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Networking basics and basic cisco commands
This document provides an overview of networking basics and common Cisco commands. It defines IPv4 and IPv6 addressing formats and IP address classes. It also covers private IP ranges, important ports, networking device types, the OSI model layers, and basic configuration commands for Cisco routers. Some key topics include subnetting methods for dividing large networks, commands for viewing device information and configurations, and setting passwords to secure router access.
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Networking basics and basic cisco commands
- 1. Networking Basics & Basic CISCOCommands
- 2. IPv4 has 32bit in decimal format IPv6 has 128 bit hexadecimal format IP Address Class: Class A 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255 (N.H.H.H), N=8 network bits, H=8 host bits Class B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 (N.N.H.H) Class C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 (N.N.N.H) Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for Multicast Traffic Class E 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 Reserved for R&D The first IP of any class is network ID The last IP is broadcast ID Range of private IP Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
- 3. 0.0.0.0 is nota valid address 127.0.0.0 is not a valid address (it is loopback address, used to ping hardware present) Gateway address is address of the router Important ports Port 21 - ftp Port 23 - telnet Port 25 - smtp Port 69 - tftp Port 80 - http Total ports: 0 to 65535 Reserved ports: 1 to 1023 Unreserved ports: 1024 to 65535 Router is a layer 2 (Network layer) device Switch is layer 3 (Data link layer) device Hub is layer 1 (Physical layer) device
- 4. Normally to communicatethe two devices must be in same network Physical layer transport data into bits form through medium (Cu cable, Fiber or wireless) Datalink layer deals with hardware address Network layer is responsible for transportation of data across different or multiple networks Transport layer responsible for multiplexing, de-multiplexing, segmentation, sequencing, re-assembling, error correction & flow control Session layer deals with establishing, maintaining & terminating the sessions/interactions Presentation layer deals with encoding-decoding, encryption-decryption, compression-de compression Application layer provides interface between user and application, port exist in this layer DNS : Domain Name System DHCP : Dynamic Host Control Protocol ICMP : Internet Control Message Protocol ARP : Address Resolution Protocol RARP : Reverse Address Resolution Protocol FLSM : Fixed Length Subnet Mask VLSM : Variable Fixed Length Subnet Mask NVRAM : Non Volatile RAM OSPF : Open Shortest Path First PAT : Port Address Translation
- 5. Subnetting is amethod to divide large network into multiple small networks, done either by FLSM or VLSM depending on host requirement The network ID of 192.168.1.1 is 192.168.1.0 To calculate wildcard mask subtract the subnet mask from 255.255.255.255 Eg. Calculate wildcard mask of 255.255.255.0 255. 255. 255. 255 255. 255. 255. 0 ---------------------------------------------- 0. 0. 0. 255 Required wildcard mask
- 6. Some basic commands Router>showflash show flash details Router>show version show version of ios Router>show ip interface brief show interface details Router>ping (ip) ping the ip for reachability Router>traceroute (ip) trace path of given ip Router>enable enters into privilege mode Router#show running config Router#show startup config Router#copy (file with other details) Router#erase (file with other details) Router#configure terminal enters into global configuration mode Router(config)#hostname (name) assign hostname
- 7. To save configuration Router(config)#write (or) Router(config)#writememory (or) Router(config)#copy running-config startup-cnfig Erase all configurations Router(config)#erase startup-config Router(config)#reload Assigning password Assigning console password Router(config)#line con 0 Router(config)#password (password) Router(config)#login Router(config)#exit
- 8. Assigning auxiliary password Router(config)#lineaux 0 Router(config)#password (password) Router(config)#login Router(config)#exit Assigning telnet password Router(config)#line vty 04 Router(config)#password (password) Router(config)#login Router(config)#exit Enable password Router>enable (password) Router(config)#enable password (pasword) (or) Router(config)#enable secret (pasword)
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