Neoplasia lecture
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Oncology is the study of tumors and cancers. Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue that result from abnormal cell growth or division. Benign tumors are non-cancerous, while malignant tumors are cancerous. Tumors are classified based on their tissue of origin and whether they are benign or malignant. Oncology examines the characteristics, structures, and significance of features of neoplastic cells and tumors under the microscope.
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This document provides an overview and outline of a presentation on general and systemic pathology concepts. It introduces topics like cell and tissue injury, inflammation, neoplasia, and diseases affecting various organ systems. The presentation covers core concepts in pathology including the definition of general pathology as the study of disease mechanisms. It also describes techniques used in pathology like microscopy and discusses the major cell types involved in inflammation like neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes.
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1. Cloudy swelling of the kidney is described as reversible hydropic degeneration of renal tubular cells caused by impaired ion transport. Microscopy shows swollen cells filled with granules and intact nuclei.
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This document provides an overview of neoplasia (tumors). It defines neoplasia and discusses the nomenclature and classification of benign and malignant tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms are abnormal masses of tissue with autonomous growth that persists after stimuli cease. They involve genetic changes and clonal growth.
- Benign tumors are well-differentiated and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumors can invade locally and metastasize to distant sites. They often show signs of anaplasia (poor differentiation).
- Molecular changes involved in carcinogenesis include activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. This disrupts normal cell cycle control and promotes uncontrolled
Neoplasia
1. The document discusses neoplasia, defining it as new growth resulting from genetic alterations in cells that cause uncontrolled proliferation.
2. It classifies tumors as benign, malignant, or premalignant and discusses their naming conventions based on tissue of origin and characteristics.
3. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are that benign tumors are slow-growing, localized, well-differentiated and do not metastasize, while malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, invade surrounding tissues, grow quickly and can metastasize to distant sites.
Etiology_of_cancer
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can spread through the body. There are several main types of cancer defined by the tissue in which it originates. The main causes of cancer include genetics, tobacco use, and radiation exposure. Common cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biological therapies, and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells, while targeted therapy drugs attack cancer cells with less damage to normal cells. Radiation therapy uses radiation to treat cancer and can cause side effects like fatigue and loss of appetite. Stem cell transplants are also used to treat some cancers.
Chronic Leukaemia
Chronic leukemia is a type of cancer that results in the overproduction of white blood cells. There are two main types: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). CLL involves an overgrowth of B lymphocytes, while CML affects granulocytes. Symptoms include fatigue, enlarged lymph nodes or spleen. Treatment involves chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies, radiation therapy, or bone marrow transplantation depending on the type and stage of leukemia. Newer targeted therapies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have improved treatment of CML.
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Pathology is the study and diagnosis of disease. It has four main components: the cause or etiology, the mechanism of development/pathogenesis, structural alterations to cells (morphological changes), and the consequences of these changes (clinical manifestations). Pathology has evolved from autopsy and organ-based examination to cellular pathology and now utilizes various techniques including molecular pathology, genetics, immunology, and quantitative analysis. Key techniques used in pathology include autopsy, biopsy, cytology, animal experimentation, tissue/cell culture, histology, immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, image analysis, and molecular biology techniques like PCR and DNA sequencing.
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This document discusses tumors and cancer classification. It defines benign and malignant tumors, with malignant tumors being able to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Tumor genesis is described as a multi-step process involving genetic alterations that transform normal cells into cancerous cells. Cancers are classified by their site of origin, tissue type, grade which describes cell differentiation, and stage which describes tumor size, node involvement and metastasis. The main types of cancer are carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, lymphoma and mixed types.
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The document discusses different types of leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It describes the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and classification of leukemias. The most common type of childhood leukemia is acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which accounts for approximately 80% of cases in children.
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This document discusses soft tissue tumors, including:
1. Soft tissue tumors can arise from various mesodermal tissues and there are over 257 subtypes classified by the WHO.
2. Benign tumors are generally superficial, grow slowly, and are not infiltrative, while malignant tumors are generally deeper, larger, grow rapidly, and are infiltrative.
3. The diagnosis of soft tissue tumors involves histological morphology, immunohistochemistry to identify cell markers, cytogenetic analysis to identify translocations, and molecular analysis.
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This document contains summaries of various pathological conditions:
- Schwannoma is a usually benign nerve sheath tumor composed of Schwann cells that normally produce myelin.
- Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain cancer, with non-specific initial symptoms like headaches and nausea.
- Melanoma is a skin cancer that develops in pigment cells and has a tendency to spread and cause serious illness.
- Leiomyosarcoma arises from the muscular part of the uterus and is a malignant smooth muscle tumor.
Etiology of Cancer
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This document discusses the etiology of human cancer. It classifies the etiologic factors into 3 main groups: extrinsic, intrinsic, and unknown factors. Extrinsic factors include chemical, physical (radiation), and infectious agents (oncogenic viruses) and account for 85% of cancer etiology, particularly in adults. Intrinsic genetic factors are the main contributors to pediatric malignancies. Some key points made include that tobacco is responsible for 30% of cancers in the US, diet accounts for 35%, and viruses cause around 5% of cancers. Specific cancers are also linked to certain infectious agents, chemicals, radiation exposure, and genetic syndromes.
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2. Acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis results from activation of pancreatic enzymes, leading to autodigestion, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis. Microscopy shows destruction of pancreatic tissue and fat.
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This document provides definitions and outlines the nomenclature and characteristics of benign and malignant tumors. It defines neoplasia as new abnormal growth and discusses how tumors are named based on the tissue of origin. Benign tumors are well-differentiated, slow growing, and remain localized, while malignant tumors are poorly differentiated, grow rapidly, can invade locally and metastasize to other sites. The document compares features of benign versus malignant tumors such as differentiation, growth rate, local invasion and metastasis.
neoplasia.pptx
This document provides an overview of neoplasia (new growths) and tumor nomenclature. It defines neoplasia as uncontrolled growth that exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant, and are named based on the tissue of origin with suffixes like -oma, -sarcoma, -blastoma. Exceptions to naming rules include some benign-sounding names that are malignant and vice versa. The document discusses classifications like hamartomas and choristomas and provides examples of different neoplasm types like teratomas and mixed tumors.
Neoplasia part 1
Cancer arises from genetic mutations and epigenetic changes that alter gene expression and cellular processes like growth, survival and senescence. These changes are heritable and allow cancer cells to outcompete normal cells, forming clonal tumors. Cancers are characterized by autonomous growth, lack of response to growth signals, evasion of cell death, limitless replication, angiogenesis, invasion/metastasis, altered metabolism and evading the immune system. Tumors are classified based on tissue of origin, behavior, morphology and differentiation into benign or malignant types like carcinomas, sarcomas and leukemias/lymphomas.
Neoplasia.pptx
This document discusses neoplasia, which refers to abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth that forms masses of tissue called tumors or neoplasms. It defines neoplasia and describes the types of neoplasms, including benign vs malignant tumors. Benign tumors are slow-growing and localized, while malignant tumors proliferate rapidly, spread throughout the body, and can cause death. The document also discusses different categories of tumors such as mixed tumors, teratomas, blastomas, hamartomas, and choristomas. It provides examples of different types of carcinomas and sarcomas.
Neoplasm - basic of oncology
This document discusses cancer and tumors from several perspectives. It begins by defining key terms like neoplasm, tumor, and cancer. It then covers the classification of tumors based on tissue of origin and behavior. Benign and malignant tumors are compared in terms of characteristics like growth rate, invasion, and metastasis. The metastatic cascade is described as a multi-step process. The major sites of cancer metastasis are outlined. Risk factors for cancer and models of carcinogenesis on the genetic and molecular level are reviewed.
Neoplasia & carcinogenesis.pptx dr.jawahar singh.pptx 1
This document summarizes a presentation on neoplasia and carcinogenesis. It begins with definitions of neoplasia and discusses the nomenclature and classification of neoplasms as benign or malignant. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are described. The document then covers the molecular basis of cancer, outlining a multistep process of carcinogenesis involving oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, and genes regulating apoptosis. It describes the hallmarks of cancer and discusses epidemiology, etiology, tumor immunity, and clinical aspects of neoplasia.
Neoplasia
This document discusses neoplasia and provides definitions and classifications of different types of tumors. Some key points include:
- Neoplasms can be classified as benign or malignant based on their ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize. Malignant tumors are less differentiated.
- Epithelial tumors are further classified based on cell of origin and growth pattern (e.g. adenoma, papilloma, polyp). Mesenchymal tumors are classified as sarcomas.
- Environmental and genetic factors can affect cancer risk and distribution. Cancer incidence generally increases with age. Certain inherited syndromes confer higher cancer susceptibility.
- Precancerous conditions like dysplasia are characterized by cellular
L1 nomenclature of tumors
Neoplasia refers to new or abnormal growth of cells. There are several types of tumors including benign tumors and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are designated by adding the suffix "-oma" to the cell type, such as a fibroma arising from fibrous tissue. Malignant tumors include carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas arising from mesenchymal tissue. There are also several special categories of tumors such as mixed tumors containing different cell types, teratomas containing multiple germ layers, and blastomas arising from embryonic cells. Proper nomenclature involves specifying the tissue of origin and characteristics of the tumor.
Neoplasia
This document defines neoplasia and provides details on the classification and nomenclature of tumors. It begins by defining a neoplasm as an abnormal mass of tissue that grows in an uncoordinated manner. Benign tumors are non-invasive and localized, while malignant tumors are invasive and spreading. Tumors are classified based on the tissue of origin, such as carcinomas arising from epithelial tissue and sarcomas from connective tissue. The document further describes features of benign versus malignant tumors and provides examples of tumor classifications and histological slides.
neoplasia pathology nursing .pptx
This document provides information about neoplasia (new growth) and tumor nomenclature and characteristics. It defines neoplasia and discusses the definitions and nomenclature of benign and malignant tumors. Benign tumors are well-differentiated, grow slowly, remain localized, and are easily removable. Malignant tumors are typically less differentiated, grow more rapidly, can invade locally and metastasize to distant sites, and cause death. The document outlines characteristics used to classify tumors such as differentiation, growth rate, invasion potential, and metastasis.
1. introduction & nomenclature dr. sinhasan, mdzah
This document defines various cancer-related terms and provides cancer statistics. It discusses how neoplasms are abnormal tissue growth that is uncontrolled and progressive. Cancer is defined as a malignant tumor. The top 5 most common cancer sites in males are lungs, prostate, colon and rectum, stomach, and liver. Worldwide, the most common cancer death for females is breast cancer. The document also provides details on cancer nomenclature and classification based on tissue of origin, biological behavior, histogenesis, and other criteria.
N E O P L A S I A 1
Neoplasia is the process of new, uncontrolled cell growth forming a mass called a tumor or neoplasm. Each neoplastic cell has a genetic alteration causing abnormal growth independent of stimuli. Tumors are classified based on cell origin (epithelial, mesenchymal, etc.) and characteristics like differentiation, growth patterns, and benign vs malignant behavior. Well-differentiated tumors resemble normal tissue while poorly-differentiated and anaplastic tumors have lost structure. Tumor growth depends on cell doubling time, the fraction in the replicative cycle, and rate of cell loss. Malignant tumors tend to grow faster with higher fractions in the cycle.
Neoplasia 1
Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth. Neoplasms can be benign tumors or malignant cancers. Benign tumors grow slowly and do not spread, while malignant tumors can invade nearby tissues and metastasize. Tumors are named based on the tissue of origin and characteristics. Well-differentiated tumors resemble normal tissues, while poorly-differentiated and anaplastic tumors have lost differentiation. Dysplasia refers to disordered cell growth that can progress to carcinoma in situ and invasive cancer if changes involve the entire thickness of the epithelium.
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Neoplasia & carcinogenesis.pptx dr.jawahar singh.pptx 1
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- 1. Oncology • The term oncology literally means a branch of science that deals with tumours and cancers. The word “onco” means bulk, mass, or tumor while “-logy” means study. • Neoplasm (from ancient Greek neo-, "new" + plasma, "formation", "creation") or tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue as a result of abnormal growth or division of cells.
- 2. Classification of Neoplasms Tissue Origin Benign Malignant 395-4 Examples Epithelial Glandular Adenoma Squamous and Transitional Polyp, papilloma Connective tissue Tissue type + suffix (-oma) Hematopoietic & lymphoreticular Neural tissue Thyroid follicular adenoma Adenocarcinoma of lung Squamous cell carcinoma Squamous papiloma of skin Transitional cell carcinoma Squam. cell carcinoma skin Osteoma, Sarcoma Osteosarcoma, Hemangioma, Hemangiosarcoma Adenocarcinoma Lymphoma Leukemia Neuroma Neurofibroma Mixed tissues of Teratoma Large cell lymphoma Hodgkin’s disease Mylocytic leukemia Sarcoma Blastoma Glioblastoma multiforme Neurofibrosarcoma Teratocarcinoma Teratoma of ovary
- 3. Histogenetic classification of benign tumors Normal tissue Resultant Benign tumor Glandular epithelium Adenoma Surface epithelium Papilloma Fibroblasts Fibroma Cartilage Chondroma Striated Muscle Rhabdomyoma Smooth Muscle Leiomyoma Blood Vessels Hemangioma Fat Lipoma Bone Osteoma Liver Hepatoma 642-1
- 4. Histogenetic classification of malignant tumors Normal tissue Epithelium Connective tissue Bone Marrow Resultant Malignant tumor Carcinoma Sarcoma Leukemia More Specifically: Glandular epithelium Squamous epithelium Fibroblasts Cartilage Striated Muscle Smooth Muscle Endothelium Fat Bone Liver Adenocarcinoma Squamous carcinoma Fibrosarcoma Chondrosarcoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Leiomyosarcoma Angiosarcoma Liposarcoma Osteosarcoma 642-2(1) Hepatocellular carcinoma
- 5. Sarcoma/carcinoma • A sarcoma is a cancer that arises from transformed cells of mesenchymal origin. Thus, malignant tumors made of cancerous bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues are, by definition, considered sarcomas. • Malignant tumor originating from epithelial cells, which are termed carcinoma. Common malignancies, such as breast, colon, and lung cancer, are almost always carcinoma.
- 6. Charateristics of neoplastic cells Abnormal size and irregular shape of cells. Nuclei Nuclei increase in size Nucleolus (a) often prominent (b) sometimes multiple (c) Atypical staining Numerous mitotic figures May be multiple----------tumour giant cells Varying amount of cytoplasm (a) generally cytoplasm decrease in amount (b) fibrillar appearance with few secretory granules (c) basophilic in nature Cytoplasm to nucleus ratio is lost disturbed polarity of cells
- 7. Microscopic structure of tomour Parenchyma; cells make up of the tumour Cells of abnormal structure deviation from normal is least in benign, somewhat resemble normal tissue and marked in malignant arrangement of tumour cells 1. Epithelial tumours (a) sheets or fronds in superficial epithelium (b) clumps,columns or acini within a tumour mass (c) Each cell fastened directly to the next. 2. Connective tissue tumours (a) Tumour cells lie singly,may arrange in whorls or bundles (b) Each cell is separated from the next by the intercellular substances 3. Hemopoitic tumours (a) tumour cells form (b) neoplastic cells closely packed but remain discrete.
- 8. Microscopic structure of tomour Stroma;Support and nourishes the tumour cells Amount is variable least in histoid tumours(A type of connective tumor that is composed of a single type of differentiated tissue) Reasonable in organoid tumours(A tumor that is glandular in origin and that contains epithelium, connective tissue, and other tissue structures that give it a complex structure similar to an organ) May be compact or edematous Blood vessels vary in appearance Tumour cells do not require innervation
- 15. Smooth muscles
- 17. Here is an osteosarcoma of bone. The large, bulky mass arises in the cortex of the bone and extends outward
- 18. This is an example of metastases to the liver, tan-white masses are multiple and irregularly sized.
- 23. Mitotic figures
- 24. What is the significance of mitotic figures in a neoplasm? • In general, their appearance suggests a higher rate of cellular proliferation. Mitoses certainly are present in normal tissues (surface epithelia are constantly regenerating, and hematopoiesis produces billions of new blood cells each day). However, the presence of mitoses, and particularly abnormal mitoses, in a mass lesion supports a diagnosis of neoplasia, and likely a malignant neoplasm.
- 26. • Hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Characterized by large anaplastic carcinoma cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm, large hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The normal trabecular structure of the liver is distorted.