This file contains solutions for NCERT Physics class 11. There are no advertisements or water marks. I prepared this by downloading material from the internet. Please use this for educational purpose
Iodometry and iodimetry are indirect titration methods that use iodine. In iodometry, an oxidizing agent reacts with excess potassium iodide to liberate iodine, which is then titrated against a standard reducing agent like thiosulphate. Iodimetry directly titrates a reducing analyte against a standard iodine solution. Starch indicator turns blue or violet in the presence of iodine but is colorless when all iodine reacts at the endpoint of the titration. These methods are used to determine the concentration of various chemicals like vitamin C and thiosulphate.
The document discusses various types of carboxylic acids including monocarboxylic acids containing one carboxyl group, dicarboxylic acids containing two carboxyl groups, and tricarboxylic acids containing three carboxyl groups. Examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses several saturated fatty acids found in nature including lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Their chemical formulas, structures, sources, and uses are described.
Alkanes are hydrocarbons composed of only carbon and hydrogen linked by single bonds. They belong to a homologous series with a general formula of CnH2n+2. Common alkanes include methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, and hexane. Alkanes have many uses including heating, electricity generation, cooking, polymers, gasoline components, paraffin wax, and as intermediates to make other chemicals. Their applications depend on the number of carbon atoms, with shorter alkanes like methane used for energy and longer ones components of fuels, lubricants, and polymers.
Leeches are segmented worms that belong to the class Hirudinea. There are around 500 known leech species, most of which live in freshwater but some are marine or terrestrial. Leeches prey on small invertebrates or feed on the body fluids of vertebrates by secreting an anticoagulant from their salivary glands. They are hermaphroditic and use a clitellum, like earthworms, during reproduction.
This document discusses primary and secondary standards used in pharmaceutical analysis. Primary standards are highly pure substances (99.95-100.05%) that are stable over temperature and used to standardize volumetric reagents. They must be easy to obtain and purify, soluble, and react stoichiometrically. Examples include potassium hydrogen phthalate and sodium carbonate. Secondary standards are solutions of known concentration determined by titrating against a primary standard. They have less purity and stability than primary standards and are used when primary standards are not practical, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate.
The document summarizes aromatic compounds and their properties and reactions. It discusses how benzene was discovered and classified aromatic compounds. Benzene occurs in resonance structures and is planar with uniform carbon-carbon bond lengths. The document also outlines Huckel's rule for determining if a compound is aromatic and covers common aromatic reactions like halogenation, nitration, and Friedel-Crafts reactions. It provides examples of these reactions and discusses the reactivity of different functional groups on aromatic rings.
1. The document discusses the classification of animals based on their level of organization, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, segmentation, and presence of a notochord.
2. It describes the key characteristics of 14 animal phyla: Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
3. The phyla are classified and compared based on features such as body plan, tissue/organ level organization, symmetry,
Favorskii Rearrangement is the base catalyzed rearrangement alpha halo ketones to Carboxylic acids, Amides etc through a cyclopropanone intermediate depending on the conditions.
It is also a well known ring contraction reaction. It was also used for the synthesis of Cubane a platonic hydrocarbon.
Iodometry and iodimetry are indirect titration methods that use iodine. In iodometry, an oxidizing agent reacts with excess potassium iodide to liberate iodine, which is then titrated against a standard reducing agent like thiosulphate. Iodimetry directly titrates a reducing analyte against a standard iodine solution. Starch indicator turns blue or violet in the presence of iodine but is colorless when all iodine reacts at the endpoint of the titration. These methods are used to determine the concentration of various chemicals like vitamin C and thiosulphate.
The document discusses various types of carboxylic acids including monocarboxylic acids containing one carboxyl group, dicarboxylic acids containing two carboxyl groups, and tricarboxylic acids containing three carboxyl groups. Examples are provided for each type. The document also discusses several saturated fatty acids found in nature including lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Their chemical formulas, structures, sources, and uses are described.
Alkanes are hydrocarbons composed of only carbon and hydrogen linked by single bonds. They belong to a homologous series with a general formula of CnH2n+2. Common alkanes include methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, and hexane. Alkanes have many uses including heating, electricity generation, cooking, polymers, gasoline components, paraffin wax, and as intermediates to make other chemicals. Their applications depend on the number of carbon atoms, with shorter alkanes like methane used for energy and longer ones components of fuels, lubricants, and polymers.
Leeches are segmented worms that belong to the class Hirudinea. There are around 500 known leech species, most of which live in freshwater but some are marine or terrestrial. Leeches prey on small invertebrates or feed on the body fluids of vertebrates by secreting an anticoagulant from their salivary glands. They are hermaphroditic and use a clitellum, like earthworms, during reproduction.
This document discusses primary and secondary standards used in pharmaceutical analysis. Primary standards are highly pure substances (99.95-100.05%) that are stable over temperature and used to standardize volumetric reagents. They must be easy to obtain and purify, soluble, and react stoichiometrically. Examples include potassium hydrogen phthalate and sodium carbonate. Secondary standards are solutions of known concentration determined by titrating against a primary standard. They have less purity and stability than primary standards and are used when primary standards are not practical, such as sodium hydroxide and potassium permanganate.
The document summarizes aromatic compounds and their properties and reactions. It discusses how benzene was discovered and classified aromatic compounds. Benzene occurs in resonance structures and is planar with uniform carbon-carbon bond lengths. The document also outlines Huckel's rule for determining if a compound is aromatic and covers common aromatic reactions like halogenation, nitration, and Friedel-Crafts reactions. It provides examples of these reactions and discusses the reactivity of different functional groups on aromatic rings.
1. The document discusses the classification of animals based on their level of organization, symmetry, germ layers, body cavity, segmentation, and presence of a notochord.
2. It describes the key characteristics of 14 animal phyla: Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata, Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
3. The phyla are classified and compared based on features such as body plan, tissue/organ level organization, symmetry,
Favorskii Rearrangement is the base catalyzed rearrangement alpha halo ketones to Carboxylic acids, Amides etc through a cyclopropanone intermediate depending on the conditions.
It is also a well known ring contraction reaction. It was also used for the synthesis of Cubane a platonic hydrocarbon.
1. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Their general formulas are RCHO and RCOR' respectively.
2. They undergo several characteristic reactions including oxidation, reduction, addition reactions, condensation reactions, and substitution reactions. Common reactions include hydrate formation, addition of Grignard reagents, and cyanohydrin formation.
3. Due to the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones exhibit properties between nonpolar alkanes and polar alcohols such as higher boiling points and solubility. They also undergo nucleophilic addition reactions at the carbonyl carbon.
Nucleophilic substitution sn1 sn2 nucleophile halogenoalkane in organic chemi...DocumentStory
This document discusses nucleophilic substitution reactions, specifically SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. SN1 is a two-step reaction that proceeds through a carbocation intermediate, depending on the concentration of the substrate. SN2 is a one-step bimolecular reaction where bond breaking and formation occur simultaneously. Tertiary halogenoalkanes typically undergo SN1, while primary halogenoalkanes usually undergo SN2 due to steric and inductive effects. Factors like the nature of the halogen, halogenoalkane, and nucleophile affect the rate of these substitution reactions.
Primary standards are very pure substances used to determine unknown concentrations, typically through titration. They are stable, anhydrous, and have a high molecular weight. Common primary standards include sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogenphthalate, and pure metals.
Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. They have less purity and stability than primary standards but their solutions remain stable for long periods. Secondary standards are used to calibrate analytical methods and include substances titrated against a primary standard.
Lab safety procedures include:
1) Studying lab procedures before class and never performing unauthorized experiments.
2) Reporting all accidents immediately, even minor ones.
3) Keeping work areas organized and free of clutter, tying back long hair, and wearing closed-toe shoes, lab aprons, and safety goggles during all lab sessions.
4) Knowing first aid procedures and avoiding contact with chemicals by not tasting, sniffing, or pipetting by mouth. When heating substances, pointing away from people and never carrying dangerous chemicals or equipment near others.
Aromatic compounds have cyclic, planar structures with delocalized pi electrons. They are very stable due to resonance and undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. Hückel's rule states that compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic. Key aromatic compounds include benzene and its derivatives, heterocycles like pyridine, and fused polycyclic aromatics like naphthalene. Aromaticity is important in biochemistry and industry.
Preparation, reactions, Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity, structure and uses of carboxylic acid and identification tests for carboxylic acid, amide and ester
Chem II - Real Gases: Van der Waals (Liquids and Solids)Lumen Learning
This document discusses real gases and the van der Waals equation. It explains that real gases interact with each other at low temperatures and high pressures, deviating from ideal gas behavior. The van der Waals equation corrects the ideal gas law for these interactions using constants a and b which account for molecular attractions and size. The document provides examples comparing ideal and real gas behavior and predicting which of two gases would produce a lower pressure based on their van der Waals constants.
METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF CONFIGURATION OF GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS.pptxDipeshGamare
The document discusses methods for determining the configuration of geometric isomers, which are classified as chemical methods and physical methods. Chemical methods include absolute methods based on functional group reactivity and chemical reactions that do not affect double bond configuration. Physical methods examine differences in properties like boiling point, acid strength, UV-visible spectra, NMR spectra, and X-ray diffraction patterns between isomers. NMR spectra in particular can provide information about atom positions and environments to distinguish between isomers.
Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures. The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and taste.
The autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system comprises two antagonistic sets of nerves, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hypothalamus is the key brain site for central control of the autonomic nervous system, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control.
Divisions of Nervous System:
The vertebrate nervous system has three divisions:
(i) A central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Its function is to receive the stimulus from the receptors and transmit its response to the effectors. Thus, it coordinates all the functions of the body.
(ii) A peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial and spinal nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord respectively. It forms a connecting link between the receptors, central nervous system (CNS) and effectors.
(iii) An autonomic nervous system made of two ganglionated sympathetic nerves, ganglia in the head and viscera, and their connecting nerves. The autonomic nervous system is often regarded as a part of the peripheral nervous system because the two are connected. But all the three divisions of the nervous system are connected intimately both structurally and functionally.
This document summarizes various reactions of cycloalkanes. Smaller cycloalkane rings (3-4 members) can be opened by hydrogen iodide or catalytic reduction. Larger rings can be opened through oxidation of cyclic alcohols, ketones, or cycloolefins formed by oxidizing the cycloalkane. Certain derivatives of cycloalkanes can undergo rearrangement through reactions, changing the ring size. Cycloolefins react with lead tetraacetate through acetoxylation of the double bond, usually forming cis and trans products. Cyclohexane similarly forms cis and trans cyclohexane diol. Cycloalkanes undergo free radical substitution and reaction with HBr, HI, nickel
The document discusses aromatic hydrocarbons and provides details about benzene. It defines aromatic compounds as those containing benzene or benzenoid rings. Benzene's structure was originally proposed by Kekulé as alternating single and double bonds, but it is now understood to be a resonance hybrid of two contributing structures with delocalized pi electrons. This explains benzene's stability and reactivity toward substitution rather than addition reactions. The document provides examples of aromatic compounds and substitution patterns on benzene derivatives. It also discusses the orientation and directing effects of substituents on benzene during electrophilic substitution.
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes:
1) Sabatier and Senderens reactions involve treating alkenes or alkynes with hydrogen in the presence of nickel to produce alkanes.
2) Decarboxylation of sodium carboxylate salts involves heating with sodalime to produce alkanes and carbon dioxide.
3) Reduction of alkyl halides with nascent hydrogen produces alkanes and hydrogen halides.
4) Reduction of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids with hydriodic acid and phosphorus yields alkanes.
5) The Wurtz reaction uses sodium metal to couple two alkyl halides
This document discusses various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians to increase offspring survival. It outlines nine types of parental care observed in amphibians: 1) selection of safe egg-laying sites, 2) frothing of water around eggs, 3) defending egg territories, 4) building nests from mud, leaves, or plant shoots, 5) direct development from egg to juvenile, 6) carrying eggs attached to the body, 7) carrying larvae between water bodies, 8) brooding eggs in vocal sacs or pouches on the back, and 9) retaining eggs internally in a uterus for viviparous development.
Discusses the properties of electrolytes and non electrolytes. Also freezing point depression and boiling point elevations. Solved problems are included.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
The primitive blueprint for the heart and circulatory system emerged with the arrival of the third mesodermal germ layer in bilaterians. Since then, hearts in animals have evolved from a single layered tube to a multiple chambered heart in due course of time.
- Cnidaria is a phylum of radially symmetric, aquatic animals found exclusively in marine and freshwater environments. They are distinguished by having stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts.
- Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms - polyps, which are typically sessile, and medusae or jellyfish, which are mobile. Many species alternate between these two forms during their life cycle.
- The phylum is divided into four classes - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Hydrozoans and scyphozoans have both polyp and medusa stages while anthozoans are exclusively polyp forms. Cor
The document is a solution manual for NCERT Physics Class 12 that contains solutions to problems from 15 chapters of Class 12 NCERT Physics textbook. It includes chapter-wise solutions to Electric Charges and Fields, Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance, Current Electricity, Moving Charges and Magnetism, Magnetism and Matter, Electromagnetic Induction, Alternating Current, Electromagnetic Waves, Ray Optics and Optical Instruments, Wave Optics, Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter, Atoms, Nuclei, Semiconductor Electronics Materials Devices and Simple Circuits, and Communication Systems. The solutions provided are intended to help students understand and learn from the NCERT textbook.
This document defines key thermodynamic terms and concepts:
- A system is the part of the universe being studied, with the surroundings making up the rest. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on energy/matter exchange.
- State functions like internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), and temperature (T) depend only on the current state and not the path to get there.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, expressed as a change in internal energy (ΔU) equals heat (q) plus work (w).
- Enthalpy (H) includes pressure-volume work and is useful for constant pressure processes, where the heat of reaction
1. Aldehydes and ketones are organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group. Their general formulas are RCHO and RCOR' respectively.
2. They undergo several characteristic reactions including oxidation, reduction, addition reactions, condensation reactions, and substitution reactions. Common reactions include hydrate formation, addition of Grignard reagents, and cyanohydrin formation.
3. Due to the polarity of the carbonyl group, aldehydes and ketones exhibit properties between nonpolar alkanes and polar alcohols such as higher boiling points and solubility. They also undergo nucleophilic addition reactions at the carbonyl carbon.
Nucleophilic substitution sn1 sn2 nucleophile halogenoalkane in organic chemi...DocumentStory
This document discusses nucleophilic substitution reactions, specifically SN1 and SN2 mechanisms. SN1 is a two-step reaction that proceeds through a carbocation intermediate, depending on the concentration of the substrate. SN2 is a one-step bimolecular reaction where bond breaking and formation occur simultaneously. Tertiary halogenoalkanes typically undergo SN1, while primary halogenoalkanes usually undergo SN2 due to steric and inductive effects. Factors like the nature of the halogen, halogenoalkane, and nucleophile affect the rate of these substitution reactions.
Primary standards are very pure substances used to determine unknown concentrations, typically through titration. They are stable, anhydrous, and have a high molecular weight. Common primary standards include sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogenphthalate, and pure metals.
Secondary standards are standardized against primary standards for use in specific analyses. They have less purity and stability than primary standards but their solutions remain stable for long periods. Secondary standards are used to calibrate analytical methods and include substances titrated against a primary standard.
Lab safety procedures include:
1) Studying lab procedures before class and never performing unauthorized experiments.
2) Reporting all accidents immediately, even minor ones.
3) Keeping work areas organized and free of clutter, tying back long hair, and wearing closed-toe shoes, lab aprons, and safety goggles during all lab sessions.
4) Knowing first aid procedures and avoiding contact with chemicals by not tasting, sniffing, or pipetting by mouth. When heating substances, pointing away from people and never carrying dangerous chemicals or equipment near others.
Aromatic compounds have cyclic, planar structures with delocalized pi electrons. They are very stable due to resonance and undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. Hückel's rule states that compounds with 4n+2 pi electrons are aromatic. Key aromatic compounds include benzene and its derivatives, heterocycles like pyridine, and fused polycyclic aromatics like naphthalene. Aromaticity is important in biochemistry and industry.
Preparation, reactions, Acidity, effect of substituents on acidity, structure and uses of carboxylic acid and identification tests for carboxylic acid, amide and ester
Chem II - Real Gases: Van der Waals (Liquids and Solids)Lumen Learning
This document discusses real gases and the van der Waals equation. It explains that real gases interact with each other at low temperatures and high pressures, deviating from ideal gas behavior. The van der Waals equation corrects the ideal gas law for these interactions using constants a and b which account for molecular attractions and size. The document provides examples comparing ideal and real gas behavior and predicting which of two gases would produce a lower pressure based on their van der Waals constants.
METHODS OF DETERMINATION OF CONFIGURATION OF GEOMETRICAL ISOMERS.pptxDipeshGamare
The document discusses methods for determining the configuration of geometric isomers, which are classified as chemical methods and physical methods. Chemical methods include absolute methods based on functional group reactivity and chemical reactions that do not affect double bond configuration. Physical methods examine differences in properties like boiling point, acid strength, UV-visible spectra, NMR spectra, and X-ray diffraction patterns between isomers. NMR spectra in particular can provide information about atom positions and environments to distinguish between isomers.
Central nervous system: The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain plays a central role in the control of most bodily functions, including awareness, movements, sensations, thoughts, speech, and memory. Some reflex movements can occur via spinal cord pathways without the participation of brain structures. The spinal cord is connected to a section of the brain called the brainstem and runs through the spinal canal.
Peripheral Nervous System: Nerve fibers that exit the brainstem and spinal cord become part of the peripheral nervous system. Cranial nerves exit the brainstem and function as peripheral nervous system mediators of many functions, including eye movements, facial strength and sensation, hearing, and taste.
The autonomic nervous system: The autonomic nervous system is a control system that acts largely unconsciously and regulates bodily functions, such as the heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, pupillary response, urination, and sexual arousal. This system is the primary mechanism in control of the fight-or-flight response.
The autonomic nervous system comprises two antagonistic sets of nerves, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The hypothalamus is the key brain site for central control of the autonomic nervous system, and the paraventricular nucleus is the key hypothalamic site for this control.
Divisions of Nervous System:
The vertebrate nervous system has three divisions:
(i) A central nervous system comprising the brain and spinal cord. Its function is to receive the stimulus from the receptors and transmit its response to the effectors. Thus, it coordinates all the functions of the body.
(ii) A peripheral nervous system consisting of cranial and spinal nerves arising from the brain and spinal cord respectively. It forms a connecting link between the receptors, central nervous system (CNS) and effectors.
(iii) An autonomic nervous system made of two ganglionated sympathetic nerves, ganglia in the head and viscera, and their connecting nerves. The autonomic nervous system is often regarded as a part of the peripheral nervous system because the two are connected. But all the three divisions of the nervous system are connected intimately both structurally and functionally.
This document summarizes various reactions of cycloalkanes. Smaller cycloalkane rings (3-4 members) can be opened by hydrogen iodide or catalytic reduction. Larger rings can be opened through oxidation of cyclic alcohols, ketones, or cycloolefins formed by oxidizing the cycloalkane. Certain derivatives of cycloalkanes can undergo rearrangement through reactions, changing the ring size. Cycloolefins react with lead tetraacetate through acetoxylation of the double bond, usually forming cis and trans products. Cyclohexane similarly forms cis and trans cyclohexane diol. Cycloalkanes undergo free radical substitution and reaction with HBr, HI, nickel
The document discusses aromatic hydrocarbons and provides details about benzene. It defines aromatic compounds as those containing benzene or benzenoid rings. Benzene's structure was originally proposed by Kekulé as alternating single and double bonds, but it is now understood to be a resonance hybrid of two contributing structures with delocalized pi electrons. This explains benzene's stability and reactivity toward substitution rather than addition reactions. The document provides examples of aromatic compounds and substitution patterns on benzene derivatives. It also discusses the orientation and directing effects of substituents on benzene during electrophilic substitution.
The document discusses several methods for preparing alkanes:
1) Sabatier and Senderens reactions involve treating alkenes or alkynes with hydrogen in the presence of nickel to produce alkanes.
2) Decarboxylation of sodium carboxylate salts involves heating with sodalime to produce alkanes and carbon dioxide.
3) Reduction of alkyl halides with nascent hydrogen produces alkanes and hydrogen halides.
4) Reduction of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids with hydriodic acid and phosphorus yields alkanes.
5) The Wurtz reaction uses sodium metal to couple two alkyl halides
This document discusses various forms of parental care exhibited by amphibians to increase offspring survival. It outlines nine types of parental care observed in amphibians: 1) selection of safe egg-laying sites, 2) frothing of water around eggs, 3) defending egg territories, 4) building nests from mud, leaves, or plant shoots, 5) direct development from egg to juvenile, 6) carrying eggs attached to the body, 7) carrying larvae between water bodies, 8) brooding eggs in vocal sacs or pouches on the back, and 9) retaining eggs internally in a uterus for viviparous development.
Discusses the properties of electrolytes and non electrolytes. Also freezing point depression and boiling point elevations. Solved problems are included.
**More good stuff available at:
www.wsautter.com
and
http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=wnsautter&aq=f
The primitive blueprint for the heart and circulatory system emerged with the arrival of the third mesodermal germ layer in bilaterians. Since then, hearts in animals have evolved from a single layered tube to a multiple chambered heart in due course of time.
- Cnidaria is a phylum of radially symmetric, aquatic animals found exclusively in marine and freshwater environments. They are distinguished by having stinging cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts.
- Cnidarians exhibit two basic body forms - polyps, which are typically sessile, and medusae or jellyfish, which are mobile. Many species alternate between these two forms during their life cycle.
- The phylum is divided into four classes - Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa. Hydrozoans and scyphozoans have both polyp and medusa stages while anthozoans are exclusively polyp forms. Cor
The document is a solution manual for NCERT Physics Class 12 that contains solutions to problems from 15 chapters of Class 12 NCERT Physics textbook. It includes chapter-wise solutions to Electric Charges and Fields, Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance, Current Electricity, Moving Charges and Magnetism, Magnetism and Matter, Electromagnetic Induction, Alternating Current, Electromagnetic Waves, Ray Optics and Optical Instruments, Wave Optics, Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter, Atoms, Nuclei, Semiconductor Electronics Materials Devices and Simple Circuits, and Communication Systems. The solutions provided are intended to help students understand and learn from the NCERT textbook.
This document defines key thermodynamic terms and concepts:
- A system is the part of the universe being studied, with the surroundings making up the rest. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on energy/matter exchange.
- State functions like internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), and temperature (T) depend only on the current state and not the path to get there.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, expressed as a change in internal energy (ΔU) equals heat (q) plus work (w).
- Enthalpy (H) includes pressure-volume work and is useful for constant pressure processes, where the heat of reaction
1. The question involves calculating the resultant of two vectors A and B. The angle between the vectors is 90 degrees. The resultant vector R makes an angle of 73 degrees with the x-axis.
2. The question again involves calculating the resultant R of two vectors A and B. The angle between the vectors is 30 degrees. Both vectors have a magnitude of 10 units. The magnitude of the resultant vector R is calculated to be 19.3 units.
1. The document discusses concepts from the kinetic theory of gases including:
2. How to calculate the number of moles and molecules in a gas sample using the ideal gas law.
3. How temperature, pressure, and volume are related for two gas samples at equilibrium.
accounting information systems romney 12th edition chapter 1 manual solutionIqbalFebriyanto
The document discusses key topics in accounting information systems, including:
- Organizations produce information only if its value exceeds costs, though sometimes information is mandated even if costly.
- Some criteria for useful information can be met simultaneously, while achieving one may require sacrificing others.
- An organization's business processes, lines of business, and culture all affect the design of its accounting information system.
- While innovative systems can transfer between companies, organizational culture differences make perfect transfers unrealistic.
This document is an NCERT Chemistry Solution Manual that provides solutions to chapters 1-14 of an NCERT chemistry textbook. It includes solutions for chapters on basic chemistry concepts, atomic structure, classification of elements, states of matter, thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, redox reactions, hydrogen, s-block elements, p-block elements, organic chemistry basics, hydrocarbons, and environmental chemistry. Each chapter solution spans multiple pages and includes detailed explanations and worked examples.
This student leadership profile summarizes Rahul Jose's roles, achievements, interests, and goals. He currently serves as Head of Vice-Presidents and has held several leadership positions. His interests include technology and programming. Rahul has helped start the school's Live Stream Team and inter-section academic contests. He excels in computer studies, math, and chemistry. His targets are to improve his physics knowledge and practice past papers daily. Rahul has strengthened his computer skills but wants to broaden his abilities and recover his involvement in sports.
This letter requests relief goods from the Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development to aid victims of Typhoon Ondoy. It outlines a collaborative approach involving local governments, non-profits, communities, and churches to provide disaster relief, psychosocial intervention, livelihood training, and rehabilitation. The psychosocial intervention aims to reduce distress and promote well-being through art, music, dance, and play therapy. It also describes plans to provide livelihood skills training and small business development assistance. The letter requests relief goods to distribute to over 36,000 affected individuals in 11 barangays in Tanay, Rizal.
The document presents four physics word problems involving running speeds, distances, and times. It provides the full text of one problem which involves two friends running from one house to another on a cold day. The problem gives the running speeds of each friend and asks how far from the starting house the runner will be when they catch up to their friend who got a five minute head start.
Teaching Medical Physics at Undergraduate levelAmmar Felemban
This document summarizes a presentation on teaching medical physics at the undergraduate level. It outlines the medical physics profession and qualifications, degrees offered in Saudi Arabia and other countries, and challenges with the current academic program, job market, and clinical training opportunities. The presentation recommends terminating all undergraduate medical physics programs, utilizing resources for master's programs instead, and developing a national residency program to properly qualify medical physicists according to international standards.
NCERT Class 11 Mathematics Solution ManualSrikanth KS
This document is an NCERT Mathematics Class 11 solution manual containing solutions to chapters 1 through 16. It provides step-by-step solutions to problems from each chapter to help students understand the concepts and solve similar problems. The chapters covered include sets, relations and functions, trigonometric functions, principle of mathematical induction, complex numbers, quadratic equations, linear inequalities, permutations and combinations, binomial theorem, sequences and series, straight lines, conic sections, three-dimensional geometry, limits and derivatives, mathematical reasoning, statistics, and probability.
Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. Atoms become ions when they gain or lose electrons. The atomic number is the number of protons and electrons, while the mass number includes protons and neutrons. Isotopes are forms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Alkali metals are reactive and found in Group 1. They react vigorously with water. Halogens are in Group 7 and become more reactive going up the group. They react with metals like iron wool. Ionic compounds have high melting points due to strong attractions between oppositely charged ions. Covalent substances share electrons in bonds of varying strengths.
Reference books for the preparation of IIT JAM physics entrance examination 2016. Recommended books of Mathematical Methods, Mechanics, Optics, Thermodynamics, Kinetic Theory and Electricity and Magnetism.
The applicant is seeking an 11-week on-the-job training opportunity as required by their Bachelor of Science in Computer Science program. The curriculum requires third year students to gain experience in an actual workplace setting. The applicant is willing to interview and can be reached by mobile phone to discuss the opportunity further.
Thermodynamics is the science concerned with heat and its transformation into mechanical energy. The three laws of thermodynamics state that energy cannot be created or destroyed, heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a hotter body, and the entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero. Thermodynamics describes the efficiency of converting heat into work using heat engines based on concepts such as internal energy, reversible and irreversible processes, and thermal equilibrium. The maximum theoretical efficiency is obtained by Carnot's ideal heat engine undergoing fully reversible processes.
1) The document discusses different types of waves including transverse, longitudinal, and surface waves.
2) It covers key wave concepts such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, and interference. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each concept.
3) The document also analyzes sound waves and electromagnetic waves, providing examples of applications that utilize their properties like reflection, refraction, and interference.
The document discusses different types of forces including frictional force, gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force, and electric force. It explains that a force is a push or pull that can change an object's shape, position, speed, or direction of motion. Forces can be measured using a spring balance and the unit of force is the Newton. The document also discusses work and power, defining work as energy transferred by a force causing movement over a distance.
1. The document discusses projectile motion and provides an example problem of calculating the motion of a ball launched at a 30 degree angle from a table 1 meter high.
2. It explains that projectile motion can be used to study how objects move through the air or space, and gives some everyday examples.
3. Conservation of energy can also be used to solve projectile motion problems, since the only force acting is gravity, and the horizontal velocity does not change.
Maricel T. Pacariem is applying for a teaching position at Liliw National High School. She recently graduated from Laguna State Polytechnic University with a Bachelor's degree in Secondary Education majoring in English. During her time in university, she was involved in various leadership organizations that helped develop her skills. She believes her qualifications meet the standards for hiring. She provides references from her university and requests an interview if found to meet the qualifications for the position.
This document is the contents page for the textbook "Mechanics of Materials Second Edition" by Madhukar Vable of Michigan Technological University. It is dedicated to the author's parents. The contents cover 8 chapters on the topics of stress, strain, mechanical properties of materials and include section summaries, example problems, and historical perspectives. Key concepts covered include stress and strain at points and in 3D, stress-strain relationships, tension and compression testing to characterize materials properties.
This presentation addresses issues related to identification of the development milestones and identification of the disorders like ADHD, Autism, Dyslexia and Dysgraphia
1. The document describes anatomical terminology used to describe positions and directions in the human body. Key terms defined include superior/cephalic, inferior/caudal, anterior/ventral, posterior/dorsal, medial, lateral, sagittal plane, transverse plane, and coronal plane.
2. Examples are provided to illustrate each term, such as the nose being superior to the teeth.
3. Additional details are given on anatomical directions for specific body parts like the hands, legs, and planes that divide the body.
This document contains fields for student information including enrolment number, name, address, mobile number, program code, program name, regional centre code, course code, course name, and assignment number. It seems to be collecting key details about a student's enrollment in an educational program including their identifying information, program and course details, and assignment identifiers.
The document provides a complete list of medical books organized by subject area and includes links to folders containing eBooks. The subject areas included are anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pathology, pharmacology, forensic medicine, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, community medicine, medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, and pediatrics. In addition, books are categorized by professional year with links provided to folders for first, second, third, and fourth year professional books. A final link allows access to all eBooks through one folder.
1st year PUC Karnataka board exam question papers.
This is similar to class 11 in other states. Please refer to the same along with the other post that can be found on my slideshare
Chapter wise important questions in Mathematics for Karnataka 2 year PU Science students. This is taken from the PU board website and compiled together.
The document provides guidance for students completing 10th grade on their options for 11th and 12th grade education in Karnataka. There are three main streams - science, commerce and arts. Admission to pre-university (PU) colleges is managed by the state board and involves submitting applications within 5 days of 10th grade results being announced. Selection lists are then published according to merit. Students are advised to research colleges in their locality, have application forms and documents ready, and be prepared to opt for provisional admission or waitlists depending on their scores and competition for places in their preferred colleges.
This presentation speaks about hypertension and how the brain regulates blood pressure. It also describes the ill effects of increased blood pressure on the human body. The intention of this presentation is to create an awareness on how lifestyle changes can help in managing blood pressure
Pre university board First Year Karnataka Old papersSrikanth KS
This set contains Pre university Karnataka PUC1 Papers
Please download this material and print it for your reference.
Good luck first year PUC students.
Embedded systems The Past Present and the FutureSrikanth KS
This presentation provides an overview of the trends in embedded systems. It will mainly help engineering students to select a good final year project.
NCERT solutions for class 11th chemistrySrikanth KS
This document is an NCERT Chemistry Solution Manual that provides solutions to chapters 1-14 of an NCERT chemistry textbook. It includes headings for each chapter that are followed by multiple pages of solutions and explanations to problems and concepts within that chapter. The chapters cover topics like basic chemistry concepts, atomic structure, classification of elements, states of matter, thermodynamics, chemical equilibrium, redox reactions, hydrogen, s-block elements, p-block elements, organic chemistry basics, hydrocarbons, and environmental chemistry.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
1. NCERT PHYSICS CLASS 11 SOLUTION MANUAL
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Page | 1
Table of Contents
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 2 – Units and Measurements....................................2
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 3 – Motion in a Straight Line...................................27
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 4 – Motion in a plane..............................................60
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 5 – Laws of motion..................................................95
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 6 – Work Energy and power..................................135
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 7 – System of particles and Rotational Motion.....166
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 8 – Gravitation.......................................................214
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 9 – Mechanical Properties Of Solids .....................236
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 10 – Mechanical Properties Of Fluids ...................259
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics_ Chapter 11 - Thermal Properties of matter .......................288
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 12 – Thermodynamics...........................................311
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 13 – Kinetic Theory ...............................................319
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 14 – Oscillations....................................................336
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 15 – Waves............................................................369
2. NCERT PHYSICS CLASS 11 SOLUTION MANUAL
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Page | 2
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 2 – Units and
Measurements
166. NCERT PHYSICS CLASS 11 SOLUTION MANUAL
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Page | 166
NCERT Solutions for Class 11th Physics: Chapter 7 – System of
particles and Rotational Motion