This document provides information about endogenic processes and magmatism. It discusses how the Earth's internal heat comes from radioactive decay, accretion during planetary formation, and friction during planetary formation. It also describes how magma is formed through decompression melting, increased temperature, and flux melting. Magma is classified as basaltic, andesitic, or rhyolitic based on its chemical composition, temperature, viscosity and gas content. More viscous magmas such as rhyolitic erupt explosively while less viscous magmas such as basalt flow as lava.
This module provides a 3-paragraph summary of the document:
1) The document is an Earth Science module that describes how rocks undergo weathering and explains Earth's internal heat. It includes lessons on mechanical and chemical weathering processes, and factors that contribute to weathering like pressure, temperature, and human activity.
2) The module also explains Earth's heat sources, including primordial heat from the planet's formation and radiogenic heat from radioactive decay. It describes how heat is transferred through conduction within Earth's solid interior and convection currents in the fluid mantle.
3) Activities help students identify weathering processes and terms related to Earth's interior like mantle, crust, and convection. A post-
This document discusses the internal heat sources of Earth. It states that Earth's internal heat comes from four main sources: 1) primordial heat remaining from Earth's formation over 4.6 billion years ago, 2) heat from radioactive decay of elements in Earth's interior like uranium, radium, and thorium, 3) gravitational pressure increasing temperature towards the core, and 4) heat generated by dense core materials like iron and nickel compressing under intense pressure and heat in the inner core.
The document summarizes endogenous processes that generate heat within the Earth and how that heat is transferred. It discusses two main sources of internal heat: primordial heat generated during Earth's formation through accretion and radioactive decay of isotopes. Heat is transferred through convection in the mantle and conduction at boundaries. Magmas form through decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes, or flux and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Endogenous processes like magmatism, volcanism/plutonism, and metamorphism influence rock behavior and landform evolution.
1) describe how temperature influenced what materials condensed from t.docxjbarbara1
1) describe how temperature influenced what materials condensed from the nebular cloud.
2) compare and contrast the composition of the inner and outer planets
3) explain the frost line and the influence it has on the formation of planets (in any solar system).
4) explain why our solar system has rocky inner planets and gaseous outer planets and identify the most metal-rich planet in the solar system
5) explain the occurrence of Hot Jupiters
Solution
Solution:
1) During the early stage of evolution , soon after the completion of the cloud collapse , nebula is hot . The mass accretion rate from the nebula onto the star is high . The equilibrium condensation temperature of the Silicates and metal comprises 90 % (by mass) of the condensable solids.The temperature decreases away from the mid plane and away from the Sun. The accretion of gas onto the sun leads to the dissipation of energy . The nebula is heated internally due to this .
Condensation metals include Iron , Nickel and Aluminum . Most metals condense into solids at temperatures of 1000 - 1600 K . Metals made up <0.2% of the Nebular mass.
2) The Inner planets are Mercury , Venus ,Earth and Mars. They are all solid and rocky and similar to Earth . Inner Planets are also called Terrestrial Planets . Inner planets are warmer as these are closer to Sun .
Outer planets are called Jovian Planets and are mainly Gaseous in nature . Outer planets are colder as they are farther away from the Sun. All Outer planets have rings .
3) Frost line is also called the Snow line or Ice line . It is the radial position of condensation or evaporation front which varies over time . With reference to the formation of the planets, it is the distance in the Solar Nebula from the central protostar where it is very cold to where the volatile compounds like water , Ammonia , CO2 ,CO condense into solid ice grains.
4) The temperature of the early solar system explains the Terrestrial nature of the inner planets . As the gases coalesced to form the proto Sun the temperature in the inner SOlar system rose . The temperatures rose to about 2000 K , so only substance which have very high melting points remained solid . That is why the inner solar system planets are all rocky .
5) Planetary migration is responsible for the formation of hot Jupiters. These are formed in the outer regions and then migrate to the inner regions of the Solar system . It forms beyond the frost line , from rock , ice and gases due to core accretion method of planetary formation .
.
Volcanology is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena. A volcano forms when magma rises from deep in the Earth's mantle and erupts on the surface. As more magma rises, it forms a magma chamber and conduit leading to a vent. Eruptions through the vent build the volcano over time. There are four main types of volcanism related to mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, hotspots, and flood volcanism. Heat sources for volcanism include radioactive decay, accretion during planetary formation, tidal effects, and core formation deep within the Earth.
The document provides an introduction to volcanology, discussing key concepts such as the definition and parts of a volcano, the origin of volcanoes through magma rising from below the earth's surface, and volcanology as the study of volcanoes, lava, and related phenomena. It also covers types of volcanism including those related to mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, hotspots, and flood volcanism. The heat source for volcanoes comes from deep within the earth where rocks are hot enough to turn into lava.
SHS Earth and Life Quarter 1 Module 3.pdfryannable1
The document provides information about Earth and Life Science Module 3 on the Earth's internal heat. It includes a title page with publication details and copyright information. The module is divided into two lessons - the first on sources of the Earth's internal heat from primordial heat left over from formation and radioactive decay, and the second on magmatism or rock melting within the Earth. Heat is transferred outward by convection in the mantle, and magma is formed by decompression melting as rock rises.
This module provides a 3-paragraph summary of the document:
1) The document is an Earth Science module that describes how rocks undergo weathering and explains Earth's internal heat. It includes lessons on mechanical and chemical weathering processes, and factors that contribute to weathering like pressure, temperature, and human activity.
2) The module also explains Earth's heat sources, including primordial heat from the planet's formation and radiogenic heat from radioactive decay. It describes how heat is transferred through conduction within Earth's solid interior and convection currents in the fluid mantle.
3) Activities help students identify weathering processes and terms related to Earth's interior like mantle, crust, and convection. A post-
This document discusses the internal heat sources of Earth. It states that Earth's internal heat comes from four main sources: 1) primordial heat remaining from Earth's formation over 4.6 billion years ago, 2) heat from radioactive decay of elements in Earth's interior like uranium, radium, and thorium, 3) gravitational pressure increasing temperature towards the core, and 4) heat generated by dense core materials like iron and nickel compressing under intense pressure and heat in the inner core.
The document summarizes endogenous processes that generate heat within the Earth and how that heat is transferred. It discusses two main sources of internal heat: primordial heat generated during Earth's formation through accretion and radioactive decay of isotopes. Heat is transferred through convection in the mantle and conduction at boundaries. Magmas form through decompression melting at mid-ocean ridges and mantle plumes, or flux and heat transfer melting at subduction zones. Endogenous processes like magmatism, volcanism/plutonism, and metamorphism influence rock behavior and landform evolution.
1) describe how temperature influenced what materials condensed from t.docxjbarbara1
1) describe how temperature influenced what materials condensed from the nebular cloud.
2) compare and contrast the composition of the inner and outer planets
3) explain the frost line and the influence it has on the formation of planets (in any solar system).
4) explain why our solar system has rocky inner planets and gaseous outer planets and identify the most metal-rich planet in the solar system
5) explain the occurrence of Hot Jupiters
Solution
Solution:
1) During the early stage of evolution , soon after the completion of the cloud collapse , nebula is hot . The mass accretion rate from the nebula onto the star is high . The equilibrium condensation temperature of the Silicates and metal comprises 90 % (by mass) of the condensable solids.The temperature decreases away from the mid plane and away from the Sun. The accretion of gas onto the sun leads to the dissipation of energy . The nebula is heated internally due to this .
Condensation metals include Iron , Nickel and Aluminum . Most metals condense into solids at temperatures of 1000 - 1600 K . Metals made up <0.2% of the Nebular mass.
2) The Inner planets are Mercury , Venus ,Earth and Mars. They are all solid and rocky and similar to Earth . Inner Planets are also called Terrestrial Planets . Inner planets are warmer as these are closer to Sun .
Outer planets are called Jovian Planets and are mainly Gaseous in nature . Outer planets are colder as they are farther away from the Sun. All Outer planets have rings .
3) Frost line is also called the Snow line or Ice line . It is the radial position of condensation or evaporation front which varies over time . With reference to the formation of the planets, it is the distance in the Solar Nebula from the central protostar where it is very cold to where the volatile compounds like water , Ammonia , CO2 ,CO condense into solid ice grains.
4) The temperature of the early solar system explains the Terrestrial nature of the inner planets . As the gases coalesced to form the proto Sun the temperature in the inner SOlar system rose . The temperatures rose to about 2000 K , so only substance which have very high melting points remained solid . That is why the inner solar system planets are all rocky .
5) Planetary migration is responsible for the formation of hot Jupiters. These are formed in the outer regions and then migrate to the inner regions of the Solar system . It forms beyond the frost line , from rock , ice and gases due to core accretion method of planetary formation .
.
Volcanology is the study of volcanoes, lava, magma, and related geological phenomena. A volcano forms when magma rises from deep in the Earth's mantle and erupts on the surface. As more magma rises, it forms a magma chamber and conduit leading to a vent. Eruptions through the vent build the volcano over time. There are four main types of volcanism related to mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, hotspots, and flood volcanism. Heat sources for volcanism include radioactive decay, accretion during planetary formation, tidal effects, and core formation deep within the Earth.
The document provides an introduction to volcanology, discussing key concepts such as the definition and parts of a volcano, the origin of volcanoes through magma rising from below the earth's surface, and volcanology as the study of volcanoes, lava, and related phenomena. It also covers types of volcanism including those related to mid-ocean ridges, subduction zones, hotspots, and flood volcanism. The heat source for volcanoes comes from deep within the earth where rocks are hot enough to turn into lava.
SHS Earth and Life Quarter 1 Module 3.pdfryannable1
The document provides information about Earth and Life Science Module 3 on the Earth's internal heat. It includes a title page with publication details and copyright information. The module is divided into two lessons - the first on sources of the Earth's internal heat from primordial heat left over from formation and radioactive decay, and the second on magmatism or rock melting within the Earth. Heat is transferred outward by convection in the mantle, and magma is formed by decompression melting as rock rises.
This document summarizes igneous petrology and the structure and composition of the Earth's interior. It discusses how the Earth is composed of layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is divided into oceanic and continental crust. The mantle makes up most of the Earth's volume and is composed of ultramafic rock. Heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection, and advection are described. The geothermal gradient and how temperature increases with depth is also summarized. Plate tectonics and mantle convection are driving the dynamic cooling of the Earth.
Theory of Planetary System Formation The mass of the presol.pdfadislifestyle
Theory of Planetary System Formation The mass of the pre-solar molecular cloud played the
largest role in terms of how the solar system formed. It might have begun with a 100 solar mass
cloud approximately 1 to 2 light years in diameter. It's possible that mutual gravitational attraction
between cloud particles was too weak to start the process. When gravity is too weak, the only
other force strong enough to bring a significant number of particles together is the electromagnetic
force. Barring that, perhaps a nearby shockwave from a supernova explosion caused the initial
motion of material: but once started, gravity took hold, causing the inevitable collapse. The
process it underwent followed a pattern that scientists believe is mirrored everywhere a star exists.
In this activity, you will put the solar system formation process parts in order from the beginning. 1.
Planetesimals accreted material until they became large enough to form planets. 2. Gravitational
potential energy of the collapsing gas cloud was converted into thermal energy. 3. Collapsing gas
cloud rotated faster as the collapse continued due to conservation of angular momentum. 4.
Planetesimals were massive enough to have a gravitational field sufficient to attract additional
nearby objects. 5. The random motions of material in the collapsing gas cloud were reduced to the
final motion of the material rotating in a disk. 6. The inner parts of the continuing, flattening cloud
free fell into the growing object at the center. 7. Continued motions brushed smaller particle grains
against larger grains. As this electrostatic "sticking" occurred, the particle grains became larger. 8.
Cloud of molecular gas started to collapse due to gravity or other astrophysical process. Use the
number of the process to order them from earliest to latest (left to right).Temperature and
Formation of Our Solar System Temperature was the key factor leading to the state distribution of
various objects made of different elements and compounds. The graph below shows the
temperature (expressed in kelvins) at different distances from the Sun (expressed in AU ) in the
solar system during the time when the planets were formed. To produce a linear plot, in the usual
sense, the vertical axis is inverted so that temperature goes from high to low starting near the Sun.
Use Figure 1 to fill in Table 1 with the formation temperatures for each planet, including the dwarf
planet, Ceres.Aktranomy 1511 Laboratory Manua! Bond albedo refers to the total radiation
reflected from an object compared to the total incident radiation from the Sun. The geometric
albedo refers to the amount of radiation equally reflected in all directions at all wavelengths off an
object. It is clear that a wide range of planetary formation temperatures existed in the early solar
system. The temperatures at which different compounds form or for which elements have physical
state changes will vary. Since the majority of material in the molecular cl.
This document summarizes key topics related to global warming, including:
1) It explains the greenhouse effect and identifies the most important greenhouse gases as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.
2) It discusses several likely contributors to the origin of Earth's oceans, including outgassing from the cooling primordial Earth and impacts from comets during the late heavy bombardment period.
3) It describes the carbon dioxide cycle, noting how carbonate minerals and ocean dissolution help regulate Earth's temperature over long timescales.
4) It explains that oxygen in the atmosphere is largely derived from photosynthesis over billions of years and helps protect life by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect on Earth and the factors that allow liquid water to exist, including the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere like water vapor and carbon dioxide. It also explains how Earth's carbon dioxide cycle acts as a natural thermostat to regulate the planet's temperature over millions of years. Plate tectonics and life, through photosynthesis, have also played important roles in maintaining conditions suitable for water and habitability.
The greenhouse effect causes Earth's atmosphere to be slightly warmer than if it were only heated by solar radiation. Greenhouse gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorb and re-emit infrared radiation from the planet's surface to the atmosphere, increasing temperatures. Over long time periods, natural processes like volcanoes, weathering, and plate tectonics have regulated Earth's climate through fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
This document provides information about magmatism and the formation of magma. It begins with welcoming the class and providing rules and objectives. It then defines magma as semi-liquid hot molten rock located in the mantle and oceanic plates. It explains that magma is formed through the process of partial melting when increased temperature, decreased pressure, or addition of volatiles causes rock to melt in the mantle. The key stages in this process include initial melting of minerals like quartz and feldspar followed by minerals like biotite and hornblende. The document emphasizes that understanding magmatism is important for appreciating plate tectonics movements.
The document discusses radioactive decay and its role in generating Earth's internal heat. Radioactive elements decay and release heat throughout the planet. This radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust produces radiogenic heat. Primordial heat refers to the heat left over from Earth's formation. Convection currents in the mantle transfer heat via fluid movement from the interior to the surface. Magma is stored in the mantle beneath the crust and magmatism occurs in the lithosphere.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that act on it. The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from the solar nebula. It differentiated into a solid crust and mantle, and a liquid outer core and solid inner core due to gravity and radioactive heating. The Earth has since undergone significant internal and external changes. The atmosphere formed from gases released from volcanoes, and the oceans formed as water accumulated on the cooling surface. Life emerged on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago. The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move over the mantle due to convection currents in the upper mantle. The biosphere interacts with and alters
The document summarizes the layers of the Earth and the sources of its heat. It describes the crust, mantle, and core layers. The crust is where rock and mineral reactions occur near the surface. The mantle is the largest silicate layer with more magnesium and iron than the crust. The core is made of iron and nickel alloy. Heat sources are primordial, originating from the Earth's formation, and radiogenic from radioactive element decay. Heat transfers via conduction within solid portions, convection within fluid layers like the mantle and core, and radiation at the Earth's surface and hot core.
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
The theory of plate tectonics states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere called plates are in constant motion due to convection currents in the mantle. Plates move slowly in different directions, causing geologic events like earthquakes and volcanoes. Convection currents in the mantle are caused by differences in density as hot material rises from below and cold material sinks. This convection facilitates the movement of lithospheric plates.
The document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that allow life to exist. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both its core and the Sun, a protective atmosphere, the right distance from the Sun to receive sufficient energy for photosynthesis, a strong magnetic field that shields the planet, plate tectonics that regulate temperatures, and nutrients that are circulated by geologic processes and the water cycle. These unique characteristics provide a habitable environment for life on Earth's surface and interior.
The document provides information about geology and the structure of the Earth. It discusses the following key points:
1. Geology is the study of the Earth, including its chemical and physical properties, formation processes, and changes from creation to present day.
2. The Earth is composed of several layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which is divided into tectonic plates.
3. The formation of the Earth and solar system is explained by several hypotheses including the nebular hypothesis which postulates that the Earth formed from a contracting cloud of gas and dust around the sun.
Geothermal energy comes from heat within the Earth that is generated from radioactive decay and other sources. This heat travels through the Earth's layers and can be accessed through hot springs, geysers, and reservoirs located deep underground. Geothermal energy can be harnessed as a renewable energy source and has the advantages of being constantly available and having little environmental impact, though high installation costs and potential depletion limit its widespread use. Exploration methods are used to locate potential geothermal resources by measuring subsurface temperatures, electrical conductivity, seismic activity, and other factors.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's habitability. It describes Earth's early history and formation, its interior structure including the solid mantle and liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field. It discusses the atmosphere, originating from outgassing and comet impacts, and how human activities like greenhouse gas emissions and CFCs are altering the atmosphere and climate.
This document summarizes a heat-pipe model for early Earth's lithospheric dynamics and heat transport. Numerical simulations show that frequent volcanic eruptions could have advected surface materials downwards, developing a thick cold lithosphere. Declining heat sources over time would lead to an abrupt transition to plate tectonics. Evidence from the geologic record, such as rapid volcanic resurfacing and contractional deformation before 3.2 billion years ago, is consistent with predictions of the heat-pipe model. The model provides a framework for understanding Earth's evolution before the onset of plate tectonics.
The document describes the different ways that animals reproduce, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods like fission, fragmentation, and budding produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent without fertilization. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by sperm and produces genetically variable offspring. It then explains various sexual reproduction methods such as external fertilization in frogs and internal fertilization processes like oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity.
This document discusses the connections and interactions between living things through various unifying themes of life. It provides an overview of key concepts like ecology, biological systems, levels of organization, forms and functions, reproduction and inheritance, energy and life, thermal regulation, adaptation and evolution. The document aims to help students understand how living organisms interact with each other and their environment through these interrelated themes. It includes examples, diagrams and questions to illustrate the connections between different organisms and how they depend on one another.
This document summarizes igneous petrology and the structure and composition of the Earth's interior. It discusses how the Earth is composed of layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust is divided into oceanic and continental crust. The mantle makes up most of the Earth's volume and is composed of ultramafic rock. Heat transfer mechanisms like conduction, convection, and advection are described. The geothermal gradient and how temperature increases with depth is also summarized. Plate tectonics and mantle convection are driving the dynamic cooling of the Earth.
Theory of Planetary System Formation The mass of the presol.pdfadislifestyle
Theory of Planetary System Formation The mass of the pre-solar molecular cloud played the
largest role in terms of how the solar system formed. It might have begun with a 100 solar mass
cloud approximately 1 to 2 light years in diameter. It's possible that mutual gravitational attraction
between cloud particles was too weak to start the process. When gravity is too weak, the only
other force strong enough to bring a significant number of particles together is the electromagnetic
force. Barring that, perhaps a nearby shockwave from a supernova explosion caused the initial
motion of material: but once started, gravity took hold, causing the inevitable collapse. The
process it underwent followed a pattern that scientists believe is mirrored everywhere a star exists.
In this activity, you will put the solar system formation process parts in order from the beginning. 1.
Planetesimals accreted material until they became large enough to form planets. 2. Gravitational
potential energy of the collapsing gas cloud was converted into thermal energy. 3. Collapsing gas
cloud rotated faster as the collapse continued due to conservation of angular momentum. 4.
Planetesimals were massive enough to have a gravitational field sufficient to attract additional
nearby objects. 5. The random motions of material in the collapsing gas cloud were reduced to the
final motion of the material rotating in a disk. 6. The inner parts of the continuing, flattening cloud
free fell into the growing object at the center. 7. Continued motions brushed smaller particle grains
against larger grains. As this electrostatic "sticking" occurred, the particle grains became larger. 8.
Cloud of molecular gas started to collapse due to gravity or other astrophysical process. Use the
number of the process to order them from earliest to latest (left to right).Temperature and
Formation of Our Solar System Temperature was the key factor leading to the state distribution of
various objects made of different elements and compounds. The graph below shows the
temperature (expressed in kelvins) at different distances from the Sun (expressed in AU ) in the
solar system during the time when the planets were formed. To produce a linear plot, in the usual
sense, the vertical axis is inverted so that temperature goes from high to low starting near the Sun.
Use Figure 1 to fill in Table 1 with the formation temperatures for each planet, including the dwarf
planet, Ceres.Aktranomy 1511 Laboratory Manua! Bond albedo refers to the total radiation
reflected from an object compared to the total incident radiation from the Sun. The geometric
albedo refers to the amount of radiation equally reflected in all directions at all wavelengths off an
object. It is clear that a wide range of planetary formation temperatures existed in the early solar
system. The temperatures at which different compounds form or for which elements have physical
state changes will vary. Since the majority of material in the molecular cl.
This document summarizes key topics related to global warming, including:
1) It explains the greenhouse effect and identifies the most important greenhouse gases as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane.
2) It discusses several likely contributors to the origin of Earth's oceans, including outgassing from the cooling primordial Earth and impacts from comets during the late heavy bombardment period.
3) It describes the carbon dioxide cycle, noting how carbonate minerals and ocean dissolution help regulate Earth's temperature over long timescales.
4) It explains that oxygen in the atmosphere is largely derived from photosynthesis over billions of years and helps protect life by absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
The document discusses the greenhouse effect on Earth and the factors that allow liquid water to exist, including the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere like water vapor and carbon dioxide. It also explains how Earth's carbon dioxide cycle acts as a natural thermostat to regulate the planet's temperature over millions of years. Plate tectonics and life, through photosynthesis, have also played important roles in maintaining conditions suitable for water and habitability.
The greenhouse effect causes Earth's atmosphere to be slightly warmer than if it were only heated by solar radiation. Greenhouse gases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane absorb and re-emit infrared radiation from the planet's surface to the atmosphere, increasing temperatures. Over long time periods, natural processes like volcanoes, weathering, and plate tectonics have regulated Earth's climate through fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide.
This document provides information about magmatism and the formation of magma. It begins with welcoming the class and providing rules and objectives. It then defines magma as semi-liquid hot molten rock located in the mantle and oceanic plates. It explains that magma is formed through the process of partial melting when increased temperature, decreased pressure, or addition of volatiles causes rock to melt in the mantle. The key stages in this process include initial melting of minerals like quartz and feldspar followed by minerals like biotite and hornblende. The document emphasizes that understanding magmatism is important for appreciating plate tectonics movements.
The document discusses radioactive decay and its role in generating Earth's internal heat. Radioactive elements decay and release heat throughout the planet. This radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust produces radiogenic heat. Primordial heat refers to the heat left over from Earth's formation. Convection currents in the mantle transfer heat via fluid movement from the interior to the surface. Magma is stored in the mantle beneath the crust and magmatism occurs in the lithosphere.
Geology is the study of the Earth, including its composition, structure, physical properties, history, and the processes that act on it. The Earth formed around 4.5 billion years ago from the solar nebula. It differentiated into a solid crust and mantle, and a liquid outer core and solid inner core due to gravity and radioactive heating. The Earth has since undergone significant internal and external changes. The atmosphere formed from gases released from volcanoes, and the oceans formed as water accumulated on the cooling surface. Life emerged on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago. The lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move over the mantle due to convection currents in the upper mantle. The biosphere interacts with and alters
The document summarizes the layers of the Earth and the sources of its heat. It describes the crust, mantle, and core layers. The crust is where rock and mineral reactions occur near the surface. The mantle is the largest silicate layer with more magnesium and iron than the crust. The core is made of iron and nickel alloy. Heat sources are primordial, originating from the Earth's formation, and radiogenic from radioactive element decay. Heat transfers via conduction within solid portions, convection within fluid layers like the mantle and core, and radiation at the Earth's surface and hot core.
1. The formation and evolution of the Solar System began about 4.57 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Most of the collapsing mass collected in the center to form the Sun, while the rest flattened into a protoplanetary disk from which the planets, moons, asteroids and other small bodies formed.
2. According to the nebular hypothesis, Earth formed about 4.54 billion years ago from accretion of planetary material in the solar nebula. Within the first 100-200 million years, early Earth had formed extensive oceans and seas.
3. Key events in the development of early Earth included the formation of its layered internal structure through the sinking of
The document discusses the atmospheres of terrestrial planets. It begins by defining what an atmosphere is and its basic structure. It then discusses atmospheric structure and composition for Earth, Venus, and Mars. Key points are made about how planetary atmospheres developed over time based on interactions between gravity, heating from the sun, and geological processes like volcanism. The document notes that atmospheric conditions on these planets have changed dramatically since their formations.
The theory of plate tectonics states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere called plates are in constant motion due to convection currents in the mantle. Plates move slowly in different directions, causing geologic events like earthquakes and volcanoes. Convection currents in the mantle are caused by differences in density as hot material rises from below and cold material sinks. This convection facilitates the movement of lithospheric plates.
The document discusses the key characteristics of Earth that allow life to exist. It explains that Earth has liquid water, a heat source from both its core and the Sun, a protective atmosphere, the right distance from the Sun to receive sufficient energy for photosynthesis, a strong magnetic field that shields the planet, plate tectonics that regulate temperatures, and nutrients that are circulated by geologic processes and the water cycle. These unique characteristics provide a habitable environment for life on Earth's surface and interior.
The document provides information about geology and the structure of the Earth. It discusses the following key points:
1. Geology is the study of the Earth, including its chemical and physical properties, formation processes, and changes from creation to present day.
2. The Earth is composed of several layers including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. The crust and upper mantle make up the lithosphere which is divided into tectonic plates.
3. The formation of the Earth and solar system is explained by several hypotheses including the nebular hypothesis which postulates that the Earth formed from a contracting cloud of gas and dust around the sun.
Geothermal energy comes from heat within the Earth that is generated from radioactive decay and other sources. This heat travels through the Earth's layers and can be accessed through hot springs, geysers, and reservoirs located deep underground. Geothermal energy can be harnessed as a renewable energy source and has the advantages of being constantly available and having little environmental impact, though high installation costs and potential depletion limit its widespread use. Exploration methods are used to locate potential geothermal resources by measuring subsurface temperatures, electrical conductivity, seismic activity, and other factors.
The document summarizes key aspects of Earth's habitability. It describes Earth's early history and formation, its interior structure including the solid mantle and liquid outer core that generates the magnetic field. It discusses the atmosphere, originating from outgassing and comet impacts, and how human activities like greenhouse gas emissions and CFCs are altering the atmosphere and climate.
This document summarizes a heat-pipe model for early Earth's lithospheric dynamics and heat transport. Numerical simulations show that frequent volcanic eruptions could have advected surface materials downwards, developing a thick cold lithosphere. Declining heat sources over time would lead to an abrupt transition to plate tectonics. Evidence from the geologic record, such as rapid volcanic resurfacing and contractional deformation before 3.2 billion years ago, is consistent with predictions of the heat-pipe model. The model provides a framework for understanding Earth's evolution before the onset of plate tectonics.
Similar to Earth-and-Life-Science-Q1-Week 4.pdf (20)
The document describes the different ways that animals reproduce, including asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction methods like fission, fragmentation, and budding produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent without fertilization. Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by sperm and produces genetically variable offspring. It then explains various sexual reproduction methods such as external fertilization in frogs and internal fertilization processes like oviparity, ovoviviparity, and viviparity.
This document discusses the connections and interactions between living things through various unifying themes of life. It provides an overview of key concepts like ecology, biological systems, levels of organization, forms and functions, reproduction and inheritance, energy and life, thermal regulation, adaptation and evolution. The document aims to help students understand how living organisms interact with each other and their environment through these interrelated themes. It includes examples, diagrams and questions to illustrate the connections between different organisms and how they depend on one another.
1. Life began on Earth at least 3.5 to 4 billion years ago based on evidence from rocks and fossils. Early life forms were single-celled prokaryotes like bacteria that lacked nuclei.
2. Experiments have shown that conditions on early Earth could have led to the formation of organic molecules like amino acids from inorganic starting materials. Fossils of early life like stromatolites provide further evidence for when life began.
3. Multicellular life evolved from unicellular eukaryotes over time through cell specialization and the formation of colonies. Evidence from layered fossil records shows how different life forms evolved and adapted over billions of years.
Coastal processes like erosion, submersion, and saltwater intrusion occur naturally but can be exacerbated by human activities. Coastal land development, waste disposal, and construction can contribute to coastal changes if not properly managed. Effective mitigation includes conducting environmental impact assessments before development, properly disposing waste away from coasts, and building structures at a safe distance from shorelines. Regulating these activities helps reduce their impacts on coastal areas.
This document provides an overview of natural hazards from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods, and ipo-ipo. It describes various hazards from each such as ground shaking, liquefaction, and fires from earthquakes; pyroclastic flows, lahars, and volcanic gases from eruptions; rockfalls, debris flows, and toppling from landslides. Tropical cyclone hazards include storm surges, floods from heavy rainfall. The document aims to increase awareness of these hazards and promote preparedness.
This document introduces the geologic time scale which divides Earth's history into time segments defined by major events. It discusses how relative and absolute dating methods are used to reconstruct clues from rocks and materials to determine the subdivisions of the geologic time scale. Specifically, relative dating looks at the order of rock layers, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay to calculate the ages of rocks. Together these methods provide a timeline of Earth's history from the Precambrian era to present.
Stratified rocks form layers over time as sediments are deposited. Younger layers are deposited on top of older layers, following the law of superposition. Relative dating examines layer positions to determine older vs younger, while absolute dating uses radioactive decay to determine precise ages in years. Key methods are radiometric dating of igneous rocks above and below fossil layers to date the fossils and sedimentary rock, and using index fossils of species that existed for short periods to correlate rock layers.
The document discusses how the movement of tectonic plates leads to the formation of folds and faults in the Earth's crust. It explains that compressional, tensional, and shear stresses from plate movements cause rocks to deform through either fracturing or bending. Fractures result in faults or joints, while bending forms folds such as anticlines, synclines, and monoclines. The movement of plates at convergent, divergent, and transform boundaries influences the type of stress and folding or fracturing that occurs. Folds and faults are important in forming new land masses.
This document provides information about different types of rocks, their characteristics, and weathering. It begins with an introduction to rocks and defines them as naturally occurring aggregates of minerals. It then classifies rocks into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. The document explains the rock cycle and how different processes lead to the formation of each rock type. It also describes various weathering processes like physical and chemical weathering that break down rocks. Other geologic processes discussed include mass wasting, erosion, and sedimentation that transport weathered materials. The document contains learning activities to help students identify rock types and understand weathering concepts.
This document provides information on identifying common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical properties. It begins with an introduction to the learning competency and objectives. It then discusses the key physical properties used to identify minerals, including luster, hardness, crystal form, color, streak, cleavage, specific gravity, and other properties. It also covers the main chemical properties and groups of minerals, such as silicates, oxides, sulfates, sulfides, carbonates, native elements, and halides. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate mineral properties and identification techniques.
The document discusses the uniqueness of Earth and its subsystems. It explains that Earth is the only planet in the solar system that can support life due to factors like being located in the sun's habitable zone and having liquid water. The document then describes Earth's four subsystems - the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere - and how they interact with each other. For example, it notes how the atmosphere and hydrosphere exchange heat and moisture through the water cycle.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. 2
FOREWORD
This self-learning kit will serve as guide to Grade 11 learners in
understanding why the Earth’s internal is hot and where the Earth’s
internal heat comes from. Also, it will help them to explore how
magma is formed and how it is classified.
3. 3
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
K: Explain where Earth’s internal heat comes from.
S: Enumerate the different ways on how magma is generated.
Classify magma according to its properties.
A: Recognize the important role of Earth’s internal heat in the
natural cycle.
LEARNING COMPTENCIES:
- Describe where the Earth’s internal heat comes from.
(S11/12ES-Ib-14)
- Describe how magma is formed (magmatism).
(S11/12ES-Ic-15)
4. 4
I.WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-ACTIVITIES/PRE-TEST:
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answer in your notebook.
1. What drives the Earth’s internal heat engine?
A. oceanic tides C. solar energy
B. radioactivity D. volcanoes
2. The temperature of the Earth _____ as the depth _____towards the
core.
A. decreases, decreases C. increases, decreases
B. decreases, increases D. increases, increases
3. The process of growth through gradual accumulation of layers is
called _____.
A. acceleration C. creation
B. accretion D. formation
4. All are sources of Earth’s internal heat EXCEPT ________.
A. endogenic heating
B. frictional heating
C. heat from formation and accretion
D. radioactivity
5. The core is ________.
A. blue in color C. very cool
B. made of rock D. very hot
6. Which of the following magmas has the highest viscosity?
A. Andesitic C. Intermediate
B. Felsic D. Mafic
7. Which of the following magmas has the lowest viscosity?
A. Andesitic C. Intermediate
B. Felsic D. Mafic
5. 5
8. What is magma?
A. Bubbles of gas
B. Carbonic acid in crevices of rocks
C. Molten rock
D. Salt crystals
9. How is magma formed at subduction zone?
A. Frictional heating
B. Increased in pressure leads to melting at the subducting plates
C. Increased in temperature that leads to melting at the
subducting plate
D. Water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting
point of the overlying mantle
10. Magma with low temperature has __________viscosity.
A. equal C. lower
B. higher D. no effect
II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
DISCUSSION:
Recall that there are two geologic processes that occur on
Earth. These are exogenic and endogenic processes.
Exogenic processes are those that originate externally to the
surface of the Earth and is driven by exogenic forces. On the other
hand, endogenic processes are those that occur beneath the
surface of the Earth and is associated with the thermal energy
originating from the interior of the solid Earth.
How hot is the internal of the Earth?
Though not in uniform rate, the temperature of the Earth
increases as the depth increases towards the core. Within the
crust, the geothermal gradient of Earth is about 15° to 30°C per
km. Then, it drops off dramatically through the mantle but
increases more quickly at the base and increases slowly towards
6. 6
the core. At the base of the crust, the temperature is
approximately 1000°C, about 3500°C at the base of the mantle
and is estimated to 6000°C at the center of the Earth.
Within the lithosphere, temperature gradient varies depending
on the tectonic setting. It is lowest in the central part of the
continents and higher in parts where plates collide as well as in
boundaries where plates are moving away from each other.
What makes the internal of the Earth hot?
The Earth’s interior heat comes from several sources which
includes heat produced when the planets formed and accreted,
frictional heating and decay of radioactive elements.
Sources of Earth’s Internal Heat
1. Heat from the formation and accretion of planet
This source of heat is a leftover during the formation of planet
around 4.6 billion years ago. It was thought that planetoids had
accreted from dust, hurtled around the sun, and crashed into each
other to formed planets. Moreover, the collisions build up a
surprising amount of heat-over 10,000 Kelvin (9,726.85 °C).
Figure 1Theia planet (Mars-sized object) crashing into the Earth
Source: https://sciencesoup.tumblr.com/post/101207345347/wheredoes -the-earths-internal-heat-come
7. 7
The history of Earth’s accretion did not stop there. Three other
major accretion events happened. First, less than 100 million years
after the Earth’s initial formation, Earth, and Theia (a planet, with an
original mass of about 15–45 percent of Earth’s original mass)
merged, increasing Earth’s mass, thus, producing the Moon. This
merging event was considered the most significant after Earth’s
initial formation and had vastly added to Earth’s heat-bank.
Secondly, after the Moon-forming event, Earth received a “late
veneer”-a bombardment by large asteroids and comets. Lastly,
about 3.9 billion years ago, Earth received the late heavy
bombardment of large asteroids and comets.
2. Frictional heating
Frictional heating, caused by denser core material sunk
to the center of the planet. As it sunk, the friction may have
generated heating of as much as 2000 Kelvin or 1726.85°C,
which is smaller than the other sources of heat but still
extremely significant.
3. Heat from the decay of radioactive elements
8. 8
Radioactive elements are considered as the major source of
Earth’s internal heat. In the early days about 100 million years, its
radiogenic heat was dominated by short-half-life radioisotopes such
as aluminum-26, cesium-135, hafnium-182, iron-60, neptunium237,
technetium-97, and plutonium-244. When it decays, it releases high
amount of energy.
At present, the radioactive isotopes uranium-235 (235U),
uranium-238 (238U), potassium-40 (40K), and thorium-232 (232Th) in
Earth’s mantle are the primary source. As shown in Figure 2,
radioactive decay produced more heat early in Earth’s history than
it does today, because fewer atoms of those isotopes are left. Heat
contributed by radioactivity is now roughly a quarter of what it was
when Earth formed.
The endogenic processes on Earth are the driving force for
plate-tectonic motion, and for different catastrophic events such
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions that lead to the formation of
different landforms. Also, it is responsible for melting in Earth to
create magmas.
What is magma?
9. 9
Magma and lava are among of the few words that we often
interchanged but technically, these two words mean different. As
shown in figure 3, the main difference between magma and lava is
its environment. The former is within the interior of the Earth while the
latter is at the surface.
Magma is composed of liquefied. rocks, crystals, and dissolved
gases. It varies in temperature and in chemical compositions. Figure
4. shows the average elemental properties in magma. The most
abundant element is oxygen(O2) which is about 50% of the total,
followed by 25% silicon (Si) and the remaining elements make-up
about the other 25% of the total.
In the previous lesson about layers of the Earth, you learned
that the only part of the Earth that is liquid is the outer core mostly
made up of iron. Based on the data presented in Figure 4, magma
mostly made up of Si and O2, therefore it is not the source of magma
Figure 3. Difference between magma and lava
Source: https://earthhow.com/lava-magma-difference/
Figure 4. Average elemental proportions in Earth’s crust
Source: https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma- formation/
10. 10
Where does magma originated?
Magma do not form everywhere beneath the surface of the
Earth. It is formed from the melting of rocks in the Earth’s lithosphere,
which is the lower part of the crust and in the upper portion of the
mantle known as asthenosphere. Rock melts under tremendous
pressure and high temperatures. Molten rock flows like a hot wax.
Most magmas are formed at temperatures between 600°C and
1300°C.
Below is the image of a magma chamber (Figure 4) which
collects magma beneath Earth’s surface. It is located where the
heat and pressure are great enough to melt rock. These locations
are at divergent or convergent plate boundaries or at hotpots.
Figure5. Magma Chamber underlying yellow stone
Source: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-earth-science-flexbook-
2.0/section/7.4/primary/lesson/magma-composition-at-volcanoes-ms-es
How are magmas formed?
Temperature and pressure differences as well as structural
formations in the mantle and crust cause magma to form in different
processes.
11. 11
Ways to Generate Magma
1. Decompression Melting
Considering the different sources of the Earth’s internal heat
that would cause rock at Earth’s surface to melt, Earth’s mantle is
almost entirely a solid rock. It remains solid at those temperatures
because the rock is under high pressure. Remember that pressure is
the most important factor in the formation of magma. As the depth
increases towards the center of the Earth, the pressure also increases
due to the overlying rocks above. This means that if rock is already hot
enough and pressure is reduced, melting will proceed even without
the addition of heat triggered by a reduction in pressure is called
decompression melting. This process involves the upward movement
of the Earth's mantle to an area where pressure is reduced, and rock
molecules are given more space. Thus, the reduction in overlying
pressure enables the rock to melt, lead in decompression melting to
magma formation.
This process usually occurs at divergent plate boundaries,
wherein the two tectonic plates are moving away from each other. It
also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rocks that rise from the
Earth’s high-pressure core to the lower pressure crust.
2. Increase in Temperature
Though it is considered as the least among the three process,
magma formation is also possible with this process. Recall the previous
lesson on Earths internal heat, as the depth increases towards the
core, the temperature also increases. With the increasing
temperature, the solid rock masses begin to vibrate then the bonding
between them breaks and finally convert into magma.
12. 12
3. Flux Melting
This process occurs when impurities such as water H2O or
carbon dioxide CO2 are added to rock. These compounds cause the
rock to melt at lower temperatures. As a result, magma will form in
places where it originally maintained a solid structure. When addition
of CO2 and H2O takes place in the deep Earth where temperature is
already high, lowering its melting temperature could cause partial
melting of rock to generate magma.
Furthermore, flux melting also occurs around subduction
zones. In this case, water overlying the subducting seafloor
would lower the melting temperature of the mantle,
generating magma that rises to the surface.
Since magma are less dense than the surrounding rocks,
it will therefore move upward. It tries to escape from the
source through openings such as volcanoes or existing cracks
on the ground. Extrusive or volcanic rock form if magma
crystallizes to the surface while intrusive or plutonic rock form if
it will crystallize before it reaches to the surface.
Types of Magma
Properties of magma depends on the rock that initially
melts, as well as the process that occur during partial melting
and transport.
Table 1. Types of Magma and its Properties
Magma Type Solidified
Rock
Chemical
Composition
Tempera-
ture
Viscosity Gas Content
Basaltic
or
Mafic
Basalt 45-55 SiO2 %,
High in Fe, Mg,
Ca low in K,
Na
1000 -
1200°C
Low Low
13. 13
Andesitic
or
Intermediate
Andesite 55-65 SiO2 %,
Intermediate
in Fe, Mg, Ca,
Na, K
800 -
1000°C
Intermediate Intermediate
Felsic
or
Rhyolitic
Rhyolite 65-75 SiO2
%, low in Fe,
Mg, Ca,
high in K,
Na.
650 -
800°C
High High
Source: geologyin.com/2015/08/magma-characteristics-types-sources-and.html (with slight
modification in viscosity)
Table 1 shows the different types of magma and its properties.
Magma is classified into three, these are Mafic or Basaltic,
Intermediate or Andesitic, and Felsic or Rhyolitic. Take note,
chemical analyses are usually given in terms of oxides of silica (most
commonly, SiO2), since O2 is the most abundant element. In terms of
oxides of silicon, rhyolitic has the highest and basaltic has the lowest
content. On the other hand, basaltic has the highest content of iron
(Fe), magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca) and lowest in potassium
(K) and sodium (Na) while rhyolite has low Fe, Mg, and Ca content
and high in K and Na.
Furthermore, nearly all magmas at the depth of the Earth
contain gases such as CO2, H2O, small amount of S, Cl, and F. As
shown in Table 1, felsic magma has the highest gas contents.
In terms of viscosity, the resistance of a liquid to flow, felsic is the most
viscous while basaltic is the least. It is also shown in Table 1 that
magma with higher SiO2 and with low temperature, most likely to
contain higher number of gases to be more viscous.
In addition, viscosity is a significant property in determining the
eruptive behavior of magmas. As shown in Figure 6, viscous
magmas, like felsic, which are high in silica, tend to stay below the
surface or erupt explosively. On the other hand, if magma is fluid and
runny, like low-silica mafic magma, it is not viscous. This magma often
reaches the surface by flowing out in rivers of lava.
14. 14
III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
EVALUATION/POST TEST
Directions:
I. True or False. Write T if the statement is expressing correct
idea and F if the statement is wrong. Write your answer in
your notebook.
______ 1. Frictional heating is considered as the highest source of
Earth’s internal heat.
______ 2. The process of growth through gradual accumulation of
layers is called formation.
______ 3. Oceanic tides drive the Earth’s internal heat.
______ 4. The temperature of the Earth increase as the depth
increases away from the core.
______ 5. Endogenic processes is associated with energy coming
from the interior of the Earth.
______ 6. One of the Laws of Thermodynamics states that heat flow
from hot to cold.
______ 7. In the Earth’s history, formation of moon happened after
the bombardment of asteroid.
Figure 6. Volcanic Eruptions
Source: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck -12-middle-school-earth-science-flexbook
2.0/section/7.4/primary/lesson/magma-composition-at-volcanoes-ms-es
15. 15
______ 8. Radioactive elements are considered as the least
contributor of heat.
______ 9. The geothermal gradient of Earth is about 15° to 30°C
per km within the mantle.
______10. The estimated temperature of the core is about
6000°C.
______11. Aluminum is the most abundant element present in
magma.
______12. Magma rises toward Earth’s surface because it is less
dense than the surrounding rocks.
______13. Andesitic is more viscous than felsic magma.
______14. Decompression melting involved temperature reduction.
______15. Temperature is considered as the most important factor in
the formation of magma.
II. Filling the blanks. Supply the missing word or words that will
complete the sentence.
1. Process of melting that is triggered by a reduction in pressure is
called _________________________
2. Magma with high viscosity tend to erupt _______________________.
3.Impurities introduced to magma cause the rock to melt
at__________ temperature.
4. ___________is a molten mixture of rock-forming substances, gases,
and water from the mantle.
5. Viscosity is defined as the resistance of fluid to flow and depends
primarily on the composition and___________________ of the
magma.
16. 16
REFERENCES
Carlson, Diane H.,Plummer, Charles. C., & Hammersley, Lisa. (2011). Physical
Geology Earth Revealed. 9th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221
Avenue of American, New York, NY10020 , 288-289
Characteristics of Magma geologyin.com/2015/08/magma-characteristics-
types-sources-and.html (with slight modification in viscosity
Earth’s Interior Heat. Retrieved June 25, 2020 from
https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/3-3-earthsinterior-
heat/
How Magma Formed? Retrieved June 30,2020 from
https://openpress.usask.ca/physicalgeology/chapter/7-1-
magma-and-how-it- forms/
Introduction to Volcanoes Retrieved July 1, 2020 from
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-
hazard/introduction-to- volcanoes
Magma and Magma Formation Retrieved June 29, 2020 from
https://opentextbc.ca/geology/chapter/3-2-magma-and-magma-
formation/
Magma Composition at Volcanoes Retrieved July 1, 2020 from
https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-middle-school-earth-
science-flexbook- 2.0/section/7.4/primary/lesson/magma-composition-
atvolcanoes-ms-es
Where does the Earth’s internal heat come from? Retrieved June 25, 2020 from
https://sciencesoup.tumblr.com/post/101207345347/where-doesthe-
earths- internal-heat-come
17. 17
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL
SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief
ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)
ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)
MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)
ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)
AGUSTINA C. OMAGUING
Writer/Illustrator/Lay –out Artists
__________________________
BETA TEAM
ZENAIDA A. ACADEMIA
DORIN FAYE D. CADAYDAY
MERCY G. DAGOY
RANJEL D. ESTIMAR
MARIA SALOME B. GOMEZ
JUSTIN PAUL ARSENIO C. KINAMOT
ALPHA QA TEAM
LIEZEL A. AGOR
EUFRATES G. ANSOK JR.
MA. OFELIA I. BUSCATO
LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA
THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO
DISCLAIMER
The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning
modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are
carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and
evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this
material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written
consent from the division.
18. 18
SYNOPSIS
This Self-Learning Kit describes where the
Earth’s internal heat comes from.
Understanding it is important because it
explains why there are volcanic eruptions
and tectonic activities of the Earth. In addition,
it will be the basis for the different land formation.
Also, this SLK discussed about magma and how
it is generated. Magma is composed of liquefied
rocks, crystals, and dissolved gases. Its properties
depend on the rock that initially melts and the
process that occur during partial melting and
transport. In addition, magma is classified
as mafic, andesitic, and felsic. And is generated
through decompression melting, increase in
temperature and flux melting.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Agustina C. Omaguing, is a graduate of
Bachelor of Science in Chemistry at Negros Oriental
State University (NORSU). She earned her Education
units at Foundation University and completed her
academic requirements in Master of Arts in Science
Teaching at NORSU. Currently a Senior High School
teacher at Valencia National High School.
Answer Key
Pre-Test
1. B 6. B
2. D 7. D
3. B 8. C
4. A 9. D
5. D 10. B
Posttest
I.
1. F 6. T
2. F 7. F
3. F 8. F
4. F 9. F
5. F 10. T
II.
1.decompression
melting
2. explosively
3. lower
4. magma
5. temperature