Favorskii Rearrangement
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Favorskii Rearrangement is the base catalyzed rearrangement alpha halo ketones to Carboxylic acids, Amides etc through a cyclopropanone intermediate depending on the conditions. It is also a well known ring contraction reaction. It was also used for the synthesis of Cubane a platonic hydrocarbon.
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The document summarizes the Favorskii and Wolff rearrangements. The Favorskii rearrangement involves the base-catalyzed rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones, forming carboxylic acid derivatives. It proceeds through the formation of an enolate intermediate and a cyclopropanone, which is then attacked by the nucleophile. The Wolff rearrangement can occur thermally, photochemically, or via transition metal catalysis, and involves 1,2-migration of substituents with the migratory aptitude of H > aryl > alkyl. Both rearrangements form a carbonyl group at the migration origin and involve migration of an electron-rich carbon terminus.
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Rearrangement reactions involve the migration of an atom or group within the same molecule. A 1,2-shift is a migration from one atom to an adjacent atom. The Favorskii rearrangement involves the rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones in the presence of a base, forming carboxylic acids or derivatives. For cyclic α-halo ketones, the Favorskii rearrangement causes a ring contraction from a 6-membered to a 5-membered ring.
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The document summarizes the Favorskii and Wolff rearrangements. The Favorskii rearrangement involves the base-catalyzed rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones, forming carboxylic acid derivatives. It proceeds through the formation of an enolate intermediate and a cyclopropanone, which is then attacked by the nucleophile. The Wolff rearrangement can occur thermally, photochemically, or via transition metal catalysis, and involves 1,2-migration of substituents with the migratory aptitude of H > aryl > alkyl. Both rearrangements form a carbonyl group at the migration origin and involve migration of an electron-rich carbon terminus.
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2019 PATTERN.
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Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
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