Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can spread through the body. There are several main types of cancer defined by the tissue in which it originates. The main causes of cancer include genetics, tobacco use, and radiation exposure. Common cancer treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biological therapies, and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy cancer cells but can also damage healthy cells, while targeted therapy drugs attack cancer cells with less damage to normal cells. Radiation therapy uses radiation to treat cancer and can cause side effects like fatigue and loss of appetite. Stem cell transplants are also used to treat some cancers.

1. ETIOLOGY OF CANCER
PATHOLOGY
2013

3. CANCER
diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to •
invade other tissues.
Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood •
and lymph systems.

4. Carcinoma : •
cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs
Sarcoma : •
cancer that begins in bone, cartilage
Leukemia : •
cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue

5. Lymphoma and myeloma : •
cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system
Central nervous system cancers : •
cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord. •
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6. ETIOLOGY OF CANCER
Genetics Cancer
Tobacco
Radiation Exposure

7. Radiation therapy
Surgery
Biologic therapies
Chemotherapy

8. CHEMOTHERAPY
What is chemotherapy?! •
The word chemotherapy means the use of any drug (such as aspirin or •
penicillin) to treat any disease, but to most people chemotherapy refers to
drugs used for cancer treatment. It’s often shortened to “chemo.” Two other
medical terms used to describe cancer chemotherapy
are antineoplastic (meaning anti-cancer) therapy
and cytotoxic (cell-killing) therapy.
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9. DIFFERENT BETWEEN CHEMOTHERAPY AND
RADIOTHERAPY
Treatments like radiation and surgery are considered local treatments
Chemotherapy differs from surgery or radiation in that it’s almost always used
as a systemic treatment
Chemotherapy is used to treat many cancers

10. CHEMOTHERAPY DRUGS
1- Alkylating agents •
Alkylating agents directly damage DNA to prevent the cancer cell from reproducing
Examples :
Nitrogen mustards 
e.g. cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®), ifosfamide, and melphalan
Alkyl sulfonates: busulfan : 

11. SURGERY
How is surgery used for cancer ? •
Preventive (prophylactic) surgery: •
surgery is done to remove body tissue that is likely to become cancer
Diagnostic surgery •
is taking out a piece of tissue and testing it to find out if cancer is present and what type of
cancer it is
Debulking (cytoreductive) surgery •
Debulking or cytoreductive (sy-toe-re-DUK-tiv) surgery is done to remove some, but not all, of
the cancer

12. RADIOTHERAPY
is the use of radiation to treat cancer and other •
problems

13. SIDE EFFECT OF RADIATION THERAPY
Feeling very tired (fatigue) •
Skin changes •
Not wanting to eat (appetite loss) •

14. TARGETED THERAPY
are technically considered “chemotherapy.” But targeted therapy drugs do •
not work in the same ways as standard chemotherapy drugs. They are often
able to attack cancer cells while doing less damage to normal cells by
going after the cancer cells’

15. TREATMENT OF STEM CELLS
Types of stem cell transplants for treating cancer •
These stem cells are given into a vein, much like a blood transfusion. Over •
time they settle in the bone marrow and begin to grow and make healthy
blood cells. This process is called engraftment.
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16. ALAA HUSSAIN ABO ALGADAYEL •
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