Wheat blast is an emerging fungal disease caused by Magnaporthe oryzae that poses a serious threat to global wheat production. It was first discovered in Brazil in 1985 and has since spread to other parts of South America. In 2016, it was observed for the first time in Bangladesh. Wheat is a highly important food crop worldwide, providing 20% of global calorie intake. Effective management of wheat blast is challenging due to limited resistance genes identified so far and the unreliable control by fungicides. Host resistance and surveillance are currently the most effective control strategies to prevent further global spread of this disease.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
This Presentation includes various tactics of IDM like Cultural control, Physical control, Chemical control, Biological control of plant disease. Useful for UG, PG Botany and Agriculture students
IMPORTANCE OF MICRONUTRIENT AND BIOFERTILIZERS FOR ENHANCEMENT OF PULSE PRODU...UAS, Dharwad
Pulses occupy a unique position in every system of Indian farming as a main, catch, cover, green manure and intercrop. These are the main source of protein particularly for vegetarians and contribute about 14 per cent of total protein of an average Indian diet. These cover an area of about 23.47 million hectares with an annual production of 18.34 million tones and productivity of 730 kg ha-1 in India (Anon., 2014).
The productivity of pulses continues to be low, as they are generally grown in rainfed areas under poor management conditions and face various kind of biotic and abiotic stresses. Unfavourable weather, low availability of quality seeds, socio-economic factors, weed infestation, less fertile and nutrient deficient soils etc. Among these constraints, recently emerged constraint is micronutrient deficiency which is one of the cause for reduction in yield of pulses. Hence, proper management of micronutrient can enhance the production.
Bio-fertilizers are one of the best modern tools for pulse production. These are cost effective, eco-friendly and renewable source of plant nutrients in sustainable pulse production. These are microbial inoculants which enhance crop production through improving the nutrient supply and their availability.
Weed competition is a major limiting factor for the productivity of crops. Weed control is one of the main concerns in organic farming. Weed depletes nutrient, water and light their by reducing crops yields drastically. The chemical intervention is not permitted for weed control purpose in organic farming system. Apprehension regarding the consequence of managing weeds without the use of herbicides is a major factor limiting the adoption of organic farming by conventional growers. As wide spread application of herbicides has led to concern about contamination of environment, residues problems in soil and water, toxicity to animals and appearance to resistant weeds. The elements to consider in controlling weed problems are only the non chemical methods of weed control. These include physical /mechanical, cultural and biological methods of weed control.
Verticillium wilt of cotton is a fungal disease caused by the pathogen Verticillium dahliae. It primarily affects cotton plants, causing wilting, yellowing, and premature defoliation. The fungus invades the vascular system, restricting water flow and nutrient uptake. This leads to stunted growth and reduced yield. Management strategies include crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil fumigation. Understanding the symptoms and implementing preventive measures are crucial for mitigating the impact of Verticillium wilt on cotton crops.
Genetics of Yellow Rust Resistance in WheatAnu Naruka
Wheat is a major staple food of world population and occupies about 21.8 % of total cultivated area accounting for 35.5 % of total food grain production at global level. Wheat is the second most important cereal of India. India is a major producer of wheat, accounting for about 13.2 percent of the world tonnage. India’s share in global exports during the year 2014-15 was 1.8 percent (Anonymous, 2016)
Occurrence and Extent of Fusarium Head Blight on Wheat Cultivars in SomaliaPremier Publishers
This study was aimed to evaluate the disease incidence and severity of Fusarium head blight (FHB) on wheat cultivar commonly cultivated in Somalia. To execute this study, four commonly grown wheat cultivars e.g., edessa, ceyhann99, kasifbey, and gündaş were cultivated in two different seasons (winter and summer) maintaining the good agricultural practices. Results revealed that the highest percent of Fusarium head blight disease incidence was observed in kasifbey (65%) cultivar followed by edessa (40.13%), ceyhann99 (28.75%) and gündaş (13.75%). The disease severity and disease index of Fusarium head blight was varied significantly among the wheat cultivars and the highest percent was recorded on the kasifbey cultivar as 61.63% and 39.50%, respectively while the lowest was observed on the gündaş (13.18% and 1.88%, respectively). The maximum grain severity among the cultivars was recorded on the edessa (4.01%) whereas the minimum was on the gündaş (0.92%). The gündaş was experienced to yield better than the other cultivars and performed better resistance against the Fusarium head blight disease of wheat, however, special intervention should be taken to protect the wheat from Fusarium head blight disease.
Presentation on Bunt of wheat for 6th Semester Crop Diseases.
All the description from etiology to management has been mentioned on the slides.
Prepared By Hemant Sahani Himani Chand, Ichchha Neupane
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
5. Discovered in Parana state of
Brazil in 1985 and since then
spreading to an area of about 3.0
mha causing losses of 10-100%.
Reported in central and south
Brazil, Bolivia, NE Argentina, S &
SE Paraguay And Uruguay
Observed in Kentucky in 2011,
vigorous surveillance helped stop
spreading in U.S.A
Observed in Bangladesh in 2016
WHEAT
BLAST
2016
6.
7. Comparison of two Blast diseases
• Found in all rice growing regions
• Still often controlled by fungicides
• >85 major resistance genes identified, 18
of these are cloned
• Only asexual reproduction in most of the
world
• Symptoms on young expanded leaves
• A potential threat to global wheat production
• Control with fungicides unreliable
• Few resistance genes identified
• Mixed reproduction sexual followed by asexual
(brazil-before 1980, Himalayan foothills of India ,
china , late 1980s onwards asexual)
•Symptoms on oldest leaves
8. CAuSAL
orgAniSm
• Initially thought to be P. oryzae and some author named
as Triticum isolates of P. oryzae. Sprague (1950)
• Later Kohli et al. preferred name as Pyricularia grisea.
• Using multilocus phylogenetic analysis Couch and
Kuhn(2002) described P. oryzae distinct from P. grisea
•Recently Castroagudin et al. (2016) conducted phylogenetic assays on
different isolates of P. oryzae from sympatric populations of grasses
growing in or near wheat fields, so based on clades they conclude P. oryzae
pathotype Triticum to be the pathogen responsible for wheat blast.
Fig. Two septate pyriform conidia of
Pyriculariaon
wheat
Urashima et al .,
10. Pyricularia oryzae is a species complex (Couch & Kuhn 2002).
Cause blast in more than 50 species of poaceous plants.
E.g.: Oryza pathotype, pathogenic on rice
Setaria pathotype, pathogenic on foxtail millet
Eleusine pathotype, pathogenic on finger millet and
Triticum pathotype, pathogenic on wheat (Urashima et al ., 1998)
11. Pathogenicity spectra of Pyricularia graminis-tritici (Pgt) and P. oryzae pathotypes
Triticum (PoT) and Oryza (PoO)
Castroagudin et al. (2016)
Wheat blast isolates from Pgt or PoT do not infect rice, but they all infect
barley, oat and signal grass
Rice blast isolates (PoO) infect barley, oat, and wheat, but not signal grass.
Barley Oat Signal grass Wheat Rice
Pgt + + + + -
PoT + + + + -
(clades 1 and 2)
PoO + + - + +
The hypothesis of ”host-specific forms” does not hold for
the wheat blast pathogens.
The hypothesis of ”host-specific forms” does not hold for
the wheat blast pathogens.
12. Infects all above ground parts of plant.
On leaves lesions vary in shape and size
depending on the stage of plants.
As plants grow older, lesions are less
frequent.
Lesions with white centre and of reddish
brown margin on upper side, dark grey on the
underside of the leaf can be observed on both
young and old infected leaves.
Resemblance to Fusarium head blight
Major symptom on head/spike infection.
Symptomatology
Mahendra singh et al.,2016
13. Occurs on the glumes, awns and
rachis.
-Blackening of the rachis, lower
nodes, shriveling of grains, low test
weight has also been observed
- Infected glumes support elliptical
lesions with reddish brown to dark
grey margins and white to light
brown centre.
-The pathogen produce non host
specific toxin pyricularin .
- Infecting place on head determine
partial or full head drying. (Agrios, 2005) Malaker et al., 2016)
18. MoT can be transmitted from spike to seed, and from infected seeds to seedlings.
Estimated rate of MoT transmission from a non-treated seed lot with 21% incidence
could potentially create 400,000 primary inoculum units per hectare
Goulart and Paiva (1990)
22. Races of Magnoporthe oryzae pathotype Triticum
Race Everest(non
-2NS)
Jagalene(2N
S)
Ronl(non-
2NS)
0 R R R
1 S R R
2 S R S
3 S S S
EARLY STRAINS
FROM BRAZIL,
LATE 1980’S (T-28)
RECENT STRAINS
FROM
BOLIVIA & BRAZIL,
2012 (B-71)
23. Scoring of wheat blast incidence at seedling stage is done on the scale of 0 to 9
0 - no lesions (highly resistant);
1 - small, brown,specks of pinhead size;
2 - small roundish to slightly elongated, necrotic gray spots, about 1-2 mm in dia, with a distinct brown
margin
3- small, roundish, elongated, necrotic gray spots (1-2 mm in diameter)
4- 3 mm or more infecting less than 4% of leaf area.
5- was for typical blast lesions infecting <10% leaf area,
6- 3 mm or longer infecting 11- 25% of the leaf area
7 - blighted area of leaf in the range of 26-50%
8 - lesions of 3 mm or more with infected area from 51 to 75% of the leaf with few dead leaves
9 - >51% leaf area infected along with many dead leaves.
0-1 - resistant reaction,
2-3 for moderately resistant,
4-5 for moderately susceptible,
6-7 for susceptible and
8-9 for the highly susceptible category IRRI, 1996
Rating scales
24. • Most severe blast years coincide with wet years
• Continuous rains and average temperatures between 18-20°C during the flowering stage of
the crop followed by sunny host and humid days.
• Under controlled conditions highest blast intensity at 30°C was observed with duration of
wetting period
• lowest at 25°C with a wetting period of < 10h.
• However, with increasing wetting period of 40h at 25°C blast intensity of 85% was
observed.
• Sprinkler irrigation may expose the plants to blast. Global temperature rise may predispose
wheat to blast.
• Saprophytic growth and conidial production in basal senescent leaves coincide with spike
emergence Kohl i et al., (2011)
25. • Production losses caused by Pyricularia blast can vary from very low to 100% (Goulart and
Paiva, 1990; Goulart et al.1992).
• First epidemic in Paraguay caused more than 70% losses (Viedma and Morel, 2002).
• Infection in low lands of Santa Cruz region of Bolivia in 1996 resulted in 80% yield
reduction in wheat (Barca and Toledo,1996).
• Government owned blast infected fields were burnt in Bangladesh
World wide production lossesWorld wide production losses
BRAZIL BOLIVIA
Mahendra singh et al.,2016
26. Host Resistance (not clear due to tricky and variable pathogen)
• The first AVR-type gene cloned from M. oryzae, named PWL2, was a host species specificity
gene that prevents strains that carry it from infecting weeping lovegrass (Eragrostis curvula)
• Five AVR effector-like genes (PWT1–5) from Oryza, Setaria and Avena isolates
independently block infection of wheat .
• Tosa and colleagues genetically confirmed a gene-for-gene relationship responsible for
incompatibility of a Lolium isolate on wheat
• They identified two gene pairs that block infection of wheat:
I. MoL AVR gene A1 and its corresponding wheat R gene Rmg6 conferring strong resistance.
II. the AVR gene A2 and its corresponding R gene R2 conferring weak resistance.
• An additional wheat R gene Rmg1 blocks Avena isolates from infecting wheat.
• Two wheat genes, Rmg4 and Rmg5, independently block Digitaria isolates from infecting
wheat
(Tosa et al. 2006).
27. Studies of 27 wheat cultivars with two ear pathogens Magnaporthe wheat blast (WB) and Fusarium
head blight (FHB) revealed that most of the 27 cultivars displayed inverse disease response to two
diseases.
The cultivar ‘Milan’ (CIMMYT) displayed resistance (R) to blast and susceptible (S) to FHB
Note that wheat leaf rust resistance gene Lr34 confers resistance to blast in rice but not for WB.
Brazilian cultivars: BR18, IRR85, CD113- moderately resistant
Everest, karl 92- susceptible
Post rock, jack pot, overley, jaglene jagger - <3% infection
Limited QTL linked residence genes available
Host jump: ( USA, 2011)
• Host shifts and emergence of new diseases like wheat blast could easily result from loss of a few AVR
genes
• Rice blast disease caused by the MoO population appears to have arisen from a host jump from
Setaria pathogens around the time rice was domesticated ~7000 years Ago
• The wheat pathogen in Brazil was originally suggested to have jumped from rice or Urochloa( from
Africa to Brazil) because blast was endemic in rice produced in northern Paraná state in 1985.
Cruz et al. (2016)
28. Management
Host resistance: R genes
• Cruz identified a WHB resistance trait contained on a wild wheat chromosome segment (the
2NS translocation segment from Aegilops ventricosa).
• Field tests in Bolivia in 2014 and 2015 confirmed that the 2NS segment confers head blast
resistance under natural epidemic conditions.
• ( fragment which incorporated into diverse cultivated wheat varieties due to its useful rust
and nematode R genes)
Cultural:
• Avoid heading to coincide with increasing temperature, high precipitation, high RH
• Deep ploughing .
Cruz et al. (2016)
29. Chemical: ( can reduced MoT sporulation from 52.2 to 100%)
• Silicon application ,
• Seed treatment
• Fungicide : only effective in flag leaf stage
• Widespread fungicide resistance would limit fungicide efficacy.
• Extensive use of strobilurin (QoI) fungicides in Brazil has led to widespread distribution of cyt
b mutations conferring resistance in strains isolated from wheat and other grasses
• Several substances like jasmonic acid (JA), deacetylated chitosan (DC), potassium silicate
(PS), potassium phosphate (PP), tebuconazole (TE) tricyclazole, thiophanate-methyl+
mancozeb are tested against WB
• Biological control: The methanol extract from stems of a tree of Chinese origin, Catalpa
ovata Trichoderma harzianum Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp.
Cruz et al. (2016)
30. Why should we be concerned about blast disease?
• The causative agent, a fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, strikes directly to wither and
deform wheat grains, leaving farmers with no time to act.
• The new Bangladesh MoT strain is much more aggressive than earlier strains
• Wheat blast can spread easily via commercial grain shipments or farmer-to-farmer
seed exchanges as it is seed-borne.
• The conidia, that have the capability of causing disease, can be blown over long
distances across farms and borders
• Fungicides provide partial defense, and must be applied before symptoms appear
31. • Outbreaks are occasional and difficult to predict
• The fungus can grow on other cereal crops that include barley, maize, oat and foxtail millet
• Wheat blast can reduce wheat yields from 10 to 100% depending on genotype, planting time,
rainfall and disease severity
• The pathogen evolves rapidly, making it difficult to develop a wheat cultivar with durable
resistance
• With porous borders in the South Asian countries, the disease assumes more significance as
probability of cross-border movement of pathogen become high
Why should we be concerned about blast disease?
32. Recent spread in
Bangladesh
• On Feb, 2016 outbreak was reported in Bangladesh. (Callaway, 2016; Malaker et
al., 2016)
• Affected in 15000 hectares with resultant fall in production by 20%. (Malaker et
al., 2016) Extant 15% wheat area been observed under disease.
Islam et al .,
2016
33. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
M C J
E
JH BH K BA P
% INFECTED
FIELD AVG.
YIELD LOSS
The severity of wheat blast and associated yield losses varied among districts.
Islam et al ., 2016
34. Economic importance of wheat in Bangladesh
The wheat blast strains might be migrated from South America to Bangladesh via
man-made transport. A local newspaper also reported that the seeds imported from
Brazil in 2015 for the consumption purpose were seen as unhealthy
35.
36.
37. • BLAST RESISTENCE IN BANGLADESH
1st
blast resistant, biofortified wheat variety released in Bangladesh
• NSB released a new variety “ BARI Gom33”(Gom -wheat grain) which is developed by WRC using
breeding line from CIMMYT.
• They proposed a new project with AROB, including (BARI), and institutions in Bolivia, other
partners national and provincial research organizations in India, Nepal and Pakistan, (USDA-ARS).
• BARI Gom33 features 30 percent higher levels of zinc than conventional wheat.
• leading international donors and scientists, nine South Asia wheat researchers recently visited the
Americas for training on measures to control a deadly and mysterious South American wheat disease
that appeared suddenly on their doorstep in 2016
• CIMMYT conducted the workshops , where all India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Mexico researchers
taking from lab to field in Bolivia .
• Bangladesh also conducted workshop in 2017 for giving training to researchers.
38. Short term :
• 1- Educate farmers and relevant stakeholders
• 2- Procurement of quality seeds produced in disease free area for planting in 2016-17 season.
• 3- Evaluation of wheat blast resistance in wheat varieties and gerrnplasrn
• 4. Fast track seed multiplication of less infected/tolerant varieties.
Medium Term
• 1. Multi-location testing of gerrnplasm.
• 2. Explore agronomic interventions like time of planting, seed treatment. stubble management, crop
diversification etc.
• 3. Fast track seed multiplication engaging private sector
Long Term
• 1_ Breeding and testing of blast resistant varieties.
• 2. Participatory Variety Selection and cesp.
Others:
• Seed treatment with Tebuconazole (reduce infection in 2016-17
• Crop rotation with non-cereal crops like sesame, Mungbean, Sesbania
• Foliar spray with Nativo (Tebuconazole+ Trifloxystrobin) or Folicur(Tebuconazole)
Managing strategies in Bangladesh
39. Reasons of concern in Indian conditions
• Epidemiology of disease largely unknown
• Disease cycle and survival of the pathogen is unknown
• Resistance is largely in effective and no enough research on fungicides
• Although seed transmitted disease, germplasm and seed exchange may initiate disease for
the disease
• Environmental conditions of North Eastern Plains of India are favorable for entry and
establishment of pathogen from Bangladesh
Reasons of concern in Indian conditions
• Epidemiology of disease largely unknown
• Disease cycle and survival of the pathogen is unknown
• Resistance is largely in effective and no enough research on fungicides
• Although seed transmitted disease, germplasm and seed exchange may initiate disease for
the disease
• Environmental conditions of North Eastern Plains of India are favorable for entry and
establishment of pathogen from Bangladesh
40. IN INDIA
• Minutes of meeting on “Occurrence of blast disease on wheat” held under Chairmanship
of Agriculture Commissioner on 28th
September, 2016 at Kolkata.
• Participants are where from DAC&FW, ICAR, Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya and West
Bengal state Agriculture department.
• They discussed about our states lie Tripura, Assam, Meghalaya and West Bengal which have
porous border with 6 states of Bangladesh which are most severally affected (15000ha area).
• No confirmed symptoms of WB , mostly appears as boron deficiency.
• Need to have a road map to tackle this disease.
• Conducted survey in border area in WB ( North 24 Parganas, Nadia, Murshidabad and Malda
districts), not find any symptoms
• Need to destroy the alternate host, giving fungicide application
41. • Follow short term strategy like scouting , fungicide and weedicide application to control
early infection
• Bangladesh farmers have 80 % seed , which can be a potential risk
• Need of international project for Bangladesh for research facilities on managing disease
• No imports, Domestic quarantine
• Action taken by ICAR-IIWBR : Through zonal monitoring teams surveyed six centers in
WB9 and 3 centers in Assam Dhubri, Chirang and Shillongani)
• Not found the disease but only spot blotch was obsereved
• Evalution of Indian varieties against blast:
• They informed that we have sent 40 genotypes to Bolivia for screening under ICAR-
CIMMYT in 2016 Work plan against the disease , so that sources of resistance can be
identified.
• Mentioned about two CIMMYT derived Mexican varieties Roelfs F2007, Borlaug 100F2014
and breeding line Supper 152/Baj1 (moderately resistant)
42. • SOFTCORE AREAS OF INDIA TO WHEAT BLAST in India
• ASSAM:
• Districts like Cachar, Hailkandi, Golapara and Dhubri vulnerable to WB attack.
• varieties used are Sonalika, Molla, Bhutia, Barpetia.
• TRIPURA:
• Hot and humid conditions in kharif and Pre-kharif seasons matching with Bangladesh.
• Chances of entry through Sepahijala district
• Need to strengthen the phytosanitary set up in kailashahar, South Tripura , North Tripura and
Agartala.
• MEGHALAYA: no area under wheat
• WESTBENGAL:
• 49 blocks of eight districts namely Cooch behar, Jalpaiguri, Dakshin Dinajpur, Uttar Dinajpur,
Malda, Murshidbad, Nadia And North 24 Paranas are .vulnerable to wheat blast
43. Strategies for management of wheat blast in India:
Avoid cultivation of wheat in the border area adjoining Bangladesh, impose strict Quarantine
measures, undertake Survey and MoT Spore surveillance, follow Chemical control and use of
resistant varieties.
Not to grow wheat along with Indo-Bangladesh boarders and follow Prophylactic sprays of
fungicides on collateral hosts
Avoiding bulk purchase of wheat grains and seeds from affected countries where wheat blast
occurs.
Follow strict seed health testing for MoTriticum and other blast causing pathogens in wheat.
Local quarantine in case wheat blast is reported from any part of India. Strict prevention of entry
of wheat grains, wheat plant parts and persons/animals in India from Bangladesh wheat fields
directly to wheat fields in India.
Strategies for management of wheat blast in India:
Avoid cultivation of wheat in the border area adjoining Bangladesh, impose strict Quarantine
measures, undertake Survey and MoT Spore surveillance, follow Chemical control and use of
resistant varieties.
Not to grow wheat along with Indo-Bangladesh boarders and follow Prophylactic sprays of
fungicides on collateral hosts
Avoiding bulk purchase of wheat grains and seeds from affected countries where wheat blast
occurs.
Follow strict seed health testing for MoTriticum and other blast causing pathogens in wheat.
Local quarantine in case wheat blast is reported from any part of India. Strict prevention of entry
of wheat grains, wheat plant parts and persons/animals in India from Bangladesh wheat fields
directly to wheat fields in India.
44. Monitoring of wheat crop at Bangladesh borders through visits, monitoring nurseries
and using IT tools.
Training of field extension officers and farmers in identification of wheat blast and other
diseases of wheat.
Sampling and analysis of blighted leaf and panicle of wheat
Seed Treatment: Carboxin 20%+Thiram 20%, Benomyl and carberidazirn+thiram@
200 mg/ 100 kg seed. Carbendazim (50g a.i/100kg seed), Mancozeb (160g a.i/100kg seed).
Foliar and panicle sprays: triazols with strobilurins, tebuconazole (600ml/ha),
trifloxystrobin 10% + tebuconazole 20% at 3 kg a.i./ ha
45. Areas Vulnerable To Wheat Blast In Bangladesh, India, PakistanAreas Vulnerable To Wheat Blast In Bangladesh, India, Pakistan
LONG TERM STRATEGIES :
47. Although the wheat blast has not been reported in India, it is still a question
of national food security for India and is an emergency as it could have
global implications.
It is the need of the hour for the Indian government and all wheat
stakeholders, both in India and the globe, to be proactive and put forward an
integrated solution to prevent this enemy from expanding its presence and
making an entry into India and the region!!
Although the wheat blast has not been reported in India, it is still a question
of national food security for India and is an emergency as it could have
global implications.
It is the need of the hour for the Indian government and all wheat
stakeholders, both in India and the globe, to be proactive and put forward an
integrated solution to prevent this enemy from expanding its presence and
making an entry into India and the region!!
Conclusion:
48. Future challenges
• Challenges for wheat blast include the scarcity of identified R genes in wheat.
• Need to test lines with non-2NS resistance under natural epidemic conditions .
• Transgenic and genome-editing strategies based on the detailed understanding of the fungal infection
process and wheat resistance mechanisms could provide longer-term solutions.
• Development of effective and integrated management strategies
• Research on the ecology of M. oryzae pathotypes that threaten wheat.
• Research is needed to identify the main source(s) of inoculum in the field.
• It is critical to define incubation and latent periods, optimum plant growth stages for infection, and critical
microclimate details.
• Remote sensing, “ground truth”, and molecular diagnostics methods will be necessary to determine if
MoT seedborne inoculum is epidemiologically important
• Better surveillance systems, preparedness infrastructure, prevention and control tools must be developed,
especially in countries at risk.
49. References:
• Castroagudin VL et al. 2015. Resistance to QoI fungicides is widespread in Brazilian populations of the wheat
blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Phytopathology.104:284–94.
• Christian D. Cruz and Barbara Valent.2017.Wheat blast disease: danger on the move. Trop. plant pathol. 42:210–
222
• Kohli, M, Y Mehta, E Guzman, L Viedma and L Cubilla. 2011. Pyricularia blast – A threat to wheat cultivation.
Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed. 47:130-134.
• Mahender Singh Saharan. 2016. Wheat blast disease - An overview. Journal of Wheat Research. 8(1):1-5
• Md. Abu Sadat and Jaehyuk Choi.2017. Wheat Blast: A New Fungal Inhabitant to Bangladesh Threatening
World Wheat Production . Plant Pathol. J. 33(2) : 103-108
• M. Tofazzal Islam et al.2016.Emergence of wheat blast in Bangladesh was caused by a South American lineage
of Magnaporthe oryzae. BMC Biology .14:84
• Rajiv Sharma.2017. Wheat blast research: Status and imperatives. African Journal of Agricultural Reseacrch.
Vol. 12(6), pp. 377-381
• CIMMYT(2016).WheatBlast. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cimmyt.org/wheat-blast
50. Major losses to wheat blast in South Asia and beyond can be
avoided if an integrated control strategy is implemented
urgently
Do not forget
Editor's Notes
Furthur spread to Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay And Uruguay And infected 3 millions hectares of land causing severe crop losses.
Obsereved in Kentucky in 2011, vigorous survellance helped stop spreading in U.S.A
Disease has never been reported outside South America till 2016
Short term : 1- Educate farmers and relevant stakeholders about wheat blast and potential consequences. e_e_ if seed from an infected plot is used [disease is seed b-orne).
1. Procurement of quality seeds produced in disease free area for planting in 2016-17
season.
3_ Establishing procedures and critical facilities for evaluation of wheat blast resistance in wheat varieties and gerrnplasrn. identify the tolerant/resistant varietal options (within as well as outside country} and multi-location testing_
4. Fast track seed multiplication of less infected/tolerant varieties.
Medium Teem
1. Pvl u Pti-location testing of gerrnplasm using participatory technology development approach.
2. Explore agronomic interventions — time of planting, seed treatment. stubble management, crop diversification_ etc_
3. Fast track seed multiplication engaging private sector (Cornmurirty based seed product ion (C.85.13).
Long Term 1_ Breeding and testing of blast resistant varieties. 2. Participatory Variety Selection and cesp.
Other strategies include: • Develop a range of short term re-corn men clatiorrs, for the immediate response to set of working with a range of partners.
Establisha platform by involving MCA, DAE, BAR]- WRC. BADC and international organizations like ClFAMYT. F.A.O. etc. for the monitoring_ research, and efforts to develop integrated disease management solutions foir wheat blast in South Asia.
Seed quarantine, which is the most important measure when the disease has not entered the region; Use new and clean seed. New seed that is used for planting should be grown in a region not infected with Wheat Blast. Seed treatment is very effective and should be done as a additional preventive measure.
MoT spore surveillance. Since the spores are air borne, it is very likely that they can cross the India-Bangladesh border and cause epidemics in West Bangal. So active spore surveillance is critical. The protocols are available in publications by South American researchers and should not be difficult to learn and adopt in India. Once the spores are identified, fungicide application in the neighboring region is strongly recommended to prevent the further spread and epidemics.
Field blast survey. Once fields with blast infected spikes are identified, fungicide application is recommended, not only to control the disease but also to control the pathogen concentration. And it is very critical not to use the grains harvested from the fields as seeds.4) Sowing wheat varieties with some level of resistance to blast. Since if a susceptible cultivar is sown, then the disease will be difficult to be controlled by fungicide application. Fungicides usually show their best control on cultivars having moderate level of resistance to blast.