This document summarizes a heat-pipe model for early Earth's lithospheric dynamics and heat transport. Numerical simulations show that frequent volcanic eruptions could have advected surface materials downwards, developing a thick cold lithosphere. Declining heat sources over time would lead to an abrupt transition to plate tectonics. Evidence from the geologic record, such as rapid volcanic resurfacing and contractional deformation before 3.2 billion years ago, is consistent with predictions of the heat-pipe model. The model provides a framework for understanding Earth's evolution before the onset of plate tectonics.
- What are the heating and cooling energy demand and loads for buildings?
- What is the effect of the thermal mass on the energy performance of buildings?
- What is the effect of freezing/thawing cycles and energy balance on the energy performance of buildings?
- What is the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of thermal piles?
- What is the result of excessive heat extraction from the geothermal piles?
This document discusses various geophysical methodologies that can be used in geothermal exploration, including thermal gradient surveys, gravity methods, magnetic methods, seismic methods, geophysical well logging, electrical methods, and modeling/inversion techniques. It explains that geothermal systems typically have four main elements - a heat source, reservoir, fluid, and recharge area. Geophysical surveys aim to indirectly obtain physical parameters of geothermal systems from the surface. These parameters include temperature, electrical conductivity, elastic properties, density, and magnetic susceptibility. The document provides details on each methodology and how they can help define characteristics of the geothermal reservoir such as shape, size, depth, existence of geothermal fluids, and zones of high
This document discusses the Milankovitch theory of ice ages, which proposes that variations in the Earth's orbit and axial tilt cause long-term changes in climate by altering the amount and distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface. Key points of the theory include:
1) Milankovitch computed how factors like eccentricity, obliquity, and precession influence seasonal and latitudinal patterns of sunlight (insolation) over long time periods.
2) Variations in insolation are argued to be sufficient to induce glacial/interglacial cycles by changing how much snow melts each summer in northern high latitudes.
3) Comparison of Milankovitch's modeled in
Heat transfer; Objectives; Applications; Heat transfer mechanism; Fourier's Law; Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation; Heat interchangers and exchangers
This document summarizes an investigation into the Huppert and Sparks theory of convective magma chamber formation. The theory proposes that intrusion of hot basaltic magma into continental crust can heat and melt overlying rock, forming a convecting silicic magma chamber. The author examines laboratory experiments by Huppert and Sparks testing this theory and identifies inconsistencies between the experiments and natural geological processes. Specifically, the author argues convection may not occur as extensively as assumed in the model. Overall, the document questions whether the Huppert and Sparks theory provides an accurate model for magma chamber formation in nature.
This document discusses natural convection, beginning with defining natural convection and examining the physical mechanisms that drive it. It then derives the governing equations for natural convection by considering forces, introduces the dimensionless Grashof and Rayleigh numbers, and evaluates the Nusselt number for different surface geometries. It also examines natural convection in enclosures and combined natural and forced convection. The objectives are to understand natural convection fundamentals and derive correlations to evaluate heat transfer.
The document describes the general structure and circulation of the Earth's atmosphere. It discusses how solar heating creates pressure differences that drive global wind patterns. Specifically, it mentions:
1) Solar heating of the tropics creates zones of low pressure known as the doldrums, driving the northeast and southeast trade winds towards the equator.
2) The Hadley cell circulation involves warm air rising in the tropics, flowing poleward and sinking at 30° latitude, returning equatorward at the surface.
3) Jet streams are fast winds concentrated in narrow layers of the atmosphere that help drive weather systems.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
- What are the heating and cooling energy demand and loads for buildings?
- What is the effect of the thermal mass on the energy performance of buildings?
- What is the effect of freezing/thawing cycles and energy balance on the energy performance of buildings?
- What is the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of thermal piles?
- What is the result of excessive heat extraction from the geothermal piles?
This document discusses various geophysical methodologies that can be used in geothermal exploration, including thermal gradient surveys, gravity methods, magnetic methods, seismic methods, geophysical well logging, electrical methods, and modeling/inversion techniques. It explains that geothermal systems typically have four main elements - a heat source, reservoir, fluid, and recharge area. Geophysical surveys aim to indirectly obtain physical parameters of geothermal systems from the surface. These parameters include temperature, electrical conductivity, elastic properties, density, and magnetic susceptibility. The document provides details on each methodology and how they can help define characteristics of the geothermal reservoir such as shape, size, depth, existence of geothermal fluids, and zones of high
This document discusses the Milankovitch theory of ice ages, which proposes that variations in the Earth's orbit and axial tilt cause long-term changes in climate by altering the amount and distribution of sunlight reaching the Earth's surface. Key points of the theory include:
1) Milankovitch computed how factors like eccentricity, obliquity, and precession influence seasonal and latitudinal patterns of sunlight (insolation) over long time periods.
2) Variations in insolation are argued to be sufficient to induce glacial/interglacial cycles by changing how much snow melts each summer in northern high latitudes.
3) Comparison of Milankovitch's modeled in
Heat transfer; Objectives; Applications; Heat transfer mechanism; Fourier's Law; Heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation; Heat interchangers and exchangers
This document summarizes an investigation into the Huppert and Sparks theory of convective magma chamber formation. The theory proposes that intrusion of hot basaltic magma into continental crust can heat and melt overlying rock, forming a convecting silicic magma chamber. The author examines laboratory experiments by Huppert and Sparks testing this theory and identifies inconsistencies between the experiments and natural geological processes. Specifically, the author argues convection may not occur as extensively as assumed in the model. Overall, the document questions whether the Huppert and Sparks theory provides an accurate model for magma chamber formation in nature.
This document discusses natural convection, beginning with defining natural convection and examining the physical mechanisms that drive it. It then derives the governing equations for natural convection by considering forces, introduces the dimensionless Grashof and Rayleigh numbers, and evaluates the Nusselt number for different surface geometries. It also examines natural convection in enclosures and combined natural and forced convection. The objectives are to understand natural convection fundamentals and derive correlations to evaluate heat transfer.
The document describes the general structure and circulation of the Earth's atmosphere. It discusses how solar heating creates pressure differences that drive global wind patterns. Specifically, it mentions:
1) Solar heating of the tropics creates zones of low pressure known as the doldrums, driving the northeast and southeast trade winds towards the equator.
2) The Hadley cell circulation involves warm air rising in the tropics, flowing poleward and sinking at 30° latitude, returning equatorward at the surface.
3) Jet streams are fast winds concentrated in narrow layers of the atmosphere that help drive weather systems.
The document discusses heat exchange processes in buildings. It defines key thermal quantities like heat, temperature, heat flow, conduction and resistance. It explains that heat flows from higher to lower temperature areas through conduction, convection and radiation. The rate of heat flow depends on the temperature difference and is measured in Watts. Convection involves heat transfer through a moving medium like air or water, while radiation depends on the temperatures and emittance of surfaces. The concept of sol-air temperature combines the heating effects of radiation and warm air. Maintaining thermal balance in a building requires accounting for various heat flows like from occupants, solar gains, conduction, ventilation and mechanical systems.
This chapter discusses steady heat conduction through various geometries. It introduces thermal resistance networks to model conduction through multilayer walls. It also covers cylindrical and spherical conduction, the effect of insulation thickness, heat transfer from fins, and using conduction shape factors to solve two-dimensional problems. Thermal contact resistance at interfaces and improving contact conductance are also discussed.
Critical analysis of Hydraulic stimulation of geothermal reservoirs: fluid fl...Umer Bhatti
Critical analysis of Hydraulic stimulation, geothermal reservoirs, fluid flow, electric potential and microseismicity, the Soultz-Sous-Forets Hot Dry Rock Site
The document discusses reservoir-induced seismicity, providing several examples of how reservoir filling and fluid injection/extraction can trigger earthquakes. Reservoir-induced seismicity typically involves small earthquakes that are concentrated near the reservoir. The physical mechanism is that increased fluid pressures in the reservoir reduce normal stresses on nearby faults, making them more prone to slip and cause earthquakes. While small, these induced seismic events demonstrate that human activities like dam building, oil/gas extraction, and water storage can effectively stress nearby faults enough to trigger earthquakes.
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
The document discusses different types of earthquakes, including reservoir-induced seismicity. It provides details on earthquakes triggered by the filling of the Koyna Dam in India in the 1960s, including a 1967 M6.3 earthquake that killed 200 people. The document also discusses seismicity observed in oil fields related to changes in water injection and production volumes.
Hydraulic fracturing has been inferred to trigger the majority of injection-induced earthquakes in western Canada, in contrast to the midwestern United States where massive saltwater disposal is the dominant triggering mechanism. A template-based earthquake catalog from a seismically active Canadian shale play, combined with comprehensive injection data during a 4-month interval, shows that earthquakes are tightly clustered in space and time near hydraulic fracturing sites. The largest event [moment magnitude (MW) 3.9] occurred several weeks after injection along a fault that appears to extend from the injection zone into crystalline basement. Patterns of seismicity indicate that stress changes during operations can activate fault slip to an offset distance of >1 km, whereas pressurization by hydraulic fracturing into a fault yields episodic seismicity that can persist for months.
1. Three main modes of energy transfer in soil are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct particle contact, convection involves bulk fluid movement, and radiation does not require matter.
2. The surface energy balance equation states that energy in equals energy out at the soil surface. This includes net radiation, heat flux into soil, sensible heat flux to air, and latent heat from evaporation.
3. Thermal conductivity describes a material's ability to conduct heat and is measured in watts per meter-kelvin. It is dependent on soil composition, texture, water content, and compaction. Thermal diffusivity incorporates conductivity and describes the speed of heat propagation.
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids such as liquids and gases. Heat is transferred when hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink, creating convection currents. Convection can occur naturally through convection cells or be forced through mechanisms that move the fluid past an object or move the object through the fluid. There are two types of convection - natural convection, which is driven by density differences in the fluid due to temperature variations, and forced convection, where an external force like a fan induces fluid flow.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer and related topics. It discusses the three methods of heat transfer: convection, conduction, and radiation. It also covers factors that affect heat transfer like temperature and thermal resistance. The document outlines course contents on heat transfer equipment, fired process equipment, and combustion of fuels. It provides details on topics like heat exchangers, boilers, burners, and methods of heat exchange.
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes
The document discusses heat flow and heat transfer mechanisms in the Earth. It introduces the 1D heat conduction equation and describes how it can be generalized to 3D. Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of material by 1 degree Celsius. The heat conduction equation simplifies in steady state and absence of heat generation situations.
This document provides an overview of topics related to heat and mass transfer, including:
- Fins and their applications (Unit I)
- Convection boundary layer concepts including velocity and thermal boundary layers (Unit II)
- Heat exchangers including concentric tube, cross flow, and shell and tube designs (Unit III)
- Boiling and condensation processes including boiling curves and regimes (Unit IV)
- Mass transfer concepts and analogies to heat transfer including diffusion, convection, and concentration boundary layers (Unit V)
It defines key terms and concepts for each topic and provides illustrations of processes like boundary layer development, boiling curves, and mass transfer mechanisms like diffusion and convection.
This document discusses Fourier's law of heat conduction and the heat equation. It begins by recapping one-dimensional steady-state conduction and then discusses applying Fourier's law to different geometries. It derives the general heat conduction equation and describes how to write it for Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Special cases of the heat equation like steady-state, no heat generation, and transient conditions are also covered. The document concludes by discussing the necessary boundary and initial conditions required to solve the heat equation.
The document describes heat conduction through plane walls, cylinders, and spheres under steady-state conditions. It introduces the concepts of thermal resistance, resistance networks, and one-dimensional heat transfer. Equations are presented to calculate heat transfer rates and temperature distributions based on thermal properties and surface temperatures for multi-layered systems with conduction and convection. Special cases like contact resistance and critical insulation thickness are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and thermodynamics concepts. It discusses how heat transfer is related to thermodynamics and distinguishes between different forms of energy. The three main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Heat is defined as the transfer of energy between two systems due to a temperature difference, and will flow from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature one. The document provides objectives and outlines concepts like thermal energy, mechanisms of heat transfer, Fourier's law of conduction and applications of heat transfer.
This document discusses heat transfer via convection. It defines the basic types of heat transfer and distinguishes between natural and forced convection. Natural convection occurs due to density differences in a fluid caused by temperature gradients, without an external source of motion. Forced convection uses an external source like a fan or pump to enhance fluid motion and heat transfer. The document also examines factors that affect the convective heat transfer coefficient and introduces the Nusselt and Prandtl numbers in analyzing dimensional relationships of natural convection.
Applications and Limitations of Sustaining a Cost-Effective Embedded Sensor N...InfoAndina CONDESAN
This project uses data from an embedded sensor network in Peru's Cordillera Blanca mountains to analyze factors influencing evapotranspiration over nearly a decade. The network found that valley topography and land cover influence diurnal and seasonal variability of evapotranspiration. Analysis of temperature, moisture, and wind patterns suggests atmospheric boundary layer processes within the valley impact evapotranspiration and potentially glacial mass balance. The long-term data could improve understanding of multi-scale interannual variability, such as El Niño and La Niña influences, in pro-glacial valleys.
The document proposes an atmospheric vortex engine to sustainably generate electrical power by utilizing the latent heat released as water vapor condenses and freezes in rising atmospheric plumes. It notes that water vapor holds significant energy equivalent to 1,200 cubic km of fuel oil. The vortex engine is designed to efficiently tap this energy through fast convection, producing high-altitude clouds that increase albedo and reduce the greenhouse effect by decreasing water vapor levels. This could provide a negative feedback loop to counteract global warming caused by increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
The document discusses heat transfer and related concepts including:
1) Heat is energy in transit and its units like joules and calories
2) Sensible heat associated with temperature change and specific heat capacity
3) Latent heat associated with phase changes and calculation of heat involved
4) Properties of steam and using steam tables to find properties at given conditions
5) Concepts and equations related to heat exchangers like calculating heat transfer between hot and cold fluids
Heat flows within the Earth through conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact between molecules within the Earth. Convection involves the circulation of hotter rocks and molten rock within the Earth that transfers heat upwards and cooler rock downwards.
SPICE MODEL of 2SK2886 (Standard+BDS Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
SPICE MODEL of 2SK2886 (Standard+BDS) in SPICE PARK. English Version is http://www.spicepark.net. Japanese Version is http://www.spicepark.com by Bee Technologies.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de transistores, incluyendo el transistor JFET, MOSFET, fototransistor, transistor de contacto puntual y transistor de unión bipolar. Explica brevemente sus características y usos principales.
This chapter discusses steady heat conduction through various geometries. It introduces thermal resistance networks to model conduction through multilayer walls. It also covers cylindrical and spherical conduction, the effect of insulation thickness, heat transfer from fins, and using conduction shape factors to solve two-dimensional problems. Thermal contact resistance at interfaces and improving contact conductance are also discussed.
Critical analysis of Hydraulic stimulation of geothermal reservoirs: fluid fl...Umer Bhatti
Critical analysis of Hydraulic stimulation, geothermal reservoirs, fluid flow, electric potential and microseismicity, the Soultz-Sous-Forets Hot Dry Rock Site
The document discusses reservoir-induced seismicity, providing several examples of how reservoir filling and fluid injection/extraction can trigger earthquakes. Reservoir-induced seismicity typically involves small earthquakes that are concentrated near the reservoir. The physical mechanism is that increased fluid pressures in the reservoir reduce normal stresses on nearby faults, making them more prone to slip and cause earthquakes. While small, these induced seismic events demonstrate that human activities like dam building, oil/gas extraction, and water storage can effectively stress nearby faults enough to trigger earthquakes.
Understand the physical mechanism of convection and its classification.
Visualize the development of velocity and thermal boundary layers during flow over surfaces.
Gain a working knowledge of the dimensionless Reynolds, Prandtl, and Nusselt numbers.
Distinguish between laminar and turbulent flows, and gain an understanding of the mechanisms of momentum and heat transfer in turbulent flow.
Derive the differential equations that govern convection on the basis of mass, momentum, and energy balances, and solve these equations for some simple cases such as laminar flow over a flat plate.
Non dimensionalize the convection equations and obtain the functional forms of friction and heat transfer coefficients.
Use analogies between momentum and heat transfer, and determine heat transfer coefficient from knowledge of friction coefficient.
The document discusses different types of earthquakes, including reservoir-induced seismicity. It provides details on earthquakes triggered by the filling of the Koyna Dam in India in the 1960s, including a 1967 M6.3 earthquake that killed 200 people. The document also discusses seismicity observed in oil fields related to changes in water injection and production volumes.
Hydraulic fracturing has been inferred to trigger the majority of injection-induced earthquakes in western Canada, in contrast to the midwestern United States where massive saltwater disposal is the dominant triggering mechanism. A template-based earthquake catalog from a seismically active Canadian shale play, combined with comprehensive injection data during a 4-month interval, shows that earthquakes are tightly clustered in space and time near hydraulic fracturing sites. The largest event [moment magnitude (MW) 3.9] occurred several weeks after injection along a fault that appears to extend from the injection zone into crystalline basement. Patterns of seismicity indicate that stress changes during operations can activate fault slip to an offset distance of >1 km, whereas pressurization by hydraulic fracturing into a fault yields episodic seismicity that can persist for months.
1. Three main modes of energy transfer in soil are conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves direct particle contact, convection involves bulk fluid movement, and radiation does not require matter.
2. The surface energy balance equation states that energy in equals energy out at the soil surface. This includes net radiation, heat flux into soil, sensible heat flux to air, and latent heat from evaporation.
3. Thermal conductivity describes a material's ability to conduct heat and is measured in watts per meter-kelvin. It is dependent on soil composition, texture, water content, and compaction. Thermal diffusivity incorporates conductivity and describes the speed of heat propagation.
Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of fluids such as liquids and gases. Heat is transferred when hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink, creating convection currents. Convection can occur naturally through convection cells or be forced through mechanisms that move the fluid past an object or move the object through the fluid. There are two types of convection - natural convection, which is driven by density differences in the fluid due to temperature variations, and forced convection, where an external force like a fan induces fluid flow.
This document provides an overview of heat transfer and related topics. It discusses the three methods of heat transfer: convection, conduction, and radiation. It also covers factors that affect heat transfer like temperature and thermal resistance. The document outlines course contents on heat transfer equipment, fired process equipment, and combustion of fuels. It provides details on topics like heat exchangers, boilers, burners, and methods of heat exchange.
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems. Heat transfer is classified into various mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy by phase changes
The document discusses heat flow and heat transfer mechanisms in the Earth. It introduces the 1D heat conduction equation and describes how it can be generalized to 3D. Specific heat is defined as the amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of material by 1 degree Celsius. The heat conduction equation simplifies in steady state and absence of heat generation situations.
This document provides an overview of topics related to heat and mass transfer, including:
- Fins and their applications (Unit I)
- Convection boundary layer concepts including velocity and thermal boundary layers (Unit II)
- Heat exchangers including concentric tube, cross flow, and shell and tube designs (Unit III)
- Boiling and condensation processes including boiling curves and regimes (Unit IV)
- Mass transfer concepts and analogies to heat transfer including diffusion, convection, and concentration boundary layers (Unit V)
It defines key terms and concepts for each topic and provides illustrations of processes like boundary layer development, boiling curves, and mass transfer mechanisms like diffusion and convection.
This document discusses Fourier's law of heat conduction and the heat equation. It begins by recapping one-dimensional steady-state conduction and then discusses applying Fourier's law to different geometries. It derives the general heat conduction equation and describes how to write it for Cartesian, cylindrical, and spherical coordinate systems. Special cases of the heat equation like steady-state, no heat generation, and transient conditions are also covered. The document concludes by discussing the necessary boundary and initial conditions required to solve the heat equation.
The document describes heat conduction through plane walls, cylinders, and spheres under steady-state conditions. It introduces the concepts of thermal resistance, resistance networks, and one-dimensional heat transfer. Equations are presented to calculate heat transfer rates and temperature distributions based on thermal properties and surface temperatures for multi-layered systems with conduction and convection. Special cases like contact resistance and critical insulation thickness are also covered.
This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and thermodynamics concepts. It discusses how heat transfer is related to thermodynamics and distinguishes between different forms of energy. The three main modes of heat transfer are conduction, convection and radiation. Heat is defined as the transfer of energy between two systems due to a temperature difference, and will flow from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature one. The document provides objectives and outlines concepts like thermal energy, mechanisms of heat transfer, Fourier's law of conduction and applications of heat transfer.
This document discusses heat transfer via convection. It defines the basic types of heat transfer and distinguishes between natural and forced convection. Natural convection occurs due to density differences in a fluid caused by temperature gradients, without an external source of motion. Forced convection uses an external source like a fan or pump to enhance fluid motion and heat transfer. The document also examines factors that affect the convective heat transfer coefficient and introduces the Nusselt and Prandtl numbers in analyzing dimensional relationships of natural convection.
Applications and Limitations of Sustaining a Cost-Effective Embedded Sensor N...InfoAndina CONDESAN
This project uses data from an embedded sensor network in Peru's Cordillera Blanca mountains to analyze factors influencing evapotranspiration over nearly a decade. The network found that valley topography and land cover influence diurnal and seasonal variability of evapotranspiration. Analysis of temperature, moisture, and wind patterns suggests atmospheric boundary layer processes within the valley impact evapotranspiration and potentially glacial mass balance. The long-term data could improve understanding of multi-scale interannual variability, such as El Niño and La Niña influences, in pro-glacial valleys.
The document proposes an atmospheric vortex engine to sustainably generate electrical power by utilizing the latent heat released as water vapor condenses and freezes in rising atmospheric plumes. It notes that water vapor holds significant energy equivalent to 1,200 cubic km of fuel oil. The vortex engine is designed to efficiently tap this energy through fast convection, producing high-altitude clouds that increase albedo and reduce the greenhouse effect by decreasing water vapor levels. This could provide a negative feedback loop to counteract global warming caused by increased CO2 and other greenhouse gases.
The document discusses heat transfer and related concepts including:
1) Heat is energy in transit and its units like joules and calories
2) Sensible heat associated with temperature change and specific heat capacity
3) Latent heat associated with phase changes and calculation of heat involved
4) Properties of steam and using steam tables to find properties at given conditions
5) Concepts and equations related to heat exchangers like calculating heat transfer between hot and cold fluids
Heat flows within the Earth through conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of heat through direct contact between molecules within the Earth. Convection involves the circulation of hotter rocks and molten rock within the Earth that transfers heat upwards and cooler rock downwards.
SPICE MODEL of 2SK2886 (Standard+BDS Model) in SPICE PARKTsuyoshi Horigome
SPICE MODEL of 2SK2886 (Standard+BDS) in SPICE PARK. English Version is http://www.spicepark.net. Japanese Version is http://www.spicepark.com by Bee Technologies.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de transistores, incluyendo el transistor JFET, MOSFET, fototransistor, transistor de contacto puntual y transistor de unión bipolar. Explica brevemente sus características y usos principales.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System introduces several new tumor entities and variants based on an international working group consensus. Eight new entities are added, including angiocentric glioma and papillary glioneuronal tumor. Histological variants are also included if they have distinct characteristics in age distribution, location, genetics, or clinical behavior. The classification aims to standardize the definition of brain tumors internationally for research and clinical purposes.
This document summarizes the key components and operating principles of a wave gear drive system. It discusses how wave gear drives provide advantages over traditional gearing systems such as zero backlash, high torsional stiffness, and high positional accuracy. The main components of a wave gear drive are the flex spline, wave generator, and circular spline. The wave generator causes deformation of the flex spline to partially engage and disengage its teeth with the circular spline's teeth, allowing for gear reductions. Wave gear drives have applications in aerospace, machine tools, medical equipment, printing presses, robots, and more due to their flexible design and performance advantages.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Este documento presenta un boletín de adquisiciones de material bibliográfico recibido en una biblioteca durante el mes de mayo de 2008. Se incluye una lista de libros nuevos adquiridos sobre diversos temas como agricultura, nutrición, ecología, antropología y biología. La biblioteca invita a los usuarios a hacer uso de estas nuevas fuentes de información para sus estudios e investigaciones.
This document discusses neurologic complications that can occur during pregnancy, including preeclampsia-eclampsia, hemolytic elevated liver enzyme levels and low platelet levels syndrome, and myasthenia gravis. Preeclampsia-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Seizures are a hallmark of eclampsia. Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for preventing and treating seizures. Hemolytic elevated liver enzyme levels and low platelet levels syndrome is a severe form of preeclampsia associated with high mortality rates. Myasthenia gravis can worsen during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester and postpartum period. Careful monitoring and management is important for these
This document provides information about an upcoming conference on floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) to be held in London in February 2014. It includes:
- Details about the conference agenda, speakers, and topics to be discussed over two days, including project updates, design and construction challenges, economics, and financing.
- Information about two half-day workshops to be held after the conference on legal and commercial issues related to FLNG, and whether floating storage and regasification units could replace traditional onshore LNG terminals.
- Instructions for registering for the conference and workshops, along with early bird discounts for booking by certain dates.
Kevin Earnest is running for National Vice President of Communication and Recognition. He has experience serving as Recording Secretary for his chapter and Vice President of Social Media for his district council. As NVPCR, his goals are to provide leadership training webinars to members, revamp the monthly chat program, continue developing social media presence, and improve transparency of the National Council. He emphasizes using technology and digital communication effectively.
The document discusses cannabinoids and their effects on the brain. It describes how the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), acts through the CB1 cannabinoid receptor. It notes that GABAergic neurons highly express CB1 receptors. Activation of these receptors inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. The document also discusses endogenous cannabinoids like anandamide and their role as retrograde synaptic signals. Finally, it reviews some central effects of cannabinoids like impaired memory and their medical applications.
This document presents an analysis of automobile data. It begins with data manipulation steps including removing missing data and converting variables to appropriate data types. Exploratory data analysis is conducted through scatter plots and box plots to examine relationships between variables like mileage and weight grouped by cylinders. Simple and multiple linear regression models are fit to predict mileage, and model diagnostics identify violations of assumptions like homoscedasticity. Transforming the response variable to log scale addresses these issues. The modified multiple regression model has the highest R-squared value, indicating it best fits the data.
Intensity Non-uniformity Correction for Image SegmentationIOSR Journals
This document discusses the application of various image segmentation techniques, including Otsu thresholding, fuzzy C-means clustering, and marker-controlled watershed segmentation, to atherosclerosis images. Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque in artery walls that can lead to coronary heart disease. Accurately segmenting atherosclerosis images is an important preprocessing step for analysis. The document proposes using a marker-controlled watershed segmentation algorithm to segment the images, arguing it can construct full divisions of color images while preventing oversegmentation compared to conventional watershed algorithms. It then applies several segmentation techniques to atherosclerosis images and evaluates the results.
Numerical Experiments of Hydrogen-Air Premixed FlamesIJRES Journal
Numerical experiments have been carried out to study turbulent premixed flames of hydrogen-air mixtures in a small scale combustion chamber. Flow is calculated using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Technique for turbulent flow. The chemical reaction is modeled using a dynamic procedure for the calculation of the flame/flow interactions. Sensitivity of the results obtained to the computational grid, ignition source and different flow configurations have been carried out. Numerical results are validated against published experimental data. It was found that the grid resolution has very small effect on the results after a certain grid. Also, the ignition source has influenced only the time where the peak overpressure appears. Finally, the different configurations are reported to affect both the peak overpressure and flame position.
Este documento presenta las predicciones de un pronosticador para 12 carreras de caballos que se llevarán a cabo en La Rinconada. Para cada carrera, el pronosticador identifica sus dos caballos favoritos y brinda un breve comentario sobre cada uno. En general, el pronosticador cree que varios de sus caballos favoritos tienen buenas posibilidades de ganar debido a su buen estado de forma o circunstancias favorables en la carrera.
The final protocol (v5.3). Notable changes include:
1) Confirmation of audit standard (Page 6).
2) Refinement of inclusion and exclusion criteria (Page 7)
3) Confirmation of audit status (Appendix C)
4) Refinement of required data fields (Page 19) including definitions (Pages 20-25)
The document is an excerpt from an e-book about HTML web design. It contains introductory lessons on starting with HTML, formatting text, paragraphs and images, links and lists, and tables. The document teaches basic HTML tags and syntax for building web pages, with examples and exercises at the end of each lesson.
Geothermal energy comes from heat within the Earth that is generated from radioactive decay and other sources. This heat travels through the Earth's layers and can be accessed through hot springs, geysers, and reservoirs located deep underground. Geothermal energy can be harnessed as a renewable energy source and has the advantages of being constantly available and having little environmental impact, though high installation costs and potential depletion limit its widespread use. Exploration methods are used to locate potential geothermal resources by measuring subsurface temperatures, electrical conductivity, seismic activity, and other factors.
This document summarizes igneous petrology and the structure and composition of the Earth's interior. It discusses how the Earth is composed of layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is divided into oceanic and continental crust. The mantle makes up most of the Earth's volume and is composed of ultramafic rock. Heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection, and advection are described. The geothermal gradient and how temperature increases with depth is also summarized. Plate tectonics and mantle convection are driving the dynamic cooling of the Earth.
Explain how convection and radiation terms are included in the funda.pdfrastogiarun
Explain how convection and radiation terms are included in the fundamental equation.
Solution
CONVECTION: Flow of heat through currents within a fluid (liquid or gas). Convection is the
displacement of volumes of a substance in a liquid or gaseous phase. When a mass of a fluid is
heated up, for example when it is in contact with a warmer surface, its molecules are carried
away and scattered causing that the mass of that fluid becomes less dense. For this reason, the
warmed mass will be displaced vertically and/or horizontally, while the colder and denser mass
of fluid goes down (the low-kinetic-energy molecules displace the molecules in high-kinetic-
energy states). Through this process, the molecules of the hot fluid transfer heat continuously
toward the volumes of the colder fluid.
For example, when heating up water on a stove, the volume of water at the bottom of the pot will
be warmed up by conduction from the metallic bottom of the pot and its density decreases. Given
that it gets lesser dense, it shifts upwards up to the surface of the volume of water and displaces
the upper -colder and denser- mass of water downwards, to the bottom of the pot.
Formula of Convection:
q = hA (Ts - T ?)
Where h is for convective heat transfer coefficient, A is the area implied in the heat transfer
process, Ts is for the temperature of the system and T ? is a reference temperature.
RADIATION:
It is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves or photons. It does not need a propagating medium.
The energy transferred by radiation moves at the speed of light. The heat radiated by the Sun can
be exchanged between the solar surface and the Earth\'s surface without heating the transitional
space.
For example, if I place an object (such as a coin, a car, or myself) under the direct sunbeams, I
will note in a little while that the object will be heated. The exchange of heat between the Sun
and the object occurs by radiation.
The formula to know the amount of heat transferred by radiation is:
q = e ? A [(?T)^4]
Where q is the heat transferred by radiation, E is the emissivity of the system, ? is the constant of
Stephan-Boltzmann (5.6697 x 10^-8 W/m^2.K^4), A is the area involved in the heat transfer by
radiation, and (?T)^4 is the difference of temperature between two systems to the fourth or
higher power.
Water absorbs the incoming solar Infrared Radiation because the frequency of the internal
vibration of the water molecules is the same frequency of the waves of the solar Infrared
Radiation. This form of Radiative Heat transfer is known as Resonance Absorption.
We humans feel the heat radiated by the Sun and other systems with a higher temperature
because our bodies contain 55-75% of water. The radiative energy inciding on our skin is
absorbed by the molecules of water in our bodies by Resonance Absorption. Just then, the
Infrared Radiation absorbed by our bodies leads to a more intense internal vibration of the water
molecules in our bodies and our bodies get warmer. .
Rapid uplift of 1-2 km in a few million years can occur due to alterations in the thermal structure of the upper mantle from processes like delamination of the entire mantle lithosphere, convective removal of thickened lower lithosphere, or heating from erosion of the basal lithosphere by upwelling hot mantle. The Rockies rose immediately after the Laramide orogeny as a thermal response to exposure of mantle lithosphere to upwelling of hot sub-lithospheric mantle from slab rollback. Methods like laser flash analysis can be used to determine thermal conductivity (κ) values for geologically relevant temperatures to understand mantle processes.
This document discusses heat transfer and convection in the Earth. It covers the three main types of heat transfer - conduction, convection, and radioactive heating - and where each is dominant within the Earth. Conduction occurs throughout where temperature gradients exist, convection occurs in the mantle, outer core, and possibly inner core, and radioactive heating occurs primarily in the mantle and continental crust due to radioactive elements. The document also discusses heat flux at the Earth's surface and potential contributors to the mantle heat budget, as well as concepts like buoyancy, viscosity, scaling parameters, and boundary layer theory in the context of mantle convection.
This document summarizes a study on the geothermal conditions of the Marmara Sea region in northwest Turkey. The researchers collected temperature data from 44 shallow water wells and 9 oil wells up to 2500m deep to determine surface heat flow density. They also measured thermal conductivities of rock samples. Temperature profiles in the shallow wells showed nonlinear increases with depth likely due to water movement. Repeated measurements over a year showed stable temperature distributions. Heat flow density varied regionally from 35 to 115 mW/m2, with a mean of 60 mW/m2. Higher values were found in areas of active extension south of the Marmara Sea. The spatial pattern of thermal springs did not coincide with heat flow patterns, as their appearance
- The document discusses global climate change and provides evidence that rising greenhouse gas levels are causing the planet to warm. It examines feedback mechanisms in the climate system like the albedo effect and carbon cycle. Images show retreating glaciers and rising temperatures. The impacts of a warming planet could include extreme weather, sea level rise, and shifting biomes. Past climate records from ice cores provide context on the rate of current changes.
The document discusses theories of the Earth's movement including continental drift and seafloor spreading. It explains that mantle convection causes lithospheric plates to move via convection currents. Hot mantle material rises and cools, sinking elsewhere, moving the plates over geologic timescales through processes like ridge push and slab pull. Plate tectonics integrates these ideas to explain volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building at plate boundaries.
1. The document discusses heat conduction and geothermal equations, including the 1D and 3D heat conduction equations. It also discusses concepts like specific heat, thermal conductivity, and boundary conditions.
2. It then covers applications of these concepts to modeling heat flow in the solid Earth, including calculating simple geotherms, modeling oceanic and continental heat flow, and the role of radioactive heat generation.
3. Finally, it discusses thermal structure and models of oceanic and continental lithosphere, comparing half-space and plate cooling models.
This document provides information about endogenic processes and magmatism. It discusses how the Earth's internal heat comes from radioactive decay, accretion during planetary formation, and friction during planetary formation. It also describes how magma is formed through decompression melting, increased temperature, and flux melting. Magma is classified as basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic based on its chemical composition, temperature, viscosity and gas content. More viscous magmas such as rhyolitic erupt explosively while less viscous magmas such as basalt flow as lava.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Western US volcanism due to intruding oceanic mantle driven by ancient Farall...Sérgio Sacani
The origin of late Cenozoic intraplate volcanism over the western United States is debated. One important reason is the lack
of a clear understanding of the mantle dynamics during this volcanic history. Here we reconstruct the mantle thermal states
beneath North America since 20 million years ago using a hybrid inverse geodynamic model with data assimilation. The model
simultaneously satisfies the past subduction kinematics, present mantle tomographic image and the volcanic history. We find
that volcanism in both the Yellowstone volcanic province and the Basin and Range province corresponds to a similar eastwardintruding
mantle derived from beneath the Pacific Ocean and driven mostly by the sinking Farallon slab below the centraleastern
United States. The hot mantle that forms the Columbia River flood basalt and subsequent Yellowstone–Newberry
hotspot tracks first enters the western United States through tears within the Juan de Fuca slab. Subsequent coexistence of the
westward asthenospheric flow above the retreating Juan de Fuca slab and eastward-propagating mantle beyond the back-arc
region reproduces the bifurcating hotspot chains. A similar but weaker heat source intrudes below the Basin and Range around
the southern edge of the slab, and can explain the diffuse basaltic volcanism in this region. According to our models, the putative
Yellowstone plume contributes little to the formation of the Yellowstone volcanic province.
This document provides an introduction to heat transfer and discusses the three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.
It defines heat transfer as the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference and explains that conduction refers to heat transfer through a stationary solid or fluid medium, convection refers to heat transfer between a surface and moving fluid, and radiation refers to heat transfer via electromagnetic waves between surfaces.
The document also presents the key equations for calculating heat transfer rates by each mode, including Fourier's law for conduction heat transfer rate and Newton's law of cooling for convective heat transfer rate.
The Earth’s climate is dynamic and characterised by trends, aberrations and quasi-periodic oscillations varying over a broad range of time-scales [1], which are governed by external (extraterrestrial systems) and/or internal(ocean, atmosphere and land system). Trends are largely controlled by plate tectonics, and thus to change gradually on million year time scale. Aberrations occur when the certain thresholds are passed and are manifested in the geological record as the unusual rapid (less than a few thousands of years) or extreme change in climate. The quasi-periodic oscillations are mostly astronomically paced; they are driven by astronomical perturbations that affect the earth’s orbit around the sun and the orientation of earth’s rotation axis with respect to its orbital plane. These perturbations are described by the three main astronomical cycles: eccentricity, precession and obliquity, which together determine the spatial and seasonal pattern of insolation received by the earth [2], eventually resulting in climatic oscillations of ten to hundreds of thousands of year [3].Sun being the main source of energy for the earth system controls the climate of it. Variation in solar activity and cosmic ray intensity has direct influence over climatic features such as cloudiness, temperature and rainfall [4]. Volcanic eruptions also force all elements of the climatic systems up to a varying degree but producing long term climatic signals in the ocean. The cumulative volcanic cooling effect at present offsets about one third of anthropogenic warming [5].Other than these causes paleoclimatologists also relates the past climate changes with movement of solar system[6], interplanetary dusts and influence of asteroids[7].However the recent variability in climate what earth is experiencing is unlikely due to any of the individual above factors rather it is due to the compound effect of complex interactions of all the natural as well as anthropogenic forcings.
References:
1. J. C. Zachos, M. Pagani, L. Sloan, E. Thomas, K. Billups, Science 292 (2001) 686-693.
2. G. Kukla, Nature (London) 253, 600 (1975).
3. J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton, Science 194 (1876) 1121-1132.
4. N. Marsh, H. Swensmark, Space Sci. Rev. 94 (2000) 215-230.
5. T. L. Delworth, V. Ramaswamy, G. L. Stenchikov, Geophys. Res. Lett. 32 (2005) L24709.
6. K. Fuhrer, E. W. Wolf, S. J. Johnsen, J. Geophys. Res. 104(D24) (1999) 31043-31052
7. P. Hut, W. Alvarez, W. P. Elder, T. Hansen, E. G. Kauffman, G. Keller, E. M. Shoemaker & P. R. Weissman, Nature Vol. 329, 10 September, 1987
Introduction
Mechanism of Heat Flow
Conduction
Heat Flow through a Cylinder-Conduction
Conduction through fluids
Convection
Film type condensation
Cold liquid-boiling of liquids
Modes of Feed-Heat Transfer
Thermal Radiation
Black Body
Grey body
Equipments
References
2.1 Heat
Heat is a form of energy. According to the principle of thermodynamics whenever a physical or chemical transformation occurs heat flow into or leaves the system.
A number of sources of heat are used for industrial scale operations steam and electric power is the chief sources to transfer heat. It is essential to cover steam without any loses to the apparatus in which it is used. The study of heat transfer processes helps in be signing the plant efficiently and economically
2.2 Heat Transfer:-
Work is one of the basic modes of energy transfer in machines the action of force on a moving body is identified as work. The work is done by a force as it acts upon a body moving in the direction of the force.
Work transfer is considered as occurring between the system and the surroundings work is said to be done by a system is the sole effect on things external to the system can be reduced to the raising of a weight.
If a system has a non-adiabatic boundary its temperature is not independent of the temperature of the surroundings and for the system between the states 1 and 2 the work w depends on path and the differential d-w is inexact. The work depends on the terminal state 1 and 2 as well as non-adiabatic path connecting them. For consistency with the principle of conservation of energy. Some type of energy transfer must have occurred because of the temperature difference between the system and its surroundings and it is identified as heat thus when an effect in a system occurs solely as result of temperature difference between the system and some other system the process in which the effect occur shall be called a transfer of heat from the system at the higher temperature to the system at the lower temperature.
1.1 Evaporation
1.2 Distillation
1.3 Drying
1.4 Crystallization
1.5 Sterilization
Application of Heat Transfer in Pharmaceuticals Industries
As companies examine their total cost of operations, energy usage and heat recovery deliver cost savings through increased energy utilization and efficiency. Heat exchangers offer companies the opportunity to reuse energy generated for a specific purpose instead of venting that energy to the atmosphere. Shell and tube heat exchangers are in wide use throughout the Food, Dairy, Beverage, Pharmaceutical, Chemicals, Petroleum Refining, and Utility industries. This paper briefly explores three modes of heat transfer and basic designs found in shell and tube heat exchangers. Also included are several case studies from different industries where
Enerquip’s heat exchangers have saved the operators energy and money.
Thermohaline Circulation & Climate ChangeArulalan T
Today I have presented "The Thermohaline Circulation and Climate Change" as Mini-Project for our Science of Climate Change Course ! We can expect THC shutdown around 2050s... OMG ! Yes, we can expect "The Day After Tomorrow" around 2100... All the images credited to the reference papers except one T-S-Sigmat created by me using CDAT5.2.
This document discusses different heat transfer mechanisms including conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves the transfer of energy between particles through interactions at the molecular level in solids, liquids, and gases. Convection involves the transfer of heat by the motion of fluids and can be natural or forced. Radiation involves the emission of electromagnetic waves and does not require a medium to transfer heat. The document also discusses thermal conductivity, diffusivity, boundary and initial conditions, and the heat conduction equation in different coordinate systems.
electric injera baking pan efficency analsisAmare Addis
This document presents a finite element model for simulating the heat transfer process during injera baking. The model uses Luikov's model for heat and mass transfer in porous media. The finite element model was developed and validated by comparing results to experimental data. The model can predict the impact of injera baking pan design parameters like thermal conductivity and plate thickness on energy efficiency. Modeling indicates that improving these parameters, such as using higher conductivity clay, could significantly improve energy efficiency. The document provides mathematical descriptions of the heat transfer models used for the baking pan and injera batter during the baking process.
Offshore fresh groundwater reserves as a global phenomenonCarlos Bella
There is mounting evidence that vast reserves of fresh and brackish groundwater exist below continental shelves around the world. These offshore fresh groundwater reserves (OFGRs) were formed when sea levels were lower during glacial periods, exposing continental shelf areas that became recharged with precipitation and glacial meltwater. While some OFGRs may still be connected to modern coastal groundwater systems, many appear to be relics of past hydrological conditions and are termed "palaeo-groundwater". The largest documented OFGR is below the New Jersey shelf, where freshwater has been found over 100km offshore. Global occurrences of OFGRs have also been identified through borehole and geophysical data in locations such as the North
Revealing letters in rolled Herculaneum papyri by X-ray phase-contrast imagingCarlos Bella
X-ray phase-contrast tomography was used to read letters hidden inside two unopened Herculaneum papyri without damaging them. In a fragment of one papyrus, two Greek words were identified on a hidden layer. In an intact rolled papyrus, several letter sequences were revealed, including "APN", "HEY", and "KI". This non-destructive technique opens opportunities to read many rolled Herculaneum papyri and enhance knowledge of ancient Greek literature.
Animal behaviour: Incipient tradition in wild chimpanzeesCarlos Bella
This study observed the adoption of a new tool use behavior, moss sponging, by chimpanzees at the Sonso community in Uganda's Budongo Forest. The dominant male was first observed using a moss sponge to drink from a small flooded waterhole. Over the next six days, six other chimpanzees began displaying this behavior after observing the dominant male and female. The researchers used a statistical technique called network-based diffusion analysis to show the spread of this innovation was consistent with social learning along social network pathways, providing the first direct evidence of cultural diffusion in wild chimpanzees.
Cohesive forces prevent the rotational breakup of rubble-pile asteroid (29075...Carlos Bella
1) The asteroid (29075) 1950 DA is rotating faster than would be allowed without cohesive forces, with a rotation period of just over 2 hours.
2) Thermal infrared observations and measurements of its orbital drift were used to determine it has a low bulk density of 1.7 g/cm3, indicating it is a rubble pile asteroid made of smaller pieces held together weakly.
3) For it to retain its fine-grained surface and resist breaking up from centrifugal forces at its rate of rotation, cohesive van der Waals forces between the grains comparable to lunar regolith are required, with a minimum cohesive strength of 64 Pa.
Detection of Radio Emission from FireballsCarlos Bella
This document summarizes the detection of radio emissions from fireballs (very bright meteors) using the Long Wavelength Array radio telescope. A search of over 11,000 hours of all-sky radio images found 49 long-duration radio transients. Ten of these transients correlated spatially and temporally with fireballs detected by an optical meteor monitoring network. This provides evidence that fireballs emit previously undiscovered low frequency radio pulses. Further analysis found characteristics inconsistent with expected radio reflections from meteor trails, suggesting a non-thermal radio emission mechanism from the fireballs. This identifies a new class of natural radio transients and provides a new probe to study meteor physics.
This document is the introduction to The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience. It provides an overview of the encyclopedia, which aims to objectively analyze prominent scientific and pseudoscientific claims. The introduction discusses the relationship between facts and theories in science. It notes that observations must be viewed through theoretical lenses, and references Darwin's view that observations are only useful if they are for or against some view. The introduction also discusses how views of science have changed over time between seeing it as progressively approaching truth, and as a relativistic social construct. It argues the field has moved to a more balanced middle view. The goal of the encyclopedia is to explore the borderlands where theory and data intersect, with the aim of achieving a
Preserved flora and organics in impact melt brecciasCarlos Bella
This document discusses the preservation of organic matter and plant remains in impact melt breccias found in Argentina. Analyses found centimeter-scale leaf fragments encapsulated in the impact glass that exhibited remarkable cellular-level preservation. Organic matter was also detected, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes, and pigment-like structures similar to chlorophyll. Heating experiments showed temperatures above 1500°C were required to preserve morphology, suggesting the impact process rapidly quenched and encapsulated the organic material. These findings demonstrate the potential for impact events to preserve biomarkers of early life on Mars.
A Sedna-like body with a perihelion of 80 astronomical unitsCarlos Bella
1) The document reports the discovery of 2012 VP113, the second known object after Sedna with an extremely distant perihelion of 80 AU, confirming that Sedna is not isolated.
2) Simulation results suggest there may be few inner Oort cloud objects with perihelia between 50-75 AU, and the population increases with perihelion distances greater than 75 AU.
3) Both Sedna and 2012 VP113 have similar arguments of perihelion, as do all other objects beyond 150 AU, suggesting they were perturbed by a possible unseen super-Earth mass perturber in the outer solar system that could restrict their arguments of perihelion.
Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined fusion implosionCarlos Bella
The document summarizes key results from experiments achieving fusion fuel gains exceeding unity using a "high-foot" laser pulse shape on the National Ignition Facility. Specifically:
1) Experiments achieved fusion fuel gains over unity for the first time, representing a 10x improvement over past experiments, and showed significant alpha heating and evidence of ignition requirements being met.
2) The "high-foot" pulse shape reduces instability during implosions by increasing ablation velocity and density scale length, improving stability compared to past "low-foot" experiments.
3) Improved performance is attributed to reduced mix from the ablator, with experiments pushing higher velocities through laser power and pattern optimization while maintaining hotspot shape control.
This document summarizes meteor phenomena and bodies. It discusses the different types of interactions that can occur when meteoroids collide with Earth's atmosphere, including meteors, fireballs, bolides, explosive impacts, and meteoric dust particles. It also describes the various stages of a meteoroid's trajectory through the atmosphere, including orbital motion, preheating, ablation, dark flight, and impact. Finally, it provides an overview of the size ranges and velocities associated with different meteor phenomena.
The Origin Of The 1998 June BoöTid Meteor ShowerCarlos Bella
The document analyzes the origin of the 1998 June Boötid meteor shower through comparing orbital elements and simulating particle release from the potential parent comet 7P/Pons–Winnecke. It finds that:
1) 7P/Pons–Winnecke best matches the shower orbit based on the Tisserand invariant and D-discriminant.
2) Simulations show particles released from 7P/Pons–Winnecke in 1819 and 1869 were Earth-crossing in 1998 after Jovian perturbations altered their orbits starting in the 1940s.
3) This identifies 7P/Pons–Winnecke as the parent comet and 1819 and 1869 as the active returns
Physics first spectrum of ball lightningCarlos Bella
Researchers in China measured the first spectrum of ball lightning. They observed ball lightning form after a cloud-to-ground lightning strike about 900 meters away. The spectrum contained emission lines from silicon, iron, and calcium, elements common in soil. This supports the theory that ball lightning is formed when lightning vaporizes soil, producing glowing nanoparticles. It was about 2 meters wide and drifted horizontally for 30 meters before rising a few meters. This is the first direct observation of ball lightning forming from a lightning strike and the first measurement of its emission spectrum.
1) PSR J033711715 is a millisecond pulsar discovered to be in a hierarchical triple system with two white dwarf companions, making it the first known millisecond pulsar triple system.
2) Precise timing observations using multiple radio telescopes determined the masses of the pulsar (1.4378 solar masses), inner white dwarf companion (0.19751 solar masses), and outer white dwarf companion (0.4101 solar masses) to high precision.
3) The unexpectedly coplanar and nearly circular orbits of the system indicate an exotic evolutionary history and provide an opportunity to test theories of general relativity by studying the interactions between the bodies.
Transient Water Vapor at Europa’s South PoleCarlos Bella
1) Hubble Space Telescope images from November and December 2012 of Europa's atmosphere detected statistically significant surpluses of hydrogen Lyman-α and oxygen OI130.4 nm emissions above Europa's southern hemisphere in December 2012.
2) These emissions were observed in the same region over a period of ~7 hours, suggesting an inhomogeneous atmosphere, consistent with two 200-km-high plumes of water vapor with column densities of about 1020 m−2.
3) No plumes were detected in November 2012 images or previous 1999 images, indicating variable plume activity possibly related to Europa's changing orbital phases and surface stresses. The December 2012 plume was seen when Europa was near apocenter.
Solid-state plastic deformation in the dynamic interior of a differentiated a...Carlos Bella
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the microstructural properties of olivine grains in the diogenite meteorite Northwest Africa 5480 using electron backscatter diffraction techniques. The study found evidence of solid-state plastic deformation in the olivine-dominated zones, represented by a well-defined lattice-preferred orientation that is best explained by high-temperature deformation via the pencil-glide slip system, typically seen on Earth in dry ultramafic rocks deformed in the mantle. Numerical modeling indicates this observation in the meteorite can be explained by large-scale downwelling in the asteroid's mantle within the first 50 million years after formation, providing evidence of dynamic planet-like processes occurring in the interior of
Broadband high photoresponse from pure monolayer graphene photodetectorCarlos Bella
This document summarizes a research article that reports on the development of a high-performance photodetector using pure monolayer graphene. The researchers introduced electron trapping centers and created a bandgap in graphene through band structure engineering. This allowed them to achieve a high photoresponsivity of 8.61 A/W, about three orders of magnitude higher than previous graphene photodetectors. Additionally, they demonstrated broadband photoresponse from visible to mid-infrared wavelengths, the broadest reported for a pure graphene photodetector. By introducing defects and quantum confinement effects, they were able to greatly increase the lifetime of photo-generated carriers and achieve carrier multiplication, resulting in high photoresponsivity across a wide spectrum
Formation SiO2 Mass-Independent Oxygen Isotopic Partitioning During Gas-PhaseCarlos Bella
This document summarizes an experimental study that investigated oxygen isotopic partitioning during gas-phase silicon dioxide (SiO2) formation. The experiments involved laser ablation of silicon monoxide (SiO) in the presence of oxygen (O2) with and without hydrogen (H2). SiO2 formed in experiments without H2 showed normal mass-dependent isotopic fractionation, whereas those with H2 exhibited anomalous mass-independent fractionation. The extent of mass-independent fractionation in SiO2 increased with higher H2/O2 ratios. This provides the first experimental evidence that gas-to-particle conversion reactions can produce solids like SiO2 with oxygen isotopic compositions similar to early solar system materials like calcium-
A Complete Skull from Dmanisi, Georgia, and the Evolutionary Biology of Early...Carlos Bella
The article describes a newly discovered complete skull (D4500) from the site of Dmanisi, Georgia dating to 1.8 million years ago. It represents the earliest known completely preserved adult hominin skull. The skull possesses a small braincase of 546 cubic centimeters but also exhibits a large, prognathic face. This combination of features had not been seen before in the human fossil record. Analysis of this new skull and comparison to other remains from Dmanisi provides direct evidence of wide morphological variation within early members of the genus Homo, implying a single evolving lineage across continents.
Minor Planet Evidence for Water in the Rocky Debris of a Disrupted Extrasolar...Carlos Bella
Evidence has been found for water in the debris of a disrupted extrasolar minor planet orbiting a white dwarf star. Spectroscopic analysis of the white dwarf's atmosphere revealed an excess of oxygen that cannot be explained by oxide minerals alone, indicating the parent body was originally composed of about 26% water by mass. This demonstrates that water-bearing planetesimals can form around higher mass stars that eventually become white dwarfs. The disrupted planetesimal is the source of a circumstellar debris disk closely orbiting the white dwarf remnant.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
This talk will give hands-on advice on building RAG applications with an open-source Milvus database deployed as a docker container. We will also introduce the integration of Milvus with Snowpark Container Services.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
20 Comprehensive Checklist of Designing and Developing a WebsitePixlogix Infotech
Dive into the world of Website Designing and Developing with Pixlogix! Looking to create a stunning online presence? Look no further! Our comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to know to craft a website that stands out. From user-friendly design to seamless functionality, we've got you covered. Don't miss out on this invaluable resource! Check out our checklist now at Pixlogix and start your journey towards a captivating online presence today.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.