Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
Cancer is the most evil of illnesses. It has only objective - to finish you off in the fastest time possible. And it usually succeeds.
But the reality is that in many cases, cancer does not find us. We invite cancer, by doing things we should not be doing...
Cancer and its types, all tumours are not cancer, cancer, diagnosis of cancer, how cancer differ, how cancer spread, how cancer start, how normal cells act
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread to other parts of the body.
## To understand how cancer develops and progresses, researchers first need to investigate the biological differences between normal cells and cancer cells. This work focuses on the mechanisms that underlie fundamental processes such as cell growth, the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells, and the spread, or metastasis, of cancer cells.
Cancer is the most evil of illnesses. It has only objective - to finish you off in the fastest time possible. And it usually succeeds.
But the reality is that in many cases, cancer does not find us. We invite cancer, by doing things we should not be doing...
This is a presentation which was sent to me by a friend. Being a topic which remains a perennial cause of concern I felt that I should share it with everyone - hence this upload.
Excellent presentation on cancer
A book written by Professor Richard Beliveau and Dr Denis Ginger on “foods to fight cancer” have the following findings:
Statistic shows that one out of three people is affected by cancer before the age of 75
This represents 12 per cent of all reported deaths on Earth.
However, fear not, there is hope.
Cancer is a disease in which some of the body’s cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body.
It is made up of trillions of cells.
Normally, human cells grow and multiply (through a process called cell division) to form new cells as the body needs them.
When cells grow old or become damaged, they die and new cells take their place.
Sometimes this orderly process breaks down and abnormal or damaged cells grow and multiply when they should not.
These cells may form tumors, which are lumps of tissue.
Tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or not cancerous (benign).
Cancerous tumors spread into or over, nearby tissues and can travel to distant places in the body to form new tumors (a process called metastasis).
Cancerous tumors may also be called malignant tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, but cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not.
Benign tumors do not spread into or over, nearby tissues.
When removed, benign tumors usually don’t grow back, whereas cancerous tumors sometimes do.
Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. Some can cause serious symptoms or be life threatening, such as benign tumors in the brain.
Types of Genes that Cause Cancer
The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes—
proto-oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
DNA repair genes.
These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer.
Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not.
Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner.
DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA.
Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous.
TYPES OF CANCER
1) Carcinomas
A carcinoma begins in the skin or the tissue that covers the surface of internal organs and glands.
Carcinomas usually form solid tumors.
They are the most common type of cancer.
Examples of carcinomas include
Prostate Cancer,
Breast Cancer,
Lung Cancer,
Colorectal Cancer.
2) Sarcomas
A sarcoma begins in the tissues that support and connect the body.
A type of cancer that begins in bone or in the soft tissues of the body.
A sarcoma can develop in fat, muscles, nerves, tendons, joints, blood vessels, lymph vessels, cartilage, or bone.3) Leukemias
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood.
Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably.
The 4 main types of leukemia are :
4) Lymphomas
Lymphoma is a cancer that be
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
One of the most developed cities of India, the city of Chennai is the capital of Tamilnadu and many people from different parts of India come here to earn their bread and butter. Being a metropolitan, the city is filled with towering building and beaches but the sad part as with almost every Indian city
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance.pdfNEHA GUPTA
The "ICH Guidelines for Pharmacovigilance" PDF provides a comprehensive overview of the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines related to pharmacovigilance. These guidelines aim to ensure that drugs are safe and effective for patients by monitoring and assessing adverse effects, ensuring proper reporting systems, and improving risk management practices. The document is essential for professionals in the pharmaceutical industry, regulatory authorities, and healthcare providers, offering detailed procedures and standards for pharmacovigilance activities to enhance drug safety and protect public health.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Health Education on prevention of hypertensionRadhika kulvi
Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
4. Healthy Cells
• Cells represent the smallest,
functional unit of our existence
which contains cytoplasm and a
nucleus (i.e. metabolism,
reproduction, day to day
functions)
• Cells have a specialized function
depending on their location in
the body.
• Cells grow, replicate and repair
body organs.
• The genetic material (DNA/RNA)
and your immune system
regulate this process.
5. Different Types of Cells
• Blood cells
• Muscle cells (smooth,
striated, cardiac)
• Nerve cells
• Bone cells
• Cartilage cells
• Liver (hepa) cells
6. Define Cancer
• Cancer is a term used to describe a large
group of diseases that are characterized by a
cellular malfunction. Healthy cells are
programmed to “know what to do and when
to do it”. Cancerous cells do not have this
programming and therefore grow and
replicate out of control. They also serve no
physiological function. These cells are now
termed a neoplasm.
8. Loss of Normal Growth Control
Cancer
cell division
Fourth or
later mutation
Third
mutation
Second
mutation
First
mutation
Uncontrolled growth
Cell Suicide or Apoptosis
Cell damage—
no repair
Normal
cell division
9. Example of Normal Growth
Cell migration
Dermis
Dividing cells in
basal layer
Dead cells
shed from
outer surface
Epidermis
11. Invasion and Metastasis
3
Cancer cells reinvade
and grow at new
location
1
Cancer cells invade
surrounding tissues and
blood vessels
2
Cancer cells are
transported by the
circulatory system to
distant sites
12. Malignant versus Benign Tumors
Malignant (cancer) cells
invade neighboring
tissues, enter blood
vessels, and metastasize
to different sites
Time
Benign (not cancer) tumor
cells grow
only locally and cannot
spread by invasion or
metastasis
22. Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Endometrial Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
23. Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Endometrial Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
Prostate Cancer
24. Bladder Cancer
Lung Cancer
Breast Cancer
Melanoma
Colon and Rectal Cancer
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Endometrial Cancer
Pancreatic Cancer
Kidney (Renal Cell) Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Thyroid Cancer
30. Common environmental factors leading to cancer death include:
tobacco (25-30%)
infections (15-20%)
diet and obesity (30-35%)
31. Common environmental factors leading to cancer death include:
tobacco (25-30%)
infections (15-20%)
diet and obesity (30-35%)
Radiation
Stress
lack of physical activity
environmental pollutants
54. Modifiable Risk Factors
– Lifestyle
– Diet
Up to 1/3 of cancers can be avoided with a
nutritious diet, maintenance of a healthy
weight, and an active lifestyle
55. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
5. Avoid Tobacco
6. Limit exposure to carcinogen
56. Plant-based Diets
High in fruits, vegetables, nuts, beans, etc.
Dietary fiber
Vitamins, minerals, phytonutrients, and antioxidants
Low in total and saturated fat
57. Benefits of Dietary Fiber
Speeds up digestion
Eliminates cancer compounds from the body
Changes the bacteria in the gut to good bacteria
Getting enough fiber can reduce the risk of:
Colorectal cancer
Breast cancer
Some head/neck cancers
58. Whole Grains
Legumes
Vegetables
Fruits
Recommendations:
Men: 32g per day
Women: 25g per day
(14g of dietary fiber per 1,000
calories daily)
Sources of Fiber
59.
60. Benefits of Vitamins and Phytonutrients
• Act as antioxidants in the body
Antioxidants:
Reduce cells that damage the body
Control cell growth and death
These compounds may be protective against:
Breast cancer
Prostate cancer
Colon cancer
Bladder cancer
Lung cancer
Esophageal cancer
61. Sources of Vitamins and Phytonutrients
• Vitamin A: liver, eggs, dairy
• ß-carotene: carrot, sweet-
potato, pumpkin, dark leafy
green vegetables
• Vitamin E: vegetable oils, nuts,
leafy green vegetables, sweet
potatoes, carrots, and tomatoes
• Vitamin C: citrus fruits, broccoli,
cabbage
• Recommendations:
– 2 cups of fruit daily
– 2.5 to 3 cups of vegetables daily
62. Benefits of Consuming a Low Diet
Low intakes of saturated fat may prevent inflammation
Inflammation is often associated with cancer development
Increased waist
circumference and body
weight (obesity) may
increase the risk of
developing:
Colon cancer
Breast cancer
Multiple myeloma
63. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
64. Limit Red and Processed Meats
Some processed
meats may contain
carcinogens
Recommendations:
Eat less than 18
ounces of red meat
a week to reduce
cancer risk
Red meats:
Hamburgers, steak,
lamb roast, pork
chops
Processed meats:
Smoked/cured/salted
meat, meat with
added preservatives
such as hotdogs,
bacon, salami,
sausage
65. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
66. Avoid Grilling and Frying Foods!
• Cancer causing compounds are
produced when animal products are
grilled or fried
• Chemicals formed when fat drips off
the meat into flames
• Try to replace grilling and frying with
baking, steaming, or boiling!
67. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
68. Limit Alcohol Consumption
• May damage DNA, increasing the risk of cancer
• High alcohol consumption is associated with:
– Head and neck cancer
– Mouth cancer
– Pharynx/Larynx cancer
• Recommendations:
• Men: 2 drinks per day
• Women 1 drink per day
Esophagus cancer
Breast cancer
Liver cancer
69. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
5. Avoid Tobacco
6. Limit exposure to carcinogen
70. Optimize your diet!
1. Plant-based foods
2. Limit red and processed meats
3. Avoid grilling and frying foods
4. Limit alcohol
5. Avoid Tobacco
6. Limit exposure to carcinogen
73. • Avoid CT Scans as they have been linked to progression of
cancer
• Avoid EMF’s (electromagnetic field)
– Electronics
– Power Lines
– Modems
– appliances
74. MINERAL OIL (LIQUID PETROLEUM)
IS A BY PRODUCT OF PETROLEUM AND IS KNOWN TO INCREASE THE RISK OF CANCER.
*THESE CHEMICALS SLOWLY POISON US THROUGH REPEATED USE!!!
Avoid COSMETICS
containing
• Formaldehyde
• Parabens
• phthalates (endocrin
disrupting preservatives)
*100 unique chemicals in every
day personal products .
86. Summary
•There are many causes of cancer
•Some causes can be changed
•Diet is a modifiable risk factor
•With these small steps, you can help reduce your risk
of cancer-causing agents!