This document provides an overview of networking concepts including: - Types of networks like peer-to-peer, client-server, LANs, and WANs. - Network topologies such as bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid. - Common networking protocols and standards including Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, TCP/IP, and wireless technologies. - Network devices, servers, and services on the Internet and intranets.

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Network +Network +
Tom McLaughlin
b-admin, mcse, mous, a+, net+ (mct, linux)
tom@tomax7.com
http://www.tomax7.com

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Networking BenefitsNetworking Benefits
Networking Enables: Information
Sharing
Hardware and Software Sharing
Centralized
Administration
and Support

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Roles of Computers in a NetworkRoles of Computers in a Network
Mail ServerMail Server
Database ServerDatabase Server
DatabaseDatabase
Fax ServerFax Server
File and Print ServerFile and Print Server Directory ServicesDirectory Services
ServerServer
Client Computer
File and Print Server
Database Server
Mail Server
Fax Server
Mail ServerMail Server
Database ServerDatabase Server
DatabaseDatabase
Fax ServerFax Server
File and Print ServerFile and Print Server

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Types of NetworksTypes of Networks
Peer-to-Peer
Client-Server

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Scope of NetworksScope of Networks
Local Area
Network
Wide Area Network

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Bus TopologyBus Topology
Terminator
SegmentSegment
Terminator

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Star TopologyStar Topology
Hub

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Ring TopologyRing Topology

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Mesh TopologyMesh Topology

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Hybrid TopologiesHybrid Topologies
Star-Bus Bus
Star-Ring

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EthernetEthernet
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription
Access MethodAccess Method CSMA/CDCSMA/CD
Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed
Standard Ethernet – 10 Mbps
Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)
Standard Ethernet – 10 Mbps
Fast Ethernet – 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet – 1 Gbps (1000 Mbps)
Collision DetectionCarrier Sense Multiple Access
Detects signalTransmits signal Collision detected

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Token RingToken Ring
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription
Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing
Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed 4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types4 to 16 Mbps for all cable types
Physical
Ring
Logical
Ring
MSAU

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Fiber Distributed DataFiber Distributed Data
InterfaceInterface
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics DescriptionDescriptionDescriptionDescription
Access MethodAccess Method Token passingToken passing
Transfer SpeedTransfer Speed Fiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 MbpsFiber-optic at 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps
Primary Ring
Secondary Ring

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Network CablesNetwork Cables
Types of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of CablesTypes of Cables
Coaxial ThinNet
ThickNet10Base2, 10Base5
Fiber-Optics
Twisted-Pair
Unshielded (UTP)
Shielded (STP)10BaseT

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Wireless CommunicationWireless Communication
DevicesDevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication DevicesWireless Communication Devices
Narrowband Radio Transmission
Infrared Transmission

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Repeaters and HubsRepeaters and Hubs
Repeater
Transmits data to
all connected computers
Hub
Transmits data to all connected
computers in a star topology
Repeater
Hub

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BridgesBridges
Bridge

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SwitchesSwitches
Switch

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RoutersRouters
RouterRouter
RouterRouter

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GatewaysGateways
Ethernet
Token Ring
Gateway

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Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
Wireless Communication by Using IrDA
Windows
Client
Mouse
Laptop

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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model
Application LayerApplication LayerApplication LayerApplication Layer
Presentation LayerPresentation LayerPresentation LayerPresentation Layer
Session LayerSession LayerSession LayerSession Layer
Transport LayerTransport LayerTransport LayerTransport Layer
Network LayerNetwork LayerNetwork LayerNetwork Layer
Data Link LayerData Link LayerData Link LayerData Link Layer
Physical LayerPhysical LayerPhysical LayerPhysical Layer

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Types of Data TransmissionsTypes of Data Transmissions
BroadcastUnicast
Multicast

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IP Address ClassesIP Address Classes
ww xx yy zz
Class A
Network IDNetwork IDNetwork IDNetwork ID Host IDHost ID
Class B
Network IDNetwork IDNetwork IDNetwork ID Host IDHost ID
Class C
Network IDNetwork IDNetwork IDNetwork ID Host IDHost ID

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IP AddressesIP Addresses
192.168.1.0192.168.1.0 192.168.3.0192.168.3.0
192.168.1.100192.168.1.100 192.168.2.101192.168.2.101
192.168.2.100192.168.2.100 192.168.3.100192.168.3.100
192.168.2.0192.168.2.0
192.168.1.100192.168.1.100
IP
Address
Host IDHost ID
Network IDNetwork ID

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SubnetsSubnets
RouterRouter
Subnet 1 Subnet 2
1111 2222
HubHub HubHub

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Addressing GuidelinesAddressing Guidelines
The Host ID Cannot Be All ZerosThe Host ID Cannot Be All Zeros
The Host ID Cannot Be All 255sThe Host ID Cannot Be All 255s
The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127The First Number in the Network ID Cannot Be 127
The Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network IDThe Host ID Must Be Unique to the Local Network ID

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CIDR Notation
IP
Address
Subnet
Mask
Number of Subnet
Mask Bits (ones)
IP Address in
CIDR Notation
255 . 255 . 240 . 0255 . 255 . 240 . 0
11111111 11111111 11110000 0000000011111111 11111111 11110000 00000000
10 . 217 . 123 . 710 . 217 . 123 . 7
00001010 11011001 01111011 0000011100001010 11011001 01111011 00000111
8 + 8 + 4 + 0 = 208 + 8 + 4 + 0 = 20
10.217.123.7/2010.217.123.7/20

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The InternetThe Internet
Client
Connection Using
TCP/IP Protocol
Internet
Server
Text, Audio, Video,
and Graphics Data

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Internet ServicesInternet Services
Internet
Electronic Mail (e-mail)
World Wide Web (WWW)
Chat
Internet News
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Telnet

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IntranetsIntranets
Intranet
Extranet
Internet

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
URL
(http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/
default.html)
– Protocol used (http://)
– DNS address (example.microsoft.com)
– Path on the server (/tutorial/default.html)
http://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.htmlhttp://example.microsoft.com/tutorial/default.html

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Domain NamingDomain Naming
 Domain Name (example.microsoft.com)
– Top-level domain (com)
– Second-level domain (microsoft.com)
– Subdomain (example.microsoft.com)
comcom
example.microsoft.comexample.microsoft.com
microsoft.commicrosoft.com

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Domain OrganizationDomain Organization
DomainDomainDomainDomain
DomainDomain
Tree
Forest
nwtraders.msft
samerica.nwtraders.msftnamerica.nwtraders.msft
DomainDomainDomainDomain
DomainDomain
Tree

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Features of a DomainFeatures of a Domain
Single User AccountSingle User AccountSingle LogonSingle Logon
Centralized ManagementCentralized Management ScalabilityScalability

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Benefits of a DomainBenefits of a Domain
OrganizedOrganized
ObjectsObjects
ParisParis
RepairRepairSalesSales
User1User1 Computer1Computer1 Printer1Printer1User2User2
Easy Location ofEasy Location of
InformationInformation
Streamlined AccessStreamlined Access Delegated AuthorityDelegated Authority

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Internet ProtocolsInternet Protocols
Internet
HTTP
HTTPS
FTP
SMTP
NNTP
HTML
DHTML
Server
Data
Client
Connection Using an
Internet Protocol

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TCP/IP LayersTCP/IP Layers
Application LayerApplication Layer
Transport LayerTransport LayerTransport LayerTransport Layer
Internet LayerInternet LayerInternet LayerInternet Layer
Network Interface LayerNetwork Interface LayerNetwork Interface LayerNetwork Interface Layer
Internet LayerIPIP ICMPICMP IGMPIGMP ARPARP
Network
Interface Layer
EthernetEthernetATMATM
Transport LayerUDPUDPTCPTCP
Application
Layer
FTPFTPHTTPHTTP

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Network Address Translators (NATs)Network Address Translators (NATs)
Internet
192.168.0.10192.168.0.10
w1.x1.y1.z1w1.x1.y1.z1
w2.x2.y2.z2w2.x2.y2.z2
Web Browser
NAT
Web Server

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Proxy ServersProxy Servers
Internet
Proxy Server
Authorized
Web Site
Restricted
Web Site
LAN
LAN
LAN

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FirewallsFirewalls
LAN
LAN
LAN
Internet
Firewall
Authorized
User
Unauthorized
User