What makes this technology the most sought after

1. Internet of Things|
A Place Where
Machines talk to
Machines

2. Definition
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a scenario in which objects, animals or people
are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a
network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.
A thing, in the Internet of Things, can be a person with a heart monitor
implant, a farm animal with a bio-chip transponder, an automobile that has built-
in sensors to alert the driver when tire pressure is low -- or any other natural or
man-made object that can be assigned an IP address and provided with the
ability to transfer data over a network.

4. Architecture of IoT

5. Sensor Layer

Lowest Abstraction Layer

Incorporated to measure physical quantities

Interconnects the physical and digital world

Collects and process the real time information

6. Gateway and Network Layer

Robust and High performance network
infrastructure

Supports the communication requirements
for latency, bandwidth or security

Allows multiple organizations to share and
use the same network independently

7. Management Service Layer

Capturing of periodic sensory data

Data Analytics (Extracts relevant information
from massive amount of raw data)

Streaming Analytics ( Process real time data)

Ensures security and privacy of data.

8. Application Layer

Provides a user interface for using IoT.

Different applications for various sectors
like Transportation, Healthcare, Agriculture,
Supply chains, Government, Retail etc.

9. Major Challenges

Big Data Explosion

Countless components

Security & Privacy

Advanced Internet Protocol

Power efficiency

10. Internet connected things

11. IOT- Enabling Technologies
RFID Sensor Smart Tech Nano Tech
To identify
and track
the data of
things
To collect
and process
the data to
detect the
changes in
the physical
status of
things
To enhance
the power of
the network by
devolving
processing
capabilities to
different part
of the network.
To make the
smaller and
smaller
things have
the ability to
connect and
interact.

12. Applications of IOT
Network
Biosensor taken by people
Equipment in public placeHouse
Regional Office
Virtual EnvironmentTransportation Vehicle

13. Scenario: Shopping
(2) When shopping in the market, the
goods will introduce themselves.
(1) When entering the doors, scanners
will identify the tags on her clothing.
(4) When paying for the goods, the
microchip of the credit card will
communicate with checkout reader.
(3) When moving the goods, the reader
will tell the staff to put a new one.

14. Scenario: Smart Home

15. Scenario: E-Healthcare

16. Scenario: Smart Cars

17. Scenario: Smart Farms

18. Current Scenario

19. Future Scenario

20. Major Components of IOT

21. Major Components of IOT: (Client Server Model)
Network
Result
Client
Server
Client machine
Server machine

23. Socket Programming

Minimum Requirement
- Linux OS (Lib. Header iles)

Server and Client

IP and Port No.

24. What is Socket?
Sockets are communication points on the same or different
computers to exchange data. Sockets are supported by Unix,
Windows, Mac, and many other operating system.
Sockets allow communication between two different processes
on the same or different machines. To be more precise, it's a
way to talk to other computers using standard Unix file
descriptors.

25. What is Socket Address?
Socket address is a combination of IP address and Port number

26. What is Port?
• One of the circuit connection points on a front end processor or local
intelligent controller
Dest.
Host
P
o
r
t
SRC
Host
TCP

27. What is Port?
At the transport layer, an address is needed to choose among multiple
processes running on the destination host called Port Number

Destination Port Number for delivery

Source Port Number for reply
TCP or UDP
Port Port Port Port
Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4
Port# Data
Data
Packet

28. Port Number

Port is represented by a positive (16-bit ) integer value between 0 and
65,535

Some ports have been reserved to support common / well known services
ftp 21/tcp
telnet 23/tcp
smtp 25/tcp
login 513/tcp

User level process/services generally use port number value >= 1024

29. Socket Types
1) Stream Sockets:

Delivery in a networked environment is guaranteed. If you
send through the stream socket three items "A, B, C", they
will arrive in the same order - "A, B, C".

These sockets use TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) for
data transmission.

If delivery is impossible, the sender receives an error
indicator.

30. Socket Types
Datagram Sockets:

Delivery in a networked environment is not guaranteed.

They're connectionless because you don't need to have an
open connection as in Stream Sockets - you build a packet
with the destination information and send it out.

They use UDP (User Datagram Protocol).

31. Server and Client Programming Concept
- Server
 Create a socket with socket ()
 Bind the socket to an address using the bind()
 Listen for connections with the listen()
 Accept a connection with the accept()
 Send and Receive, use read() and write() system calls
- Client
 Create a socket with the socket()
 Connect socket to the address of server using connect()
system call
 Send and receive data, use read() and write() system calls

32. Socket programming- Flow
socket()
connect()
send()
recv()
close()
..
.
socket()
bind()
listen()
accept()
recv()
send()
close()
wait for connection
request from next
client
Client Server

34. What is Machine to Machine
(M2M) Communication?
The Machine to Machine
concept(communications inter-
machines) implies the association of
information and communication
technologies (ICT), smart and
communicating objects, as well as
specialized software to interact, with
the enterprise’s information system,
without human intervention.

35. What is cloud computing?
The practice of using a network of remote servers hosted on the Internet to
store, manage, and process data, rather than a local server or a personal
computer.
Clouds can be classified as public, private, and hybrid

36. Cloud computing types

37.  IOT Standard Protocols
Protocols
• TCP
• UDP
What Connects Internet of things…?

38. TCP Vs UDP

39. ROLE OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION IN IOT

40. Bluetooth :
wireless technology standard for
exchanging data over short distances (using short-
wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from
2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices,
and building personal area networks (PANs).
Bluetooth Technologies in IOT
 Bluetooth LE | Bluetooth Smart (IEEE
802.15.4)

41. Bluetooth Smart/ Bluetooth LE :
Bluetooth Smart is an application-friendly technology supported by every major
operating system.
The technology costs less and offers flexible development architecture for
creating applications to bring everyday objects like heart-rate monitors,
toothbrushes, and shoes into the connected world and have them communicate
with applications that reside on the Bluetooth Smart compatible smartphones,
tablets, or similar devices those consumers already own.

42. Zigbee :
ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802.15.4 standard
Its low power consumption limits transmission distances to 10–100 meters line-
of-sight,
ZigBee devices can transmit data over long distances by passing data through
a mesh network of intermediate devices to reach more distant ones.
ZigBee is typically used in low data rate applications that require long battery life
and secure networking
ZigBee has a defined rate of 250 kbit/s, best suited for intermittent data
transmissions from a sensor or input device.

43. Wi-Fi
Wi-Fi is the name of a popular wireless networking technology that uses radio
waves to provide wireless high-speed Internet and network connections.

44. Wi-max
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is
a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-
second data rates.

45. SATCOM
Satcom (which stands for "satellite communication") is an artificial satellite that is
used to help telecommunication by reflecting or relaying signals into space and
back down to Earth.
It is the most powerful form of radio and can cover far more distance and wider
areas than other radios.
It can also communicate with words, pictures and other forms of information.

46. RFID
Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless use of electromagnetic
fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking
tags attached to objects.

47. ETHERNET
Ethernet is the most commonly used local area network technology deployed
with transmission speeds heading upwards into the gigabits range.
Ethernet is the most widely installed local area network (LAN) technology.

48. GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other
streams of user data, each in its own time slot.
It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

49. GPRS- General Packet Radio Service
General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service on the
2G and 3G cellular communication system's global system for mobile
communications (GSM)

50. GPS- Global Positioning System
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based satellite navigation system
that provides location and time information in all weather conditions, anywhere on
or near the earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS
satellites

51. GROUPING OF STATIONS / CELLULAR
NETWORK :
A cellular network or mobile network is
a wireless network distributed over land areas
called cells, each served by at least one fixed-
location transceiver, known as a cell
site or base station.
In a cellular network, each cell uses a different
set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to
avoid interference and provide guaranteed
bandwidth within each cell.

52. CELL SIGNAL ENCODING
To distinguish signals from several different transmitters, following concepts are
used:
 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
 Code division multiple access (CDMA)

53. FDMA, TDMA & CDMA

54. RELAY ACCESS POINT :
A wireless repeater (also called wireless range extender) takes an existing signal
from a wireless router or wireless access point and rebroadcasts it to create a
second network.

55. TARGET WAKE TIME:
Target Wake Time (TWT) is a function that permits an AP to define a specific time
or set of times for individual stations to access the medium.
The STA (client) and the AP exchange information that includes an expected
activity duration to allow the AP to control the amount of contention and overlap
among competing STA.
The AP can protect the expected duration of activity with various protection
mechanisms.

56. 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G(LTE) mobile networks:
LTE- Long Term Evaluation

57. IPv4 Vs IPv6:

58. Thank You
Have Fun ;)