The National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) was launched in 1983 with the goals of reducing prevalence of leprosy to less than 1 per 10,000 people and interrupting disease transmission. Key strategies include early detection of new cases, complete treatment with multidrug therapy, reducing disabilities, and increasing awareness. Leprosy classification systems have evolved over time to better understand the disease spectrum and determine appropriate treatment. The Ridley-Jopling system from 1966 is now most commonly used, categorizing leprosy on a spectrum from tuberculoid to lepromatous pole.
This document summarizes leprosy, including its causes, symptoms, history, classification, treatment, and the national leprosy eradication program in India. It discusses how leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affects the skin and nerves, and was recognized in ancient civilizations. Multidrug therapy provided through the WHO has largely cured the 16 million cases treated over 20 years. The national program in India focuses on case detection, treatment, prevention, and social stigma reduction through various strategies including modified leprosy campaigns and special action projects.
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme. It began as the National Leprosy Control Programme in 1955 and was renamed the NLEP in 1983 when Multi-Drug Therapy was introduced. The NLEP aims to reduce prevalence to less than 1 case per 10,000 people through early detection, regular MDT treatment, disability prevention, and public awareness campaigns. Key milestones include introducing MDT in 1982 and eliminating leprosy nationally by 2005. The current strategy involves integrating leprosy services into general healthcare and intensifying efforts in high prevalence districts.
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme. It discusses that leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria and mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. The key milestones of the programme included introducing multi-drug therapy in 1982 and achieving elimination at the national level in 2005. The current strategies include integrating leprosy services into general healthcare, promoting early detection and complete treatment, involving ASHA workers, and reducing stigma through information campaigns. The goal is to continue driving down prevalence rates toward total eradication of the disease in India.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) is a decentralized, state-based project that aims to establish a disease surveillance system for timely public health action. It integrates disease surveillance at state and district levels, improves laboratory support, and provides training. The IDSP oversees surveillance of diseases like malaria, diarrhea, tuberculosis, measles, and more. It has a strong organizational structure from the national to district levels to monitor diseases and respond to outbreaks. The IDSP reporting system utilizes forms to report suspect, probable and confirmed disease cases weekly from health centers to the state and national levels.
National leprosy eradication programme (nlep)Khemchand Sahu
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). It discusses the history and evolution of leprosy control efforts in India from the National Leprosy Control Programme established in 1955 to the goal of achieving elimination at the national level. The key strategies of NLEP are integrated leprosy services through the general healthcare system, early detection and complete treatment of new cases, involvement of ASHA workers, and information/education campaigns to reduce stigma. The program aims to prevent disabilities through initiatives like multi-drug therapy, disability prevention, and medical rehabilitation.
This document summarizes leprosy, including its causes, symptoms, history, classification, treatment, and the national leprosy eradication program in India. It discusses how leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae, affects the skin and nerves, and was recognized in ancient civilizations. Multidrug therapy provided through the WHO has largely cured the 16 million cases treated over 20 years. The national program in India focuses on case detection, treatment, prevention, and social stigma reduction through various strategies including modified leprosy campaigns and special action projects.
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme. It began as the National Leprosy Control Programme in 1955 and was renamed the NLEP in 1983 when Multi-Drug Therapy was introduced. The NLEP aims to reduce prevalence to less than 1 case per 10,000 people through early detection, regular MDT treatment, disability prevention, and public awareness campaigns. Key milestones include introducing MDT in 1982 and eliminating leprosy nationally by 2005. The current strategy involves integrating leprosy services into general healthcare and intensifying efforts in high prevalence districts.
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme. It discusses that leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria and mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. The key milestones of the programme included introducing multi-drug therapy in 1982 and achieving elimination at the national level in 2005. The current strategies include integrating leprosy services into general healthcare, promoting early detection and complete treatment, involving ASHA workers, and reducing stigma through information campaigns. The goal is to continue driving down prevalence rates toward total eradication of the disease in India.
The Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) is a decentralized, state-based project that aims to establish a disease surveillance system for timely public health action. It integrates disease surveillance at state and district levels, improves laboratory support, and provides training. The IDSP oversees surveillance of diseases like malaria, diarrhea, tuberculosis, measles, and more. It has a strong organizational structure from the national to district levels to monitor diseases and respond to outbreaks. The IDSP reporting system utilizes forms to report suspect, probable and confirmed disease cases weekly from health centers to the state and national levels.
National leprosy eradication programme (nlep)Khemchand Sahu
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). It discusses the history and evolution of leprosy control efforts in India from the National Leprosy Control Programme established in 1955 to the goal of achieving elimination at the national level. The key strategies of NLEP are integrated leprosy services through the general healthcare system, early detection and complete treatment of new cases, involvement of ASHA workers, and information/education campaigns to reduce stigma. The program aims to prevent disabilities through initiatives like multi-drug therapy, disability prevention, and medical rehabilitation.
This document provides information about lymphatic filariasis (filariasis), including its objectives, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, management, and control. It begins with learning objectives around understanding the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of filariasis. It then provides multiple choice questions and an outline of the topics to be covered, including the global burden of filariasis, the life cycle and transmission of filarial parasites, clinical manifestations of the disease, and Nepal's national elimination program.
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) in India aims to eliminate leprosy, prevent disabilities, and reduce stigma associated with the disease. Key components of the program include case detection and treatment, disability prevention and rehabilitation, information/education campaigns, and human resource training. The NLEP is decentralized and integrated into general healthcare. It focuses on early detection and treatment using multidrug therapy, as well as preventing disabilities through services like reconstructive surgery. Monitoring and evaluation involves routine reporting and field visits to track indicators like prevalence and detection rates.
The document discusses leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Key points include:
- India detected over 120,000 new leprosy cases in 2018 with a prevalence rate of 0.66 per 10,000 people.
- The National Leprosy Eradication Programme was launched in 1955 and aims to integrate leprosy services into the general healthcare system through early detection, multi-drug therapy treatment, and prevention of disabilities.
- Major initiatives include intensified case detection, ensuring treatment completion, increasing awareness through media campaigns, and strengthening disability prevention and rehabilitation services.
The document summarizes the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) in India. It discusses the four phases of NACP, their objectives and strategies. Key services discussed include integrated counselling and testing centres (ICTC), prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT), HIV/TB collaboration, care and treatment services, guidelines on infant feeding, and STD control programs. The NACP aims to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS through prevention efforts like targeted interventions and increasing access to treatment.
Revised national tuberculosis control programmeHonorato444
- Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that commonly affects the lungs but can affect any part of the body. India accounts for one fourth of the global TB burden with over 6000 new cases and 600 deaths daily.
- The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme was launched in 1997 based on the WHO DOTS strategy and aims to achieve at least 85% cure rates through direct observation of treatment. It utilizes sputum microscopy, culture and drug susceptibility testing, chest x-rays, and more recently molecular diagnostics to detect TB.
- Drug resistant TB including multi-drug resistant TB has emerged as a major challenge for the programme. The Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB was
The National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) in India aims to eliminate leprosy through early case detection and treatment. It provides free diagnosis and multi-drug therapy for leprosy patients. Major activities include case detection, disability prevention, awareness campaigns, and training of health workers. The global strategy for 2016-2020 aims for zero disabilities among new cases and less than 1 case of visible deformity per million people. New initiatives under NLEP include preventive treatment for contacts, a leprosy vaccine, a quarterly newsletter, GIS mapping of cases, and the SPARSH awareness campaign. The program focuses on eliminating leprosy nationwide through comprehensive care and community engagement.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS
NATIONAL TB CONTROL PROGRAMME
REVISED NATIONAL TB CONTROL PROGRAMME I (RNTCP- I)
DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORT COURSE (DOTS)
STOP TB STRATEGY
REVISED NATIONAL TB CONTROL PROGRAMME II (RNTCP- II)
BACKGROUND FOR NSP (2012-2017)
NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN (2012-2017)
END TB STRATEGY
BURDEN OF TB IN INDIA – 2017
NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN (2017-2025)
RECENT ADVANCES IN TB CONTROL
The National Leprosy Eradication Program in India has achieved major milestones since its inception in 1955. Through strategies like introducing multi-drug therapy in 1983 and nationwide campaigns, prevalence rates have declined from over 20 per 10,000 people in the early 1990s to less than 1 per 10,000 in 2005, allowing India to achieve the goal of eliminating leprosy at the national level. Ongoing challenges include preventing disability through early detection, reducing stigma, ensuring treatment adherence, and sustaining control efforts. International support from organizations like WHO and NGOs continues to aid India's leprosy elimination efforts through technical guidance and resource provision.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) in India aims to eliminate leprosy through early detection and treatment. Key initiatives include decentralizing services, strengthening disability prevention and medical rehabilitation, engaging ASHAs in case finding, and conducting intensive information, education, and communication campaigns to reduce stigma. The current strategy focuses on leprosy detection campaigns, targeted surveys in hard to reach areas, and generating awareness through community meetings. The goal is to achieve a prevalence rate of less than 1 per 10,000 people in all districts by 2017.
Tuberculosis (TB) poses a major burden in India, where it is the leading infectious killer. TB control activities have been implemented in India for over 50 years through programs like the National TB Program and the Revised National TB Control Programme. However, India still has a large number of active TB cases. The government has launched various initiatives to work toward eliminating TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of the global target, through improved detection, treatment, prevention, and strengthening of TB control programs and infrastructure.
The document summarizes India's national leprosy control programs from 1955 to the present. Key points include:
- The National Leprosy Control Programme was established in 1955 to control leprosy through early detection and dapsone monotherapy.
- In 1983, the goal shifted to eradication by 2000 with the National Leprosy Eradication Programme using multi-drug therapy and other strategies.
- Though prevalence was reduced, some states saw uneven progress, leading to the Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign and other focused programs in the 2000s.
- Current strategies under NRHM integrate leprosy services and aim to maintain gains and eliminate leprosy at the district and block
The document discusses the National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) in India, which has evolved over five phases since 1985 to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country. It provides an overview of the problem statement globally and in India, describes the key highlights and objectives of each NACP phase from initial response to NACP Phase IV (Extended), and discusses recommendations for NACP Phase V, which began in 2021. The NACP has expanded from awareness generation to implementing direct interventions across the prevention, detection, and treatment continuum nationwide.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
The document outlines India's National Anti-Malaria Programme. It discusses the history and evolution of malaria control efforts in India from the National Malaria Control Programme launched in 1953 up to current strategies. Key points include:
- Malaria is a major public health problem in India, with over 1 million cases reported in 2014.
- The National programme has had evolving objectives, strategies and projects over time in response to disease trends, including the National Malaria Control Programme, Enhanced Malaria Control Project, and current National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme.
- Control strategies have involved indoor residual spraying, early detection and treatment, insecticide policies, and strengthening institutional capacities. Nurses play a role in detection
- Malaria has caused significant mortality in Nepal for ages and the first malaria survey was conducted in Makwanpur and Chitwan in the early 1900s.
- Nepal launched large-scale malaria control projects starting in the 1950s with assistance from USAID and established a National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958 focused on insecticide spraying and vector control.
- Despite efforts, extreme geography and limited data made eliminating malaria difficult and the program shifted to control in 1978, with over 42,000 cases reported in 1985 and epidemics through the 1980s.
NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgramMihir Rupani
The document discusses guidelines for the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) in India. The NVBDCP is an integrated program that aims to prevent and control six vector-borne diseases - malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, and filariasis. It outlines strategies like surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, vector control, capacity building, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Specific guidelines for malaria control include microscopy-based diagnosis, use of rapid test kits, indoor residual spraying, larviciding, epidemic preparedness, and training of health workers.
The National AIDS Control Programme in India has gone through 4 phases since 1987 aimed at reducing HIV transmission and providing treatment. Phase 1 from 1987-1999 focused on awareness campaigns. Phase 2 from 1999-2006 shifted to behavior change interventions. Phase 3 from 2007-2012 integrated prevention, care, support and treatment. Phase 4 from 2012-2017 focused on key populations and reducing stigma. The programme is coordinated by NACO and implemented through state and district societies and ICTCs with nurses playing a role in service delivery.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was implemented in 2002-2003 in India to control six vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The NVBDCP focuses on early diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, integrated vector management through indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets, and epidemic preparedness. The programme is coordinated across states and districts and works with other health programs. In 2016, India launched a National Framework for Malaria Elimination with goals to eliminate malaria by 2030 by phasing states through categories of transmission intensity and interrupting indigenous transmission.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Sneha Gaurkar
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme aims to eliminate leprosy in India through early detection and treatment of cases. Key objectives include reducing prevalence and grade 2 disabilities. The program provides free diagnosis and multi-drug therapy through public health facilities. It also conducts training, awareness campaigns, disability prevention, and monitoring. Major milestones include introducing multi-drug therapy in 1982 and eliminating leprosy nationally in 2005. Recent achievements show reductions in grade 2 disabilities among new cases and in children cases.
This document provides an overview of leprosy in India, including its transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and the national program to eliminate leprosy. Some key points:
- Leprosy primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes and can cause deformities. It is spread through droplets and untreated patients are the main reservoir. Multi-drug therapy can cure patients and interrupt transmission.
- India's National Leprosy Elimination Program aims to integrate services, provide MDT, conduct surveillance, increase awareness, and prevent disabilities. Through these strategies, the national prevalence rate has declined and most states have achieved elimination targets.
- However, some areas still have high rates and ongoing efforts include training
This document discusses India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). It summarizes that only 7% of women surveyed had previously participated in leprosy work, though 92% felt they could participate. The main factors preventing participation were lack of financial support, need for family permission, and not working near home. Women suggested delegating work based on skills and providing proper training. Overall, the document examines determinants of rural women's low participation in NLEP and identifies solutions to increase involvement.
This document provides information about lymphatic filariasis (filariasis), including its objectives, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, management, and control. It begins with learning objectives around understanding the etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of filariasis. It then provides multiple choice questions and an outline of the topics to be covered, including the global burden of filariasis, the life cycle and transmission of filarial parasites, clinical manifestations of the disease, and Nepal's national elimination program.
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) in India aims to eliminate leprosy, prevent disabilities, and reduce stigma associated with the disease. Key components of the program include case detection and treatment, disability prevention and rehabilitation, information/education campaigns, and human resource training. The NLEP is decentralized and integrated into general healthcare. It focuses on early detection and treatment using multidrug therapy, as well as preventing disabilities through services like reconstructive surgery. Monitoring and evaluation involves routine reporting and field visits to track indicators like prevalence and detection rates.
The document discusses leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Key points include:
- India detected over 120,000 new leprosy cases in 2018 with a prevalence rate of 0.66 per 10,000 people.
- The National Leprosy Eradication Programme was launched in 1955 and aims to integrate leprosy services into the general healthcare system through early detection, multi-drug therapy treatment, and prevention of disabilities.
- Major initiatives include intensified case detection, ensuring treatment completion, increasing awareness through media campaigns, and strengthening disability prevention and rehabilitation services.
The document summarizes the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) in India. It discusses the four phases of NACP, their objectives and strategies. Key services discussed include integrated counselling and testing centres (ICTC), prevention of parent-to-child transmission (PPTCT), HIV/TB collaboration, care and treatment services, guidelines on infant feeding, and STD control programs. The NACP aims to slow the spread of HIV/AIDS through prevention efforts like targeted interventions and increasing access to treatment.
Revised national tuberculosis control programmeHonorato444
- Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused predominantly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that commonly affects the lungs but can affect any part of the body. India accounts for one fourth of the global TB burden with over 6000 new cases and 600 deaths daily.
- The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme was launched in 1997 based on the WHO DOTS strategy and aims to achieve at least 85% cure rates through direct observation of treatment. It utilizes sputum microscopy, culture and drug susceptibility testing, chest x-rays, and more recently molecular diagnostics to detect TB.
- Drug resistant TB including multi-drug resistant TB has emerged as a major challenge for the programme. The Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB was
The National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) in India aims to eliminate leprosy through early case detection and treatment. It provides free diagnosis and multi-drug therapy for leprosy patients. Major activities include case detection, disability prevention, awareness campaigns, and training of health workers. The global strategy for 2016-2020 aims for zero disabilities among new cases and less than 1 case of visible deformity per million people. New initiatives under NLEP include preventive treatment for contacts, a leprosy vaccine, a quarterly newsletter, GIS mapping of cases, and the SPARSH awareness campaign. The program focuses on eliminating leprosy nationwide through comprehensive care and community engagement.
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY OF TUBERCULOSIS
NATIONAL TB CONTROL PROGRAMME
REVISED NATIONAL TB CONTROL PROGRAMME I (RNTCP- I)
DIRECTLY OBSERVED TREATMENT SHORT COURSE (DOTS)
STOP TB STRATEGY
REVISED NATIONAL TB CONTROL PROGRAMME II (RNTCP- II)
BACKGROUND FOR NSP (2012-2017)
NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN (2012-2017)
END TB STRATEGY
BURDEN OF TB IN INDIA – 2017
NATIONAL STRATEGIC PLAN (2017-2025)
RECENT ADVANCES IN TB CONTROL
The National Leprosy Eradication Program in India has achieved major milestones since its inception in 1955. Through strategies like introducing multi-drug therapy in 1983 and nationwide campaigns, prevalence rates have declined from over 20 per 10,000 people in the early 1990s to less than 1 per 10,000 in 2005, allowing India to achieve the goal of eliminating leprosy at the national level. Ongoing challenges include preventing disability through early detection, reducing stigma, ensuring treatment adherence, and sustaining control efforts. International support from organizations like WHO and NGOs continues to aid India's leprosy elimination efforts through technical guidance and resource provision.
Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) was launched by Hon’ble Union Minister of Health & Family Welfare in November 2004 for a period upto March 2010. The project was restructured and extended up to March 2012. The project continues in the 12th Plan with domestic budget as Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme under NHM for all States with Budgetary allocation of 640 Cr.
A Central Surveillance Unit (CSU) at Delhi, State Surveillance Units (SSU) at all State/UT head quarters and District Surveillance Units (DSU) at all Districts in the country have been established.
Objectives:
To strengthen/maintain decentralized laboratory based IT enabled disease surveillance system for epidemic prone diseases to monitor disease trends and to detect and respond to outbreaks in early rising phase through trained Rapid Response Team (RRTs)
Programme Components:
Integration and decentralization of surveillance activities through establishment of surveillance units at Centre, State and District level.
Human Resource Development – Training of State Surveillance Officers, District Surveillance Officers, Rapid Response Team and other Medical and Paramedical staff on principles of disease surveillance.
Use of Information Communication Technology for collection, collation, compilation, analysis and dissemination of data.
Strengthening of public health laboratories.
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP) in India aims to eliminate leprosy through early detection and treatment. Key initiatives include decentralizing services, strengthening disability prevention and medical rehabilitation, engaging ASHAs in case finding, and conducting intensive information, education, and communication campaigns to reduce stigma. The current strategy focuses on leprosy detection campaigns, targeted surveys in hard to reach areas, and generating awareness through community meetings. The goal is to achieve a prevalence rate of less than 1 per 10,000 people in all districts by 2017.
Tuberculosis (TB) poses a major burden in India, where it is the leading infectious killer. TB control activities have been implemented in India for over 50 years through programs like the National TB Program and the Revised National TB Control Programme. However, India still has a large number of active TB cases. The government has launched various initiatives to work toward eliminating TB in India by 2025, five years ahead of the global target, through improved detection, treatment, prevention, and strengthening of TB control programs and infrastructure.
The document summarizes India's national leprosy control programs from 1955 to the present. Key points include:
- The National Leprosy Control Programme was established in 1955 to control leprosy through early detection and dapsone monotherapy.
- In 1983, the goal shifted to eradication by 2000 with the National Leprosy Eradication Programme using multi-drug therapy and other strategies.
- Though prevalence was reduced, some states saw uneven progress, leading to the Modified Leprosy Elimination Campaign and other focused programs in the 2000s.
- Current strategies under NRHM integrate leprosy services and aim to maintain gains and eliminate leprosy at the district and block
The document discusses the National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NACP) in India, which has evolved over five phases since 1985 to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the country. It provides an overview of the problem statement globally and in India, describes the key highlights and objectives of each NACP phase from initial response to NACP Phase IV (Extended), and discusses recommendations for NACP Phase V, which began in 2021. The NACP has expanded from awareness generation to implementing direct interventions across the prevention, detection, and treatment continuum nationwide.
This ppt contains all the information about Revised NationalTuberculosis Control programme (RNTCP) It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in in knowing about it.
The document outlines India's National Anti-Malaria Programme. It discusses the history and evolution of malaria control efforts in India from the National Malaria Control Programme launched in 1953 up to current strategies. Key points include:
- Malaria is a major public health problem in India, with over 1 million cases reported in 2014.
- The National programme has had evolving objectives, strategies and projects over time in response to disease trends, including the National Malaria Control Programme, Enhanced Malaria Control Project, and current National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme.
- Control strategies have involved indoor residual spraying, early detection and treatment, insecticide policies, and strengthening institutional capacities. Nurses play a role in detection
- Malaria has caused significant mortality in Nepal for ages and the first malaria survey was conducted in Makwanpur and Chitwan in the early 1900s.
- Nepal launched large-scale malaria control projects starting in the 1950s with assistance from USAID and established a National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958 focused on insecticide spraying and vector control.
- Despite efforts, extreme geography and limited data made eliminating malaria difficult and the program shifted to control in 1978, with over 42,000 cases reported in 1985 and epidemics through the 1980s.
NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgramMihir Rupani
The document discusses guidelines for the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) in India. The NVBDCP is an integrated program that aims to prevent and control six vector-borne diseases - malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, and filariasis. It outlines strategies like surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, vector control, capacity building, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Specific guidelines for malaria control include microscopy-based diagnosis, use of rapid test kits, indoor residual spraying, larviciding, epidemic preparedness, and training of health workers.
The National AIDS Control Programme in India has gone through 4 phases since 1987 aimed at reducing HIV transmission and providing treatment. Phase 1 from 1987-1999 focused on awareness campaigns. Phase 2 from 1999-2006 shifted to behavior change interventions. Phase 3 from 2007-2012 integrated prevention, care, support and treatment. Phase 4 from 2012-2017 focused on key populations and reducing stigma. The programme is coordinated by NACO and implemented through state and district societies and ICTCs with nurses playing a role in service delivery.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was implemented in 2002-2003 in India to control six vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, filariasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis, and chikungunya. The NVBDCP focuses on early diagnosis, treatment, surveillance, integrated vector management through indoor residual spraying and insecticide-treated bed nets, and epidemic preparedness. The programme is coordinated across states and districts and works with other health programs. In 2016, India launched a National Framework for Malaria Elimination with goals to eliminate malaria by 2030 by phasing states through categories of transmission intensity and interrupting indigenous transmission.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Sneha Gaurkar
The National Leprosy Eradication Programme aims to eliminate leprosy in India through early detection and treatment of cases. Key objectives include reducing prevalence and grade 2 disabilities. The program provides free diagnosis and multi-drug therapy through public health facilities. It also conducts training, awareness campaigns, disability prevention, and monitoring. Major milestones include introducing multi-drug therapy in 1982 and eliminating leprosy nationally in 2005. Recent achievements show reductions in grade 2 disabilities among new cases and in children cases.
This document provides an overview of leprosy in India, including its transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and the national program to eliminate leprosy. Some key points:
- Leprosy primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes and can cause deformities. It is spread through droplets and untreated patients are the main reservoir. Multi-drug therapy can cure patients and interrupt transmission.
- India's National Leprosy Elimination Program aims to integrate services, provide MDT, conduct surveillance, increase awareness, and prevent disabilities. Through these strategies, the national prevalence rate has declined and most states have achieved elimination targets.
- However, some areas still have high rates and ongoing efforts include training
This document discusses India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). It summarizes that only 7% of women surveyed had previously participated in leprosy work, though 92% felt they could participate. The main factors preventing participation were lack of financial support, need for family permission, and not working near home. Women suggested delegating work based on skills and providing proper training. Overall, the document examines determinants of rural women's low participation in NLEP and identifies solutions to increase involvement.
The document provides a critical review of India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). It summarizes the evolution and strategies of the NLEP, including the introduction of multidrug therapy in 1982. While prevalence of leprosy in India has declined dramatically with NLEP efforts, issues remain around organizational challenges, stigma, integration with the general healthcare system, and ensuring treatment adherence. The review also notes opportunities from partnerships and funding, as well as ongoing threats like stigma and the need for new diagnostic and treatment approaches.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
Date of creation- Feb 2019
Authors - Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Junior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar; Dr. Durgesh Prasad Sahoo, Senior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)Kavya .
Chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
It usually affects the skin and peripheral nerves
Long incubation period generally 5-7 years.
Classified as paucibacillary or multibacillary
permanent disability
Timely diagnosis and treatment of cases
It is a chronic infectious disease caused by M. leprae, which mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. It has left a legacy of social stigma. Global statistics from 2001 show South East Asia has the highest prevalence, with India reporting the most cases. The goal of leprosy programs is elimination by reducing prevalence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2000, which can be achieved by making multi-drug therapy accessible and treating all cases to interrupt transmission. Diagnosis is based on skin lesions and sensory loss. Multi-drug therapy is highly effective and cures leprosy by treating for a fixed duration.
This document summarizes the current situation of leprosy in India and discusses future implications. It notes that while prevalence has decreased due to efforts like the National Leprosy Eradication Program, India still accounts for 60% of new global cases each year. The national strategy now focuses on active case detection campaigns in highly endemic areas, increasing awareness to reduce stigma, and exploring preventive approaches like chemoprophylaxis to break transmission chains and reach zero disease status. A single dose of rifampicin administered to contacts has shown up to 57% reduced risk of developing leprosy and is part of the current leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis program.
Leprosy is an age-old disease and is described in the literature of ancient civilizations. It is a chronic infectious disease which is caused by a type of bacteria called Mycobacterium leprae. The disease affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes. Leprosy is curable and treatment in the early stages can prevent disability. Apart from the physical deformity, persons affected by leprosy also face stigmatization and discrimination
Here are some possible responses to the questions:
1. The higher incidence and prevalence of leprosy in males compared to females could be due to various socio-cultural factors. Males may have greater exposure and mobility which increases their risk of contracting the disease. There could also be under-reporting of cases in females due to lack of access to healthcare and social stigma.
2. To reduce stigma and discrimination against leprosy affected persons and their families, sustained awareness programs targeting the general public as well as affected communities are needed. Educating people about the modes of transmission and that leprosy is curable can help reduce misconceptions. Involving affected persons in advocacy can also help normalize the condition and empower those
The document summarizes leprosy, a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria that affects the skin and nerves. It describes the classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, multidrug treatment recommendations from the WHO, and strategies of India's National Leprosy Elimination Programme to detect and manage leprosy cases through education, short-term multidrug therapy, and rehabilitation.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India has the following key objectives:
1) To achieve and maintain at least 85% cure rate amongst new smear positive tuberculosis cases and 70% case detection rate.
2) To provide universal access to tuberculosis treatment through the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) strategy where a treatment observer watches patients take their medication.
3) To introduce programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis through standardized regimens using second-line drugs under the DOTS strategy.
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. The goal of leprosy elimination programs is to reduce the prevalence rate to less than 1 per 10,000 people. Multi drug therapy (MDT) is highly effective in curing leprosy and reducing transmission by interrupting disease activity in all known cases. Integrating leprosy services into general healthcare helps ensure all cases receive timely treatment to prevent disabilities and further transmission. Monitoring prevalence and detection rates is important to assess program progress toward elimination goals.
This document provides information on leprosy including:
1) Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that mainly affects the skin, nerves, and respiratory tract.
2) Global prevalence rates for 2001 show South East Asia had the highest burden with 488,333 cases.
3) Multi-drug therapy (MDT) is the recommended treatment, with regimens depending on classification as paucibacillary (PB) or multibacillary (MB).
4) Integration of leprosy services into general healthcare aims to ensure timely diagnosis and treatment to prevent disabilities.
The document summarizes several national health programs and initiatives launched by the Government of India, including the National Anti Malaria Programme (1953), National Filaria Control Programme (1955), National Tuberculosis Control Programme (1962), Universal Immunization Programme (1985), National AIDS Control Programme (1987), National Cancer Control Programme (1975), National Mental Health Programme (1982), National Programme for Control of Blindness (1976), Integrated Child Development Services (1975), and National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (1962). It provides the objectives, strategies, and outcomes of these various programs aimed at reducing disease burden and improving public health in India.
OMICS Group is an open access publisher of 400 online scholarly journals and organizer of 300 international conferences annually. It was established in 2007 with the goal of making scientific information openly accessible. OMICS Group publishes journals and organizes conferences covering various aspects of science, technology, engineering, and medicine to disseminate knowledge to researchers, students, and institutions. The document provides background information on OMICS Group's publishing and conference activities.
This document summarizes the history and strategies of India's National AIDS Control Programme (NACP). It notes that HIV was first detected in India in 1986 among female sex workers in Chennai. In response, the government established an AIDS task force and initiated NACP in 1987 with World Bank support. NACP has since launched multiple phases (NACP I-IV) to expand targeted interventions for high-risk groups, increase testing and treatment, and reduce stigma. The current phase (NACP IV) aims to accelerate response efforts and integrate HIV services into the national health system from 2014-2017.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented as a comprehensive programme for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in India. Over time, the focus has shifted from raising awareness to behavior change, from a national response to a more decentralized response and to increasing involvement of NGOs and networks of PLHIV.
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP). It outlines key milestones such as the launch of NLEP in 1983 with the introduction of Multi Drug Therapy. The objectives of NLEP include decentralizing responsibilities to states and integrating leprosy services with general health services. Strategies include special action projects for detection in rural and hard to reach areas. NLEP aims to provide treatment, prevent disabilities, conduct surveillance, and increase awareness through education to eliminate stigma and discrimination against those affected by leprosy. Monitoring is done through a computerized information system, and challenges include poor coverage in difficult areas and stigma surrounding the disease.
Similar to National Leprosy Eradication Program(NLEP)-1.pptx (20)
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
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2. OBJECTIVES
• To know about the magnitude of Leprosy problem in India
• To know about the evolution of Leprosy control/elimination
in India
• To learn about the goals, objectives and strategies for leprosy
elimination
3. INTRODUCTION
o NLEP was launched in 1983
o Centrally sponsored health scheme (MOHFW)
o Headed by – deputy director of health services(leprosy) under DGHS
o Supported as partners by
o World Health Organization
o The international federation of Anti Leprosy Association (ILEP)
o Non-Govt. Organizations
4. THE EMBLEM
o Symbolizes
o Beauty and purity in lotus
o Leprosy can be cured and a leprosy patient
can be a useful member of the society in the
form of a partially affected thumb.
o Normal fore finger representing the shape of
house
o Rising sun – the symbol of hope and
optimism
5. DEFINITIONS
o Control- disease agent is permitted to persist in the
community at a level where it ceases to be a public health
problem.
o Elimination -Interruption of transmission of disease
o Eradication- Termination of all transmission of infection by
extermination of the infectious agent
o Case : A person showing clinical signs +/-bacteriological
confirmation & not yet completed a full course of treatment
with MDT. (prevalence)
6. DEFINITIONS
o Adequate T/t - completion of a regimen within a
reasonably short period of time.
o Regular T/t - received MDT for at least two-thirds of the months in
any interval of time.
o Defaulter - who has not collected treatment for 12 consecutive
months.
o Relapsed -therapy was terminated, having successfully completed
an adequate course of multidrug therapy, but who subsequently
develops new signs and symptoms
7. NLEP INDICATORS
o PR (Prevalence rate)
o ANCDR ( Annual New case detection rate)
o Multibacillary (MB) Proportion
o Female Proportion
o Child Proportion
o Grade II disability – disability proportion
o MDT completion rate (both PB & MB)
8. LEPROSY ELIMINATION
o Reducing the case load to less than 1 case per
10,000 inhabitants
o by detecting and curing all cases of leprosy
o leading to a reduction in the source of infection and the
disease burden in communities
o so that leprosy is likely to disappear naturally as it already
has from many countries
9. MILESTONES
1848 Leper Act, British India
1925 Indian council of british empire leprosy relief association established
(Belra)
1948 Renamed Hind Kusht Nivaran Sangh (HKNS)
1955 National Leprosy Control Programme (NLCP)
1981 MDT recommended by Who as a cure
1983 National Leprosy Eradication Programme (NLEP)
Introduction of MDT in Phases
10. MILESTONES
1991 World health assembly adopts resolution to eliminate leprosy by
2000.
1993 World bank supported MDT program phase I
1998-2004 Modified leprosy elimination campaign
2001-2004 NLEP project phase II
2002 Simplified information system
2004 Leprosy integrated with general health services
11. MILESTONES
2005 Achievement of elimination of leprosy at national level
NRHM covers NLEP
2006 DPMR inroduced as component of NLEP
2007 DPMR guideline for 1 2 & 3 level
2011 Guidelines of DPMR for NLEP revised
2012 Special action plan for 209high endemic districts in 16 states/ut
2016 Revised Operational guidelines for LCDC
2016-2020 Global leprosy Strategy
12. GLOBAL BURDEN
• The “Global leprosy update, 2014: Need for early case
detection” (Sept 2015)(121 countries from five WHO regions)
13.
14. LEPROSY ELIMINATION STATUS INDIA
(2014-2015)
PR 0.69/10,000 (inc 1.5%) ANCDR 9.73/100,000 ( dec 2.5%)
MB (52.82%) Female (36.81%)
Child (9.04%) Grade II deformity (4.61%)
34 states and UT has already achieved PR < 1case /10,000
One state ( Chhattisgarh) One UT (Dadar & Nagar Haveli) PR = 2 – 5 / 10,000
4 other States/ UT ODISHA, Chandigarh, Delhi and Lakshadweep achieved
elimination earlier ( PR =1-2/10,000)
532 districts(79.52%) out of 669 achieved PR < 1/10,000
Districts with PR 1-2 ( 7497) PR >2 (4140)
Out of total new cases 93.1% = RFT (Released from treatment) as cured.
15. MADHYA PRADESH
(MARCH 2015)
• Total 50 districts
Bhopal
Prevalence rate 0.76/10,000
New Cases 6921
ANCDR 9.02/100,000
Gr II Deformity 391
Deformity rate 5.09 per mil
Prevalence Rate 1.5/10,000
New Cases 307
ANCDR 12.26
Gr II Deformity 27
Deformity rate 10.78 per mil
16. RATIONALE FOR ELIMINATION
o Leprosy meets demanding criteria for
elimination
oPractical & simple diagnosis : Clinical signs alone
oAvailability of effective intervention – MDT
oSingle significant reservoir of infection – Human
17. TARGETS
INDICATOR BASELINE
2011-2012
Targets
By March 2017
Prevalence rate
< 1 /10,000
543 districts
(84.6%)
642 districts
(100%)
ANCDR
<10 /100,000
445 districts
(69.3)
642 districts
(100%)
Cure rate Multibacillary
cases (MB)
90.56% 95%
Cure rate paucibacillary
cases (PB)
95.28% 97%
Gr II disability cases in % of
new cases
3.04% 1.98%
(35% reduction)
Stigma Reduction % Reported
(NSS 2010-11)
50% reduction
18. STRATEGY
Decentralized Integrated leprosy services through general health care
system
Early detection and complete treatment of new leprosy cases
Household contact survey
Involvement of ASHA
Strengthening of Disability prevention and medical rehabilitation (DPMR)
Information Education and Communication (IEC) activities to improve self
reporting and reduction of stigma
Intensive monitoring and supervision at PHC /CHC
19. MAJOR INITIATIVES
More focus on new case detection > Prevalence
Treatment Completion rate by states at yearly basis
Contact survey each child / multibacillary case
Organize skin camps to detect case while providing services for
other skin conditions.
Increase awareness through ANM, AWW, ASHA motivation
for early reporting to MO.
District Leprosy Cell
20. o ASHA incentives
– Confirmation of diagnosis Rs. 250/- (without disability)
Rs. 200/- (with disability)
– Completion of full course PB Rs. 400/-
MB Rs. 600/-
Activities:
o Search for suspected cases before disability
o Follow-up of all cases for completion (reaction & referral)
o Self care practices Improves quality of life
o Spreading awareness
21. Disability Prevention & Medical Rehabilitation
(DPMR)
• Introduced in 2006
• Resposibility of DLO & MO of referral centre
Objectives
1. Adequately manage the occurrence of disabilities.
2. Assistance to persons with disabilities and prevent
worsening of existing disabilities.
3. Correction of deformities by ReConstructive Surgery (RCS)
22. Services
• Reaction Management
• Dressing material, supportive medicines and ulcer kits
• Microcellular rubber footware
• Self care practices
• Integrating DPMR services with NRHM (National Rural Health
Mission) facilities
• To develop a referral system
23. Referral services (3 tier system)
Primary
• PHC
• CHC
• Sub divisional hospitals
• Urban leprosy centres
Secondary
• District headquarter hospitals
• District Nucleus units
Tertiary
• Central Government Institutes
(CLTRI Chingalpettu)
(RLTRI at Aska/Gauripur/Raipur)
• ICMR Institute JALMA, Agra.
• ILEP supported Leprosy Hospitals.
• All PMR Institutes and departments of
medical colleges
24. Support Unit
o Orthopaedics and plastic surgery departments of medical colleges.
o Identified NGO institutions
o All National Institutes under Ministry of Social Justice
and Empowerment
o Contractual surgeons skilled in RCS and Rehabilitation
Programmes
Incentives
o Rs. 8000/- will be paid to all patients affected by leprosy undergoing major
reconstructive surgery
o Rs. 5000/- to all govt Institution for providing RCS
o Additional Rs. 5000/- for RCS in camps organised outside the institution.
25.
26. o SET Scheme
o NGOs are involved in disability prevention and ulcer care,
IEC & referral of suspected cases
o For under treatment cases in urban and difficult areas
o IEC(Information,Education & Communication)
o Focus on –
o Behavior change in community against stigma and
discrimination against leprosy affected person
o Making the public aware about
o The availability of MDT
o Correction of deformity through surgery
o Leprosy affected person can live a normal life with family
27.
28. NEWER INITIATIVES
o LCDC- Leprosy Case Detection Campaign
o To detect the missed leprosy cases
oInitially highly endemic districs of 7 States
oMadhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar , Chhattishgarh ,
Jharkhand, Odisha & Maharashtra
oBy the end of 2016 , 163 highly endemic districts across
20 states/UT were identified (PR>1any of in last 3 years)
29. o SLAC – Sparsh Leprosy Awareness Campaign
o Launched on 30th January 2017
o To promote awareness and address the issue of stigma and
discrimination
o Chemoprophylaxis of Contacts
o Single dose Rifampicin (SDR)
o Overall risk reduction 57% during first 2 years
o LPEP launched globally (2014)
30. o Prime Components
o Contact tracing – regular or interrupted contact with index
case during the last 1 year.
o Screening
o SDR
o Doses
o In india – under progress in Dadar & Nagar Haveli
o Proposing to launch in districts where LCDC is ongoing
Weight Dose
>35 kg 600 mg
20 – 35 kg 450 mg
<20 kg 10-15 mg/kg
31. o Immunoprophylaxis
o MiP – Mycobacterium Indicus Prani
o Field Project mode in year 2016 under ICMR and NLEP
o Index case – over and above MDT
o Contacts – twice at an interval of 6 months
o Advantages
o Rapid clearance of bacteria and clinical lesions
o Upgraded the lesions histopathologically
o Complete clearance of granuloma
o Reduced reactions and neuritis
o Reduced the duration of MDT
32. o Nikusth
o A web based reporting system
o Reporting and data management of registered
o Keeping track of all the activities being implemented under
NLEP
o News letters
o Quarterly issue by NLEP launched in Jan 2016
o GIS mapping
o Study and project the geographic distribution of disease
33. Need for classification
o Wide variation in the disease presentation, its course,
prognosis and complications
o Decide the line of treatment
o Visualize beyond the present stage of the disease
o Educate the patient and plan for future to prevent deformities
o Determine the infectivity of case
34. Criteria
o Bacteriological criteria
o BI – density of organism in lesional tissue
o Slit smear (gold standard) infective/non infective
o Biopsy (more sensitivie)
o Immunological criteria
o CMI against M. leprae by lepromin test
o Predictor of the course of disease
o Useful in classsifying difficult to classify cases
35. o Histopathological
o Tissue reaction to the injury or insult
o Precisely defined and most definitive
o Tedious to perform, not practicable to apply universally
o Clinical
o Easiest to apply
o Most desirable
36. Madrid classification (1953)
Two types Two groups
Lepromatous type (L)
Macular
Diffuse
Infiltrated
Nodular
Neuritic
Indeterminate group (I)
Macular
Neuritic
Tuberculoid Type (T)
Macular
Minor tuberculoid
Major tuberculoid
neuritic
Borderline ( Dimorphous)
Infiltrated
others
41. o Advantages:
o Easier to comprehend
o Helps to understand the disease in better way
o Based on correlationship of various parameters
o Strengthens the polar and spectral concept
o Drawback
o No specific place for indeterminate and pure neuritic
42. POLAR AND SUBPOLAR FORMS
o LL pole – heterogenous
o LLp stabl,starts as LL and remains the same
o LLs (L1/leproma indefinite) unstable , can upgrade or
originated from downgrading
o TT pole
o TTp originates as polar
o TTs can arise by upgrade or can downgrade
43. WHO 1998
o Paucibacillary
o Only smear negative cases
o Ridley jopling – TT & BT
o Madrid – I & T
o Multibacillary
o Ridley Joplings – BB, BL, LL
o Madrid – B & L
o Any other smear positive case
44. CLASSIFICATION UNDER NLEP(2009)
Characteristics PB MB
Skin lesions One to five lesions
(including single nerve
lesion if present)
Six and above
Peripheral nerve
involvement
No nerve/only one
nerve with or without
one to five lesions
More than one
nerve irrespective
of the number of
skin lesions
Skin smears Negative at all sites Positive at any site