is to obtain information that is being
transmitted. Two types of passive attacks are the release of message contents and
traffic analysis.
Security attacks

14. Security services
RFC 4949 ‘s definition :
a processing or communication service that is
provided by a system to give a specific kind of protection to system resources

15. AUTHENTICATION
The assurance that the communicating entity is the one that it claims to be.
Peer Entity Authentication - Data-Origin Authentication
ACCESS CONTROL
The prevention of unauthorized use of a resource
DATA CONFIDENTIALITY
The protection of data from unauthorized disclosure.
Connection Confidentiality - Connection Confidentiality - Selective-Field Confidentiality - Traffic-
Flow Confidentiality
DATA INTEGRITY:
The assurance that data receConnection Integrity with Recoveryived are exactly as sent by an
authorized entity
Connection Integrity with Recovery - Connection Integrity without Recovery - Selective-Field
Connection Integrity - Connectionless Integrity - Selective-Field Connectionless Integrity
NONREPUDIATION:
Provides protection against denial by one of the entities involved in a communication
Nonrepudiation, Origin - Nonrepudiation, Destination
Security services

16. security mechanisms
SPECIFIC SECURITY MECHANISMS
May be incorporated into the appropriate protocol layer in order to provide some of the OSI security services.
- Encipherment:The use of mathematical algorithms to transform data into a form that is not readily
intelligible.
Digital Signature: Data appended to, or a cryptographic transformation of, a data unit that allows a recipient
of the data unit to prove the source and integrity of the data unit and protect against forgery .
-Access Control: A variety of mechanisms that enforce access rights to resources.
Data Integrity: A variety of mechanisms used to assure the integrity of a data unit or stream of data units.
-Data Integrity:A variety of mechanisms used to assure the integrity of a data unit or stream of data units.
-Authentication Exchange:A mechanism intended to ensure the identity of an entity by means of
information exchange.
Traffic Padding: The insertion of bits into gaps in a data stream to frustrate traffic analysis attempts.
-Routing Control:Enables selection of particular physically secure routes for certain data and allows routing
changes,
Notarization: The use of a trusted third party to assure certain properties of a data exchange.

17. PERVASIVE SECURITY MECHANISMS
Mechanisms that are not specific to any particular OSI security service or protocol layer
Trusted Functionality:That which is perceived to be correct with respect to some criteria
(e.g., as established by a security policy).
Security Label:The marking bound to a resource (which may be a data unit) that names or
designates the security attributes of that resource.
Event Detection: Detection of security-relevant events.
Security Audit Trail: Data collected and potentially used to facilitate a security audit, which
is an independent review and examination of system records and activities.
Security Recovery: Deals with requests from mechanisms, such as event
handling and management functions, and takes
recovery actions.
security mechanisms

19. A model for Network security