Neem products used in plant protection

NEEM
TOPIC: IMPORTENCE OF NEEM PRODUCTS AND WHAT ARE
THE PRODUCTS USED IN PLANT PROTECTION, MODE OF
ACTION OF THE ACTIVE INGRADIENTS

N
E
E
M
NATURES
ECOFRIENDLY
ECONOMICAL
MIRACLE

NEEM
NEEM: Azadirachta indica
ABOUT NEEM: Vernacular names
Names for this plant in various languages include
Nim : Bengali Scientific classification:
Nim, Neem : Hindi Kingdom : Plantae
Bevu : Kannada Angiosperms
Arya Veppu: Malayalam Order : Sapindales
Nimm : Punjabi Family : Miliaceae
Nimba : Sanskrit, Marathi, Oriya Genus : Azadirachta
Kohomba : Sinhala Speices : A. indica
Vepa : Telugu
Vembu : Tamil
Dongoyaro :Yoruba
Limado : Gujarati

 Neem is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height
of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft), rarely to 35–40 metres
(115–131 ft).
 It is evergreen, but in severe drought it may shed
most or nearly all of its leaves.
 The branches are wide and spreading.
 The fairly dense crown is roundish and may reach a
diameter of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft) in old, free-
standing specimens.
 The neem tree is very similar in appearance to its
relative, the Chinaberry (Melia azedarach).

IMPORTENCE OF NEEM PRODUCTS:
So many uses in herbal medicinel.
• Neem is used to combat tiredness,
cough, fever, loss of appetite, and
worm infestations. It is used in
vomiting, skin diseases, and excessive
thirst.
• It heals wounds, reverses gum
disease, reduces high blood pressure,
and is used to treat arthritis, malaria,
diabetes, liver disease, and cancer.
Neem leaves reportedly remove toxins,
purify blood, and prevent damage
caused by free radicals in the body by
neutralizing them.

• Neem seeds and leaves are purported
to be spermicidal.
• Neem leaves are dried in India and
placed in cupboards to prevent insects
eating the clothes and also while
storing rice in tins. Neem leaves are
dried and burnt in the tropical regions
to keep away mosquitoes. These
flowers are also used in many Indian
festivals like Ugadi. Used As
an ayurvedic herb, neem is also used
in baths.

Neem leaves are used as green leaf
manure and also in preparation of
litter compost. Neem leaves are
also used in storage of grains.

 Neem blossoms are used in Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka to
prepare Ugadi pachhadi. A mixture of
neem flowers and jaggery (or unrefined
brown sugar) is prepared and offered to
friends and relatives, symbolic of sweet
and bitter events in the upcoming new
year, Ugadi.
 "Bevina hoovina gojju" (a type of curry
prepared with neem blossoms) is
common in Karnataka throughout the
year. Dried blossoms are used when
fresh blossoms are not available.
 In Tamil Nadu, a rasam (veppam poo
rasam) made with neem blossoms is a
culinary specialty.

Neem oil
oil is extracted from the seeds
of the neem tree and has
insecticidal and medicinal
properties due to which it has
been used in pest control in rice
cultivation.

Neem bark and roots
also have medicinal
properties.
Bark & roots in powdered
form are also used to
control fleas & sucking
pests in rice cultivation.

NEEM CAKE AS FERTILIZER:
 Organic manure made from Neem protects plant root
from Nematodes, soil grubs and white ants.
 This is mainly due to presence of
residual limonoid content present in Neem.
 Neem cake also has natural pesticidal properties.
Neem cake application has shown to increase dry
matter content.
 Research has shown Neem seed cake application
reduces alkalinity in the soil.
 As Neem produces organic acid naturally on
decomposition.
 Neem cake being totally natural it is compatible with
beneficial soil microbes, improves microflora which
ensures better soil fertility.
 Neem cake also improves the organic matter content
in the soil, soil texture, water holding capacity and soil
aeration which helps in better root development.

Twigs of neem when tender is used as green manure
after decomposing and widely incorporated in rice
cultivation fields. Neem (leaf and seed) extracts have
been found to have insecticidal properties.
 It is used as foliar
spray and in
treating seeds in
rice cultivation.

PRODUCTSOF NAUTRENEEM:
1.NATURE NEEM OIL: 100% cold pressed neem
oil.
2.TOTAL CARE: ( Neem oil water soluble): Neem
oil for pesticidal applications.
3.BIO CARE ( Neem oil + karanja oil water
soluble) : neem oil foe animal skin care.
4.NUTRAZA ( Neem organic fertilizer) : Neems
organic supplements in pellets and liquid.
5. NEEM GUARD: Urea coating agent with
denitrifying factors in powder and liquid form.
6.C0C0 TERRE: Planting and potting media rich
form coir pith enriched with neem and organic
sub.

GENERIC NEEM PRODUCTS FROM NATURE NEEM
Nature Neem seed cake and seed products: seed
cake aftet the extraction of oil
Organic manures – neem enriched: FYM, poultry
droppings, vermi compost, Bat guano, blood meal,
fish meal, bone meal.
Bio-inoculants- neem enriched : Beneficial
microorganisms – Azospirillum, phosphobacteria,
Azotobacter , trichoderma, Pseudomonas, VAM.
NEEM MEDICINAL AND COSMECTIC PRODUCTS
Nature Neem plant parts: neem flowers, leaf
extracts, barks, seed power, gum, roots etc….
Nature Neem Ayurvedic soaps: Hand made soaps
of vegetable origin.

COCO/ COIR PRODUCT RANGES FROM NATURE NEEM
 COC GROW: Growing media rich with neem and coir pith.
 COCO HUSK CHIPS: Skin of coconut used as bio mulch.
 COCO POTS: Biopots from coir enriched with neem.
 COCO CHARCO: Coconut shell charcoal for barbecue.
 COCO BLOCKS: Coir pith blocks
Other Bio products of nature neem:
KARANJA PRODUCTS: Pure karanja oil , karanja seed cake.
ALOE VERA PRODUCTS: Raw aloe vera plant extract.
SEAWEED EXTRACTS PRODUCTS: Dry seaweed meal or liquid
extracts.
TURMERIC PRODUCTS FROM NATURE NEEM: Dried rhizomes
or powder of turmeric.
PEPPER PRODUCTS AND CARDAMOM FROM NATURE NEEM:
The famous indian pepper from nature neem and processed
cardamom capsules respectively

NEEM IN agriculture
1. Neem used as Fertilizer
2. Neem used as Manure
3. Neem as urea coating agent
4. Neem as Soil Conditioner
5.Neem products used in plant protection

Neemproducts used in plant protection
Neemas Bio-pesticide
 The importance of neem as bio-pesticide was realized
by the modern scientific community, as early as 1959,
(German scientist in Sudan) .
 Literatures confirm that neem can effectively get rid of
over 200 pest species that affects plants.
 The pesticidal characteristics of neem is largely
attributable to Azadirachtin found in the neem extracts.
 which is a growth regulator and as well as a powerful
feeding and ovipositional deterrent.
 Azadirachtin is non-volatile and an insect cannot
prevent it by smell but has to taste it, in order to
respond to it.
 A taste of azadirachtin stimulates at least one 'deterrent
neuron' in insects which show an anti-feedant
response.

 Neem oil can also suffocate mites, whiteflies,
aphids and other types of soft bodied insects on
contact. So it is clear that neem does not kill on
contact, rather it inhibits feeding and
reproduction of the pests.
 These multiple modes of action make it unlikely
that insects and plant pathogens can develop
resistance to neem. Also certain pest such as floral
thrips, diamond back moth and several leaf miners
which develop resistance to the inorganic
pesticides or that are inherently difficult to control
with conventional pesticides are effectively
controlled or managed with neem.

NEEMOIL
Controls both fungal and bacterial infections
 The last few years we have talked about how great neem oil is as an
insecticide and mitacide, but we don't want to forget the many fungal
and bacterial problems neem oil can also solve.
 Neem oil is pressed from the fruits and seeds of Neem (Azadirachta
indica), an evergreen tree which is native to India, and is used as a
broad spectrum insecticide, miticide, and fungicide, which is used on
vegetables, fruit trees, ornamentals, and more.
It is used commonly as an effective fungicide for the prevention and
control of various fungal diseases including:
• powdery mildew
• black spot
• mildew and scab
• Anthracnose
• rust
• leaf spot

•botrytis
•needle rust
•tip blight
•alternaria
It also controls bacterial diseases such as fire blight.
As a preventative: neem oil should be applied on a 7 to 14 day schedule
until the potential for disease development is no longer present.
To control disease already present: apply neem oil on a 7 day schedule
until disease pressure is eliminated. Then continue spraying on a 14 day
schedule to prevent the disease from reoccurring.
Directions for Use:
Mix at the rate of 2 tablespoons (30 ml) per gallon (3.8 l) of water.
Thoroughly mix solution and spray all plant surfaces, including the
undersides of the leaves, until completely wet. Frequently shake the
solution as you spray to keep it mixed.

Insecticide/Miticide Use: Apply this product at first
sign of insects/mites. For control of aphids, spider
mites, scale, whitefly, beetles, leafrollers and other
insect pests. This product is most effective when
applied every 7 to 14 days. For heavy insect
populations, spray on a 7 day schedule.
Insecticide/Miticide Application Rate: Mix this
product at the rate of 2 - 4 tablespoons (1- 2 fluid
ounces) per gallon of water. Thoroughly mix solution
and spray all plant surfaces (including the underside
of leaves) until completely wet. Frequently mix
solution as you spray.
Bee Hazard: This product is toxic to bees exposed to
direct treatment. Do not apply this product while
bees are actively visiting the treatment area.

The Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) of neem
The emulsifiable concentrate (EC) of Neem prepared mostly
from the Neem oil is used as the pesticide of choice in organic
agriculture. It belongs to the category of medium to broad
spectrum pesticides· Neem pesticide is a natural product,
absolutely non toxic, 100% biodegradable and eco friendly.
 It is suited for mixing with other synthetic pesticide and in
fact enhances their action.
 None or lesser quantity of synthetic pesticides needs to be
used, thereby reducing the environmental load.
 Several synthetic pesticides being single chemical
compounds cause easy development of resistant species of
pests.
 Neem consists of several compounds hence development
of resistance is impossible.

 Neem does not destroy natural predators
and parasites of pests thereby allowing these
natural enemies to keep a check on the pest
population.
 Neem also has systemic action and seedlings
can absorb and accumulate the neem
compounds to make the whole plant pest
resistant.
 Neem has a broad spectrum of action active
on more than 200 species of pests.
 Neem is harmless to non target and
beneficial organisms like pollinators, honey
bees, mammals and other vertebrates.

In insects moulting is governed by an enzyme ecdysone
When the neem components, especially Azadirachtin enter into the
body of larvae, the activity of ecdysone is suppressed and the larva
fails to moult, remains in the larval stage and ultimately dies.
If the concentration of Azadirachtin is not sufficient, the larva
manages to enter the pupal stage but dies at this stage .
if the concentration is still less the adult emerging from the pupa is
100 % malformed, absolutely sterile without any capacity for
reproduction.
How Neem works as a pesticide
As an insect growth regulator:

As a feeding deterrent: The most important property of neem is
feeding deterrence.
When an insect larva sits on the leaf, the larva is hungry and it wants
to feed on the leaf.
This particular trigger of feeding is given through the maxillary glands
give a trigger, peristalsis in the alimentary canal is speeded up, the
larva feels hungry and its starts feeding on the surface of the leaf.
When the leaf is treated with neem product, because of the presence
of Azadirachtin, Salanin and Melandriol there is an anti – peristaltic
wave in the alimentary canal and this produces something similar to
vomiting sensation in the insect.
Because of this sensation the insect does not feed on the neem
treated surface. Its ability to swallow is also blocked.

As an ovipositional Deterrent: Another way in which neem
reduces pests is not by allowing the female to deposits eggs. This
property is known as Ovipositional deterrence, and comes in very
handy when the seeds in storage are coated with neem Kernel
powder and neem oil.
Neem in storage control
Throughout the tropics much of the food harvested is lost during
storage. More affluent farmers can and do spray their stored food
crops with chemical pesticides to prevent worms, beetles and
other infestations.
Other pesticidal activity includes :
(1) The formation of chitin (exoskeleton) is also inhibited.
(2) Mating as well as sexual communication is disrupted.
(3) Larvae and adults of insects are repelled.
(4) Adults are sterilized.
(5) Larvae and adults are poisoned.

Neem as a bio-fungicide :
As a fungicide, neem oil is mainly used as a
preventative and when disease is just starting to
show. It coats the leaf surface which in turn prevents
the germination of the fungal spores. Neem oil is
effective against rots, mildews, rusts, scab, leaf spot
and blights.
Neem as fumigant
Neem tree has been used against household, storage
pests and crop pests. Neem pest fumigant is available
in gaseous state and is used as a pesticide and
disinfectant. It is being used by a large number of
countries on a commercial basis by farmers and
agriculturists.

Mode of applications of Neem
pesticide: However the EC formulations are
mostly applied as aerial sprays. It is also applied
as soil drench to some plant species which
translocates it through the plant tissue. Neem
can be effectively used in Hydroponics,
Aeroponics, greenhouses, shade houses,
ornamentals, interior-scapes, horticulture,
landscapes, nurseries, turf farms, shrubs,
flowering shrubs, fruits and nut trees.

MODE OF ACTION:
 Neem acts as a biopesticide at different levels and in various ways.
 Primarily it acts as antifeedant ie.,when an insect larva is hungry
and it wants to feed on the leaf but if the leaf is treated with neem
product, because of the presence of azadirachtin, salaninand
melandriol there is an antiperistalitic wave in the alimentary canal
and this produces something similar to vomiting sensation in the
insect. Because of this sensation the insect does not feed on the
neem treated surface and ability to swallow is also blocked.
 Secondly it acts as oviposition deterrent ie., by not allowing the
female to deposits eggs comes in very handy when the seeds in
storage are coated with neem kernel powder and/or neem oil. It
also acts as insect growth regulator. It is a very interesting property
of neem product and unique in nature, ie., it works on juvenile
harmone.

Brown planthopper – Nilaparvata
lugens
Neem oil 3% Neem seed kernel
extract 5% or soil application @ 25
kg/ha
Black bug - Scotinophoralurida Spray Neem seed kernel extract 5%
or soil application @ 25 kg/ha
Ear head bug - Leptocorisaacuta
Sheath rot - Saroclodium oryzae
Sheath blight – Rhizoctonia solani
Neem seed kernel extract 5% or soil
application @ 25 kg/ha
NSKE (5% ) or Neem oil 3%
Foliar spray with Neem oil at 3%
PLANT PROTECTIN MEASURES:
Recommentations of use of neem oil and NSKE for different
pest management
NEEM BASED PESTICIDES:

INSTITUTION PRODUCT
A.J.Chemicals, Ahmedabad Neemata-2100
Ajay Biotech ltd., pune Bioneeem (0.03% Aza )
Amit Biotech ltd., calcutta Pestoneem(kernel extract)
Amitul Agrochem Pvt. Ltd. Nethrin
Angel Biotech Speciality Pvt. Ltd. Aza formulation
Sri Krishna co., coimbatore Neem Top
Sridisha Biotech Pvt. Ltd., hyderabad Nimar
Victoria laborates, salem Nimbosol

The material left after oil is squeezed out from
seeds and is popularly known as the seed cake; It
acts as a bio fertilizer and helps in providing the
required nutrients to plants. It is widely used to
ensure a high yield of crops. Neem is used as a
fertilizer both for food crops and cash crops,
particularly rice and sugarcane crop.
Benefits: Neem seed cake performs the dual
function of both fertilizer and pesticide, acts as a
soil enricher, reduces the growth of soil pest and
bacteria, provides macro nutrients essential for all
plant growth, helps to increase the yield of plants
in the long run, bio degradable and Eco friendly
and excellent soil conditioner.
2)Neem used as Fertilizer

3. Neem as urea coating agent
Neem and its parts are being used to manufacture urea coating agent
to improve and maintain the fertility of soil. The fertility of the soil can
be measured by the amount of Nitrogen, Potassium and Phosphorous.
it has; there are certain bacteria found in soil, which denitrify it
Benefits Use of neem urea coating agent helps to retard the activity
and growth of the bacteria responsible for denitrification. It prevents
the loss of urea inthe soil. available either in liquid form or powdered
form. Properties of Neem Urea Coating are Anti feedant, anti fertility
and pest growth regulator.

Neem used as Manure
Manure is any animal or plant material used to fertilize land especially
animal excreta for improving the soil fertility and thus promoting
plant growth. the compounds found in it help to increase the nitrogen
and phosphorous content in the soil. It is rich in sulphur, potassium,
calcium, nitrogen, etc. Neem cake is used to manufacture high quality
organic or natural manure, which does not have any aftermaths on
plants, soil and other living organisms.

Requirements of neem cake for manuring
Characteristic Requirement
 Maximum moisture (%by mass) - 10.0
 Minimum water-soluble organic N %
by mass on moisture-free basis - 2.5
 Maximum total ash (% by mass) - 13.0
 Maximum acid-insoluble ash (% by
mass) on moisture –free basis - 5.0

Neem as Soil Conditioner
 Neem seed granules or powdered
seeds are used to manufacture the
soil conditioner. It can be applied
during sowing of plants or can be
sprinkled and raked into the soil.
 The process of sprinkling should be
followed by proper irrigation so that
the product reaches the roots.
 Benefits: Neem is a natural soil
conditioner that helps improve the
quality of soil, prevents them from
being destroyed by certain pests
and insects. Organic soil conditioner
is gaining popularity in agricultural
industry.

Neem products used as:
As a vegetable
The tender shoots and flowers of the
neem tree are eaten as a vegetable in
India.
 Veppampoo charu made of the
flower of neem is prepared in Tamil
Nadu.
 In West Bengal, young neem leaves
udes as the dish is called nim
begun and acts as an appetizer.
 Neem gum is a rich source of protein.
Pickled neem leaves are also eaten
with tomato and fish paste sauce in
Myanmar.

Safety issues
Neem oil can cause some forms of
toxic encephalopathy(brain damage due to lack of
oxygen) and ophthalmopathy(also known as thyroid
eye disease (TED ) if consumed in large quantities.
Toiletries: Neem oil is used for preparing cosmetics
such as soap, shampoo, balms and creams as well
as toothpaste.
Neem gum is used as a bulking agent and for the
preparation of special purpose foods.
Bird repellent: Neem leaf boiled in water can be
used as a very cost effective bird repellent,
especially for sparrows.

Toothbrush: Traditionally, slender neem twigs (called
datun;) are first chewed as a toothbrush and then split
as a tongue cleaner
Lubricant : Neem oil is non drying and it resists
degradation better than most vegetable oils. In rural
India, it is commonly used to grease cart wheels.
Fertilizer : Neem has demonstrated considerable
potential as a fertilizer. Neem cake is widely used to
fertilize cash crops, particularly sugarcane and
vegetables.
Resin : An exudate can be tapped from the trunk by
wounding the bark. This high protein material is not a
substitute for polysaccharide gum, such as gum arabic
Bark : Neem bark contains 14% tannin, an amount
similar to that in conventional tannin yielding trees (such
as Acacia decurrens).

Cosmetics : Neem is perceived in India as a beauty
aid. Powdered leaves are a major component of at
least one widely used facial cream. Purified neem oil
is also used in nail polish and other cosmetics.
Honey : In parts of Asia neem honey commands
premium prices, and people promote apiculture by
planting neem trees.
Soap : 80% of India's supply of neem oil is now used
by neem oil soap manufacturers

Against pox viruses : In Tamil
Nadu, people who are affected
with pox viruses are generally
made to lie in bed made of neem
leaves and branches. This prevents
the spreading of pox virus to others
and has been in practice since
early centuries.
Fungicide use: Instead of using
copper, sulphur, or even systemic
treatments, biological neem oil is
used on fruits, nuts, vegetables,
herbs, spices, roses, houseplants,
flowers, trees, and shrubs.
NEEM protected fruits

Neem and environment
The natural insecticides, fungicides and bio-
pesticides made out of neem have many advantages.
Research studies indicate that they are not harmful
to humans or animals.
The pests will not develop resistance over
generations while the beneficial insects like
butterflies, ladybugs, etc are spared. The soil is
enriched, and neem extracts leave no residue in the
environment.
Neem's "soft" pesticide character improves the lives
of impoverished farmers throughout the tropical
range of the neem tree.

 By discussing all the aspects of neem
we concluded that neem tree is eco-
friendly and used against pest and
disease.
 No hazards to natural enemies.
 To reduce the input levels of crop.
 Increasing yield and economic level of
farmers.
CONCLUSION:

1) Applied Entomology Author: D S Reddy
2) A Textbook of Applied Entomology
Author: K.P. Srivastava G.S. Dhaliwal
3) www.motherearthnews.com › Mother Earth News
Blogs › Natural Health
4)www.webmd.com/vitamins.../ingredientmono-577-
neem.aspx?...neem
5)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azadirachta_indica
REFERENCES

Acknowledge
I acknowledge the scientists who spent valuable time in generating
information on various aspects of plant pathology and entamology and
displayed the same on internet for use by students teachers and
researchers.

Neem products used in plant protection

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