Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. The goal of leprosy elimination programs is to reduce the prevalence rate to less than 1 per 10,000 people. Multi drug therapy (MDT) is highly effective in curing leprosy and reducing transmission by interrupting disease activity in all known cases. Integrating leprosy services into general healthcare helps ensure all cases receive timely treatment to prevent disabilities and further transmission. Monitoring prevalence and detection rates is important to assess program progress toward elimination goals.
This document provides an overview of leprosy in India, including its transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and the national program to eliminate leprosy. Some key points:
- Leprosy primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes and can cause deformities. It is spread through droplets and untreated patients are the main reservoir. Multi-drug therapy can cure patients and interrupt transmission.
- India's National Leprosy Elimination Program aims to integrate services, provide MDT, conduct surveillance, increase awareness, and prevent disabilities. Through these strategies, the national prevalence rate has declined and most states have achieved elimination targets.
- However, some areas still have high rates and ongoing efforts include training
Burden of leprosy in India
Multi-drug therapy
MDT
WHO Diagnostic guidelines
Drug resistance
Stigma
Serological tests
Social stigma of leprosy
Dapsone resistance
Rifampicin resistance
Mycobacterium leprae
surveillance of AMR in leprosy
Adherence to MDT is important
Global leprosy strategy
1) Indigenous communities in Australia continue to experience high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne viruses (BBVs) such as HIV, hepatitis C, and syphilis.
2) Several initiatives have been implemented to address this issue, including the Young Deadly Free campaign, but STIs and BBVs remain a significant problem.
3) New approaches combining health service data, pathogen genomics, and social determinants of health show promise in more precisely targeting interventions and eliminating diseases like hepatitis C.
This document provides information about yaws, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. Yaws primarily affects children in tropical regions. Clinical manifestations range from non-destructive skin lesions to late stage lesions that can be disfiguring. Treatment with single dose antibiotics can cure infections. WHO aims to eradicate yaws globally by 2020 through mass treatment campaigns and surveillance programs. India eliminated indigenous yaws transmission in 2004.
1) India has a high burden of tuberculosis, accounting for nearly 1/4 of global TB cases. The social and economic costs of TB in India are also high, with estimated indirect costs of $3 billion and direct costs of $300 million annually.
2) The National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) was implemented in 1962 but had low treatment success rates of only 30%. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) was launched in 1993 using the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy.
3) RNTCP has expanded coverage to the entire country and achieved targets of 70% case detection and 85% treatment success rates. It has contributed to reducing prevalence and mortality rates of TB in India
Sexual Health Stream - Waterfront Room (All presentations combined)NACCHOpresentations
Indigenising interventions to impact STI and BBV inequality among First Peoples of Australia
In this document, James Ward discusses ongoing high rates of STIs among Aboriginal communities in Australia and potential strategies to address health inequalities. He notes STIs remain difficult to discuss and are particularly impacting remote areas. Recent initiatives discussed include the Young Deadly Free campaign promoting education and testing, national sentinel surveillance of testing coverage through ATLAS, and a national survey of Aboriginal youth knowledge and behaviors called GOANNA. Precision public health approaches using genomic and health services data are also proposed. Ward advocates for empowering Aboriginal leadership and centering community-based approaches to enable strength-based and culturally appropriate STI control.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) control in India under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It provides background on the evolution of TB control in India from the 1950s to the present day RNTCP program. It describes the objectives, components, and scientific basis of the DOTS strategy used by RNTCP to diagnose and treat TB cases. It also addresses drug-resistant TB, the link between TB and HIV, and recent updates to RNTCP guidelines.
This document provides an overview of leprosy in India, including its transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and the national program to eliminate leprosy. Some key points:
- Leprosy primarily affects the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes and can cause deformities. It is spread through droplets and untreated patients are the main reservoir. Multi-drug therapy can cure patients and interrupt transmission.
- India's National Leprosy Elimination Program aims to integrate services, provide MDT, conduct surveillance, increase awareness, and prevent disabilities. Through these strategies, the national prevalence rate has declined and most states have achieved elimination targets.
- However, some areas still have high rates and ongoing efforts include training
Burden of leprosy in India
Multi-drug therapy
MDT
WHO Diagnostic guidelines
Drug resistance
Stigma
Serological tests
Social stigma of leprosy
Dapsone resistance
Rifampicin resistance
Mycobacterium leprae
surveillance of AMR in leprosy
Adherence to MDT is important
Global leprosy strategy
1) Indigenous communities in Australia continue to experience high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and blood-borne viruses (BBVs) such as HIV, hepatitis C, and syphilis.
2) Several initiatives have been implemented to address this issue, including the Young Deadly Free campaign, but STIs and BBVs remain a significant problem.
3) New approaches combining health service data, pathogen genomics, and social determinants of health show promise in more precisely targeting interventions and eliminating diseases like hepatitis C.
This document provides information about yaws, a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue. It is transmitted through direct skin-to-skin contact. Yaws primarily affects children in tropical regions. Clinical manifestations range from non-destructive skin lesions to late stage lesions that can be disfiguring. Treatment with single dose antibiotics can cure infections. WHO aims to eradicate yaws globally by 2020 through mass treatment campaigns and surveillance programs. India eliminated indigenous yaws transmission in 2004.
1) India has a high burden of tuberculosis, accounting for nearly 1/4 of global TB cases. The social and economic costs of TB in India are also high, with estimated indirect costs of $3 billion and direct costs of $300 million annually.
2) The National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) was implemented in 1962 but had low treatment success rates of only 30%. The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) was launched in 1993 using the WHO-recommended DOTS strategy.
3) RNTCP has expanded coverage to the entire country and achieved targets of 70% case detection and 85% treatment success rates. It has contributed to reducing prevalence and mortality rates of TB in India
Sexual Health Stream - Waterfront Room (All presentations combined)NACCHOpresentations
Indigenising interventions to impact STI and BBV inequality among First Peoples of Australia
In this document, James Ward discusses ongoing high rates of STIs among Aboriginal communities in Australia and potential strategies to address health inequalities. He notes STIs remain difficult to discuss and are particularly impacting remote areas. Recent initiatives discussed include the Young Deadly Free campaign promoting education and testing, national sentinel surveillance of testing coverage through ATLAS, and a national survey of Aboriginal youth knowledge and behaviors called GOANNA. Precision public health approaches using genomic and health services data are also proposed. Ward advocates for empowering Aboriginal leadership and centering community-based approaches to enable strength-based and culturally appropriate STI control.
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) control in India under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP). It provides background on the evolution of TB control in India from the 1950s to the present day RNTCP program. It describes the objectives, components, and scientific basis of the DOTS strategy used by RNTCP to diagnose and treat TB cases. It also addresses drug-resistant TB, the link between TB and HIV, and recent updates to RNTCP guidelines.
HIV/AIDS prevalence in Sudan is estimated at 600,000 people, with the first case reported in 1986. The Sudan National AIDS Control Programme was established in 1987 to coordinate the national response. Key challenges include limited funding, poor surveillance, and low access to treatment, prevention, and HIV testing services due to stigma. Expansion of programs for mother-to-child transmission prevention, blood safety, and care for at-risk groups is needed to improve Sudan's national HIV/AIDS response.
The new guidelines for Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India introduce several changes from previous guidelines. Some key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen over intermittent dosing, new definitions for presumptive and drug-resistant TB cases, and classification of TB cases based on history of treatment and drug resistance. Treatment outcomes have also been redefined, and additional provisions for clinical and long-term follow-up of TB patients have been introduced.
The document summarizes India's National AIDS Control Programme Phase IV (NACP-IV). Key points include:
NACP-IV aims to accelerate reversal of the HIV epidemic by reducing new infections by 50% and providing comprehensive treatment and support. Its strategies include intensifying prevention, expanding access to care and treatment, capacity building, and strengthening strategic information management. The package of services includes targeted interventions, treatment, counseling and testing, condom promotion, and management of opportunistic infections. NACP-IV also aims to scale up prevention of parent-to-child transmission and target key vulnerable groups.
This document provides an overview of the approach to treating child malnutrition. It defines malnutrition and discusses protein energy malnutrition. It covers the epidemiology, indicators, classification, etiology, and clinical features of malnutrition. The document then describes the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) including its objectives, principles, structure, and the assessment and criteria for admission of acutely malnourished children. It outlines the inpatient and outpatient management of severe acute malnutrition and management of moderate acute malnutrition.
Rntcp brief note for ppm coordinators final draft 21 05 18Abhijit Dey
Here are the answers to the pre-test questions:
1. B - TB is not mainly sexually transmitted. It is an airborne infectious disease.
2. D - Convulsion and sudden numbness are not symptoms of TB. The most common symptoms are cough and fever lasting more than 2 weeks, weight loss.
3. D - BCG vaccination at birth does not provide total lifelong protection against TB. It provides some protection, especially against severe forms in childhood.
The purpose of this pre-test is to assess the participants' existing knowledge on basic concepts of tuberculosis prior to the training. The post-test at the end will help evaluate how much they have learned from the training.
Project ECHO (Extension for Community Health Outcomes)icornpresentations
Sanjeev Arora MD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine (Gastroenterology/Hepatology); Director of Project ECHO®
Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
The document discusses the evolution of tuberculosis (TB) control strategies in India over time. It begins with the epidemiology of TB and risk factors. The National Tuberculosis Programme was established in 1962 but had low treatment success rates. This led to the launch of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in 1997, applying the WHO DOTS strategy. RNTCP expanded coverage and introduced strategies like DOTS-Plus for multi-drug resistant TB. More recent strategies include the STOP TB strategy (2006), Universal Access to TB Care (2010), and the National Strategic Plan (2012-2017) with a goal of TB elimination.
HIV discrimination among health providers in Malaysia by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
Although doctors took oath that they will treat everyone the best they can and without judging anyone but discrimination still exist especially in HIV affected people. Due to this issue, Pertubuhan Advokasi Masyarakat Terpinggir Malaysia has taken a step to engage with doctors at government sector and desensitize them and find the line to stand together.
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and disease surveillance services. It discusses how HIV first emerged in the 1980s and has since spread globally. Disease surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to monitor disease spread and inform prevention and control efforts. The document then reviews studies on HIV prevalence in various countries and age groups. It also discusses theories relevant to disease surveillance and HIV control, including how education and awareness building can impact prevention efforts.
Lady health workers' perceptions towards tuberculosis and its determinants at...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Lady Health Workers (LHWs), performing in Tuberculosis control programs have direct access in the communities. This study was designed to improve the TB status in Sindh province by improving the knowledge and practices of LHWs. Objective: To assess the TB related knowledge, attitude and practices among LHWs at tehsil Latifabad, district Hyderabad, Sindh. Method: A mixed method Cross-sectional study was done on universally selected 384 LHWs from Latifabad. Three focus group discussions were conducted with eight participants for each group. A pre-tested structured questionnaire and eld guidelines were used for data collection. Analysis was done on SPSS software by calculating frequencies, percentages, mean and median. While for inferential analysis chi square, t-test and Mann Whitney U tests were used. For FGDs, content analysis method was used. Results: Sufcient knowledge was found in about half 193(50.3%) of the participants. The overall attitude and practices of most of the LHWs 214(55.7%) and 205 (53.4%) respectively was not good. A signicant difference was found between LHWs knowledge score of those who had insufcient (28.08 ± 3.0) and sufcient knowledge (28.08 ± 3.1) with p-value <0.001. Also good attitude (47.74±2.8) and practices (51.45±3.8) of LHWs differed signicantly from those who did not have good attitude (36.09±4.8), and practices (40.44±3.3) with p-value <0.001. The insufcient knowledge was associated with unsafe practices. Tuberculosis related stigma was found in the community, people do not want to disclose their disease. Conclusion: Overall knowledge, attitude and practices about TB were not satisfactory among LHWs of Latifabad. An educational intervention is recommended for LHWs. Key words: Community health workers, infectious disease, knowledge, attitude, practices, developing country
current hiv situation in india and national aids control programme an overviewikramdr01
The document provides information about an orientation programme for doctors on the National AIDS Control Programme (NACO) in India. It will take place on December 26-27, 2013 at the Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital in Thiruvarur, India. The programme will provide an overview of the current HIV situation in India, NACO's objectives and approaches, national guidelines for detecting HIV, and NACO's comprehensive HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) services.
This document provides a history of tuberculosis (TB) and efforts to control it. It discusses how TB was a major cause of death in Europe and America until antibiotics were developed in the mid-20th century. Major developments in treating and preventing TB are outlined, including the BCG vaccine and various antibiotic treatments. The document also summarizes global strategies to end TB, barriers to achieving targets, and the need for new tools and political/financial commitment to eliminate TB by 2030.
This document summarizes key points from a training session on providing HCV testing and treatment to people who inject drugs (PWID). It notes that 10-26% of PWID globally have HCV antibodies. Treatment uptake for PWID is only 2-4% in high-income countries and nearly 0% in low-and middle-income countries, despite effective models of care existing. The document then reviews data on HCV prevalence among PWID populations in various countries, fibrosis levels among PWID living with HCV in Georgia and Vietnam, and low global coverage of harm reduction services for PWID. It presents a case study from Georgia demonstrating integrated HCV screening and treatment within a harm reduction program can achieve high treatment uptake, adherence and SVR rates
This study analyzed data on over 28,000 individuals who presented at Irish hospital emergency departments between 2007-2014 for self-harm. The study identified risk factors for repeated self-harm, focusing on frequency and time between presentations. Key findings included:
- 15-19 year old females and 20-24 year old males were at highest risk for repetition.
- Time between first presentations was an indicator of future repetition, with more time generally separating low frequency repeaters' episodes compared to high frequency repeaters.
- Self-cutting, both alone and combined with overdose, carried the highest repetition risk. Younger adults admitted to general wards had lower repetition risk.
- 19.2% of
4.8.4 AWHN Conference 6 2010 Theatrette Wool Store:Reproductive Health at Risk:
Challenges Associated with
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
in remote Central Australia
The document provides guidelines for anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in India. It acknowledges contributions from various experts and organizations that helped develop the updated guidelines. The guidelines present recent expansions in ART service delivery and principles for technical provisions. It aims to help healthcare professionals deliver quality ART services in alignment with India's national AIDS program.
This presentation summarizes research on cryptococcal antigen screening and treatment in resource-limited settings. It finds that screening individuals with CD4 counts <100 cells/uL and <200 cells/uL can reduce mortality, and point-of-care tests now enable screening in primary care clinics. Studies of simplified treatment regimens show promise, such as using high-dose liposomal amphotericin B for only 1-2 weeks. Field work in Mozambique demonstrated a 7.3% prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia through screening at two clinics, and identified opportunities to improve care through expanded screening and ambulatory treatment models.
Knowledge and Perception on Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among Health Prof...MatiaAhmed
The rapid rise of Noncommunicable diseases represents one of the major
health challenges to global development in the 21st century. Among the 20 Grand
Challenges in Chronic NCDs the priority focuses of area is to explore the level of knowledge
and perception among health professionals and its determinants
It is a chronic infectious disease caused by M. leprae, which mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. It has left a legacy of social stigma. Global statistics from 2001 show South East Asia has the highest prevalence, with India reporting the most cases. The goal of leprosy programs is elimination by reducing prevalence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2000, which can be achieved by making multi-drug therapy accessible and treating all cases to interrupt transmission. Diagnosis is based on skin lesions and sensory loss. Multi-drug therapy is highly effective and cures leprosy by treating for a fixed duration.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
Date of creation- Feb 2019
Authors - Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Junior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar; Dr. Durgesh Prasad Sahoo, Senior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
This document summarizes information on tuberculosis (TB), the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), and strategies for controlling TB in the Philippines. It states that TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through infectious droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing. The NTP achieved global targets for TB case detection and treatment success rates. However, emerging issues like drug resistance and co-morbidities need to be addressed to prevent further transmission. The program aims to reduce variations in performance, scale up coverage of DOTS implementation, and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for quality TB services.
HIV/AIDS prevalence in Sudan is estimated at 600,000 people, with the first case reported in 1986. The Sudan National AIDS Control Programme was established in 1987 to coordinate the national response. Key challenges include limited funding, poor surveillance, and low access to treatment, prevention, and HIV testing services due to stigma. Expansion of programs for mother-to-child transmission prevention, blood safety, and care for at-risk groups is needed to improve Sudan's national HIV/AIDS response.
The new guidelines for Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India introduce several changes from previous guidelines. Some key changes include shifting to a daily drug regimen over intermittent dosing, new definitions for presumptive and drug-resistant TB cases, and classification of TB cases based on history of treatment and drug resistance. Treatment outcomes have also been redefined, and additional provisions for clinical and long-term follow-up of TB patients have been introduced.
The document summarizes India's National AIDS Control Programme Phase IV (NACP-IV). Key points include:
NACP-IV aims to accelerate reversal of the HIV epidemic by reducing new infections by 50% and providing comprehensive treatment and support. Its strategies include intensifying prevention, expanding access to care and treatment, capacity building, and strengthening strategic information management. The package of services includes targeted interventions, treatment, counseling and testing, condom promotion, and management of opportunistic infections. NACP-IV also aims to scale up prevention of parent-to-child transmission and target key vulnerable groups.
This document provides an overview of the approach to treating child malnutrition. It defines malnutrition and discusses protein energy malnutrition. It covers the epidemiology, indicators, classification, etiology, and clinical features of malnutrition. The document then describes the Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) including its objectives, principles, structure, and the assessment and criteria for admission of acutely malnourished children. It outlines the inpatient and outpatient management of severe acute malnutrition and management of moderate acute malnutrition.
Rntcp brief note for ppm coordinators final draft 21 05 18Abhijit Dey
Here are the answers to the pre-test questions:
1. B - TB is not mainly sexually transmitted. It is an airborne infectious disease.
2. D - Convulsion and sudden numbness are not symptoms of TB. The most common symptoms are cough and fever lasting more than 2 weeks, weight loss.
3. D - BCG vaccination at birth does not provide total lifelong protection against TB. It provides some protection, especially against severe forms in childhood.
The purpose of this pre-test is to assess the participants' existing knowledge on basic concepts of tuberculosis prior to the training. The post-test at the end will help evaluate how much they have learned from the training.
Project ECHO (Extension for Community Health Outcomes)icornpresentations
Sanjeev Arora MD, Distinguished Professor of Medicine (Gastroenterology/Hepatology); Director of Project ECHO®
Department of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
The document discusses the evolution of tuberculosis (TB) control strategies in India over time. It begins with the epidemiology of TB and risk factors. The National Tuberculosis Programme was established in 1962 but had low treatment success rates. This led to the launch of the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in 1997, applying the WHO DOTS strategy. RNTCP expanded coverage and introduced strategies like DOTS-Plus for multi-drug resistant TB. More recent strategies include the STOP TB strategy (2006), Universal Access to TB Care (2010), and the National Strategic Plan (2012-2017) with a goal of TB elimination.
HIV discrimination among health providers in Malaysia by Dr RubzDr. Rubz
Although doctors took oath that they will treat everyone the best they can and without judging anyone but discrimination still exist especially in HIV affected people. Due to this issue, Pertubuhan Advokasi Masyarakat Terpinggir Malaysia has taken a step to engage with doctors at government sector and desensitize them and find the line to stand together.
This document provides background information on HIV/AIDS and disease surveillance services. It discusses how HIV first emerged in the 1980s and has since spread globally. Disease surveillance involves the ongoing systematic collection and analysis of data to monitor disease spread and inform prevention and control efforts. The document then reviews studies on HIV prevalence in various countries and age groups. It also discusses theories relevant to disease surveillance and HIV control, including how education and awareness building can impact prevention efforts.
Lady health workers' perceptions towards tuberculosis and its determinants at...Zubia Qureshi
Background: Lady Health Workers (LHWs), performing in Tuberculosis control programs have direct access in the communities. This study was designed to improve the TB status in Sindh province by improving the knowledge and practices of LHWs. Objective: To assess the TB related knowledge, attitude and practices among LHWs at tehsil Latifabad, district Hyderabad, Sindh. Method: A mixed method Cross-sectional study was done on universally selected 384 LHWs from Latifabad. Three focus group discussions were conducted with eight participants for each group. A pre-tested structured questionnaire and eld guidelines were used for data collection. Analysis was done on SPSS software by calculating frequencies, percentages, mean and median. While for inferential analysis chi square, t-test and Mann Whitney U tests were used. For FGDs, content analysis method was used. Results: Sufcient knowledge was found in about half 193(50.3%) of the participants. The overall attitude and practices of most of the LHWs 214(55.7%) and 205 (53.4%) respectively was not good. A signicant difference was found between LHWs knowledge score of those who had insufcient (28.08 ± 3.0) and sufcient knowledge (28.08 ± 3.1) with p-value <0.001. Also good attitude (47.74±2.8) and practices (51.45±3.8) of LHWs differed signicantly from those who did not have good attitude (36.09±4.8), and practices (40.44±3.3) with p-value <0.001. The insufcient knowledge was associated with unsafe practices. Tuberculosis related stigma was found in the community, people do not want to disclose their disease. Conclusion: Overall knowledge, attitude and practices about TB were not satisfactory among LHWs of Latifabad. An educational intervention is recommended for LHWs. Key words: Community health workers, infectious disease, knowledge, attitude, practices, developing country
current hiv situation in india and national aids control programme an overviewikramdr01
The document provides information about an orientation programme for doctors on the National AIDS Control Programme (NACO) in India. It will take place on December 26-27, 2013 at the Government Thiruvarur Medical College and Hospital in Thiruvarur, India. The programme will provide an overview of the current HIV situation in India, NACO's objectives and approaches, national guidelines for detecting HIV, and NACO's comprehensive HIV care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) services.
This document provides a history of tuberculosis (TB) and efforts to control it. It discusses how TB was a major cause of death in Europe and America until antibiotics were developed in the mid-20th century. Major developments in treating and preventing TB are outlined, including the BCG vaccine and various antibiotic treatments. The document also summarizes global strategies to end TB, barriers to achieving targets, and the need for new tools and political/financial commitment to eliminate TB by 2030.
This document summarizes key points from a training session on providing HCV testing and treatment to people who inject drugs (PWID). It notes that 10-26% of PWID globally have HCV antibodies. Treatment uptake for PWID is only 2-4% in high-income countries and nearly 0% in low-and middle-income countries, despite effective models of care existing. The document then reviews data on HCV prevalence among PWID populations in various countries, fibrosis levels among PWID living with HCV in Georgia and Vietnam, and low global coverage of harm reduction services for PWID. It presents a case study from Georgia demonstrating integrated HCV screening and treatment within a harm reduction program can achieve high treatment uptake, adherence and SVR rates
This study analyzed data on over 28,000 individuals who presented at Irish hospital emergency departments between 2007-2014 for self-harm. The study identified risk factors for repeated self-harm, focusing on frequency and time between presentations. Key findings included:
- 15-19 year old females and 20-24 year old males were at highest risk for repetition.
- Time between first presentations was an indicator of future repetition, with more time generally separating low frequency repeaters' episodes compared to high frequency repeaters.
- Self-cutting, both alone and combined with overdose, carried the highest repetition risk. Younger adults admitted to general wards had lower repetition risk.
- 19.2% of
4.8.4 AWHN Conference 6 2010 Theatrette Wool Store:Reproductive Health at Risk:
Challenges Associated with
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
in remote Central Australia
The document provides guidelines for anti-retroviral treatment (ART) in India. It acknowledges contributions from various experts and organizations that helped develop the updated guidelines. The guidelines present recent expansions in ART service delivery and principles for technical provisions. It aims to help healthcare professionals deliver quality ART services in alignment with India's national AIDS program.
This presentation summarizes research on cryptococcal antigen screening and treatment in resource-limited settings. It finds that screening individuals with CD4 counts <100 cells/uL and <200 cells/uL can reduce mortality, and point-of-care tests now enable screening in primary care clinics. Studies of simplified treatment regimens show promise, such as using high-dose liposomal amphotericin B for only 1-2 weeks. Field work in Mozambique demonstrated a 7.3% prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia through screening at two clinics, and identified opportunities to improve care through expanded screening and ambulatory treatment models.
Knowledge and Perception on Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) among Health Prof...MatiaAhmed
The rapid rise of Noncommunicable diseases represents one of the major
health challenges to global development in the 21st century. Among the 20 Grand
Challenges in Chronic NCDs the priority focuses of area is to explore the level of knowledge
and perception among health professionals and its determinants
It is a chronic infectious disease caused by M. leprae, which mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves, and mucosa. It has left a legacy of social stigma. Global statistics from 2001 show South East Asia has the highest prevalence, with India reporting the most cases. The goal of leprosy programs is elimination by reducing prevalence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2000, which can be achieved by making multi-drug therapy accessible and treating all cases to interrupt transmission. Diagnosis is based on skin lesions and sensory loss. Multi-drug therapy is highly effective and cures leprosy by treating for a fixed duration.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
Date of creation- Feb 2019
Authors - Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Junior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar; Dr. Durgesh Prasad Sahoo, Senior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
This document summarizes information on tuberculosis (TB), the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP), and strategies for controlling TB in the Philippines. It states that TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through infectious droplets from coughing, sneezing, talking, or singing. The NTP achieved global targets for TB case detection and treatment success rates. However, emerging issues like drug resistance and co-morbidities need to be addressed to prevent further transmission. The program aims to reduce variations in performance, scale up coverage of DOTS implementation, and reduce out-of-pocket expenses for quality TB services.
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme. It discusses that leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria and mainly affects the skin and peripheral nerves. The key milestones of the programme included introducing multi-drug therapy in 1982 and achieving elimination at the national level in 2005. The current strategies include integrating leprosy services into general healthcare, promoting early detection and complete treatment, involving ASHA workers, and reducing stigma through information campaigns. The goal is to continue driving down prevalence rates toward total eradication of the disease in India.
The National Leprosy Eradication Program in India has achieved major milestones since its inception in 1955. Through strategies like introducing multi-drug therapy in 1983 and nationwide campaigns, prevalence rates have declined from over 20 per 10,000 people in the early 1990s to less than 1 per 10,000 in 2005, allowing India to achieve the goal of eliminating leprosy at the national level. Ongoing challenges include preventing disability through early detection, reducing stigma, ensuring treatment adherence, and sustaining control efforts. International support from organizations like WHO and NGOs continues to aid India's leprosy elimination efforts through technical guidance and resource provision.
Revised National Tuberculosis Control ProgramAmol Kinge
- The document summarizes recent advances in India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP).
- It provides details on tuberculosis epidemiology, classification, diagnosis, treatment regimens, and achievements of the RNTCP over time such as establishing infrastructure across India and treating millions of patients.
- Going forward, it discusses expanding daily treatment regimens to more districts, increasing private sector engagement, strengthening surveillance, and controlling TB in urban and special populations to work towards ending TB in India by 2030.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India has the following key objectives:
1) To achieve and maintain at least 85% cure rate amongst new smear positive tuberculosis cases and 70% case detection rate.
2) To provide universal access to tuberculosis treatment through the DOTS (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course) strategy where a treatment observer watches patients take their medication.
3) To introduce programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis through standardized regimens using second-line drugs under the DOTS strategy.
This document summarizes several communicable diseases and control programs in the Philippines. It discusses tuberculosis (TB), focusing on the National TB Program's DOTS strategy achieving global targets. Emerging issues like drug resistance need addressing. The National Leprosy Control Program aims to ensure MDT drug availability and prevent disabilities. Schistosomiasis and its life cycle transmission via snails in contaminated water is outlined. Filariasis caused by worm transmission through mosquitoes can cause swelling and disability. The National Filariasis Elimination Program aims to eliminate it by 2017. Malaria transmitted by mosquitoes and its various causative agents are also summarized.
National Leprosy Eradication Program(NLEP)-1.pptxLavanya122320
The National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) was launched in 1983 with the goals of reducing prevalence of leprosy to less than 1 per 10,000 people and interrupting disease transmission. Key strategies include early detection of new cases, complete treatment with multidrug therapy, reducing disabilities, and increasing awareness. Leprosy classification systems have evolved over time to better understand the disease spectrum and determine appropriate treatment. The Ridley-Jopling system from 1966 is now most commonly used, categorizing leprosy on a spectrum from tuberculoid to lepromatous pole.
Here are some possible responses to the questions:
1. The higher incidence and prevalence of leprosy in males compared to females could be due to various socio-cultural factors. Males may have greater exposure and mobility which increases their risk of contracting the disease. There could also be under-reporting of cases in females due to lack of access to healthcare and social stigma.
2. To reduce stigma and discrimination against leprosy affected persons and their families, sustained awareness programs targeting the general public as well as affected communities are needed. Educating people about the modes of transmission and that leprosy is curable can help reduce misconceptions. Involving affected persons in advocacy can also help normalize the condition and empower those
The document summarizes leprosy, a contagious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria that affects the skin and nerves. It describes the classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, multidrug treatment recommendations from the WHO, and strategies of India's National Leprosy Elimination Programme to detect and manage leprosy cases through education, short-term multidrug therapy, and rehabilitation.
Leishmaniasis is caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania transmitted by sand flies. It manifests as visceral leishmaniasis (Kala azar), cutaneous leishmaniasis, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, and post-kala azar dermal leishmaniasis. India has a high burden, with over 130 million people at risk of Kala azar. Control measures include treatment of cases, vector control through indoor spraying, and health education. Dengue is caused by dengue viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. It affects urban and peri-urban areas in tropical regions, with cases increasing dramatically globally in recent decades. India
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The document discusses leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium leprae bacteria. It primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves. Key points include:
- India detected over 120,000 new leprosy cases in 2018 with a prevalence rate of 0.66 per 10,000 people.
- The National Leprosy Eradication Programme was launched in 1955 and aims to integrate leprosy services into the general healthcare system through early detection, multi-drug therapy treatment, and prevention of disabilities.
- Major initiatives include intensified case detection, ensuring treatment completion, increasing awareness through media campaigns, and strengthening disability prevention and rehabilitation services.
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2. LEPROSY
It is a chronic infectious disease caused by
M.leprae, an acid fast, rod shaped bacillus. It
mainly affects the skin, peripheral nerves,
and mucosa of the respiratory tract etc., It
has left behind a terrifying image in history
and human memory of mutilation, rejection
and exclusion from society.
4.
Leprosy Situation in South East Asia 2001
Thailand 2251 797 0.4 1.3
Country Point Prevalence Cases detected during the
year 2001
Prevalence per 10000 Detection per 100000
Bangladesh 8537 10740 0.6 8.2
Bhutan 40 19 0.2 0.9
India 439782 617993 4.3 60.1
Indonesia 17259 13286 0.8 6.2
Myanmar 8237 9684 1.8 21.0
Nepal 10657 13830 4.4 56.5
Sri Lanka 1570 2309 0.8 12.1
Total 488333 668658 3.2 43.7
5.
Global Leprosy Situation in 2001*
Region Point Prevalence Cases detected
during the year 2001
Africa 45170 39612
Americas 83101 42830
East Mediterranean 7007 4758
South East Asia 488333 668658
Western Pacific 7735 4786
Europe 38 53
World 635404 763317
* As reported by 106 countries.
7. GOAL AND OBJECTIVE OF LEPROSY
ERADICATION PROGRAMME
• Goal: elimination of leprosy i.e.to reduce
the prevalence rate to less than I per
10000 population by the year 2000 AD.
• Objective: To arrest disease activity in all
the known cases of leprosy by the year
2000AD
• Strategy: The elimination strategy
9. ERADICATION OF LEPROSY
• It is defined as interruption of
transmission of leprosy to attain a
stage of zero level
10. ELIMINATION OF LEPROSY
• The elimination of leprosy as a public health
means reducing the prevalence of leprosy to
below on case per 10000 population.
• Elimination of leprosy will be achieved by:
• Making MDT accessible to all communities and
areas.
• Treating all registered cases with MDT
• Diagnosing and promptly treating all new cases
• Improving quality of patient care, including
disability prevention and management
• Ensuring reqularity and completion of treatment
• Enlisting community support for the programme
11. INCIDENCE OF LEPROSY
Incidence is the number of new
cases (only the new cases) of a
particular disease that occur in a
defined population over a defined
period of time. The time period
used is conventionally one year.
13. Point prevalence
• The number of persons with a
disease at a specified point in
time in a defined Population
14. Period prevalence
• The number of persons with a
disease in a defined
population within a specified
period of time
15. SUSPECT CASE OF LEPROSY
• One or more suggestive skin patches with
normal sensation
• Extensive loss of sensation in the hands or
feet with no other evidence of leprosy
• One or more grossly enlarged peripheral
nerve trunks with no sensory loss or skin
lesion
• Painful nerves with no other evidence of
leprosy
• Painless ulcers on hands and/or feet with no
other evidence of leprosy
• Nodules on the skin with no other evidence
16. WHO IS LIKELY TO REPORT TO THE HEALTH
CENTRE
• Leprosy cases who were never treated before
• Leprosy cases who had treatment with
dapsone in the past
• Leprosy cases who had treatment with MDT
in the past
• Suspect cases
• With other skin lesions
• Other conditions causing nerve damage
• Contacts of leprosy patients for check up
• Normal individual for information
17. How to examine for leprosy?
Examine in a well-lit room
Examine the whole body
Ask since when the patch was noticed
Ask what treatments have been tried
Test for sensation
Look for any visible deformities
18. How to diagnose leprosy
Examine skin
Check for patches
Test for sensation
Count the number of patches
Look for damage to nerves
19. DIAGNOSIS OF LEPROSY
• Hypopigmented or reddish skin lesion(s)
with definite loss of sensation
• Damage to the peripheral nerves, as
demonstated by loss of sensation
• Weakness of the muscles of hands, feet or
face
• Positive skin smear
20. FLOW CHART FOR DIAGNOSIS
AND CLASSIFICATION
O N E S K I N L E S I O N
S L P B le p r o s y
2 - 5 S K I N L E S I O N
P B L E P R O S Y
M o r e t h a n 5 le s io n s
M B L E P R O S Y
S K I N L E S I O N A N D
S E N S O R Y L O S S - L E P R O S Y
21. Leprosy - one of the few diseases
which can be eliminated
Leprosy meets the demanding criteria
for elimination
practical and simple diagnostic tools: can
be diagnosed on clinical signs alone;
the availability of an effective intervention
to interrupt its transmission: multidrug
therapy
a single significant reservoir of infection:
humans.
22. Elimination strategy
• Providing domicillary MDT to all communities
and areas
• Breaking the chain of transmission by intensive
case detection and promptly treatment activities
• Improving quality of patient care, including
disability prevention and management
• Ensuring regularity and completion of treatment
• Encouraging and ensuring community
participation
• Providing rehabilitation to the needy patients
• Organising health education to patients , their
families and community.
23. ADVANTAGES OF MDT
• Highly effective in curing the disease
• Reduces the period of treatment
• Well accepted by patients
• Easy to apply in the field
• Prevents development of drug resistance
• Interrupts transmission of infection
• Reduces risk of relapse
• Prevents disabilities
• Improves community attitude
24. POINTS ON MDT TREATMENT
• Every leprosy patient should receive tratment with
more than one antileprosy drug
• Standard MDT is very safe and effective
• It is available free of charge for leprosy patients
• Standard MDT is for a fixed duration
• At the completion of a full course of MDT the patient is
cured
• Use clinical criteria to classify and decide the
treatment regimen
• If in doupt of classification, give MB treatment regimen
• Active follow-up after completion of treatment is not
necessary
• In case of relapse, re-treat with appropriate standard
MDT regimen
25. Treatment regimens
PB Adult
(6 blister packs) to be taken monthly within a maximum period of 9
months
Rifampicin 600 mg once a month
Dapsone 100 mg every day
MB Adult
(12 blister packs) to be taken monthly within a maximum period of 18
months
Rifampicin 600 mg once a month
Clofazimine 300 mg once a month
Clofazimine 50 mg and dapsone 100 mg every day
SLPB
Single dose ROM
Rifampicin 600 mgm
Ofloxacin 400 mgm
Minocyclin 100 mgm
27. When treatment is completed
Congratulate the patient
Thank family/friends for their support
Reassure that MDT completely cures leprosy
Any residual lesions will fade away slowly
Show them how to protect anaesthetic areas and/or
disabilities
Encourage to come back in case of any problem
Tell that they are welcome to bring other members
of family or friends for consultation
Remove the patient’s name from the treatment
register
28. ORGANISING MDT
SERVICES
• Updating register
• Screening patients
• Selecting MDT regimen
• Preparing treatment register
• Delivering MDT to patients
• Managing MDT supply
a) estimating MDT requirements
b) procuring
c) storage
d) Shelf life
e) Keeping records
29. ASSESSING PROGRESS WITH MDT
IMPLEMENTATION
• MDT COVERAGE
• Number of patients cured with MDT
• Defaulters
• MDT drug utilisation
• Regular and uninterrupted supply of drugs
is very important for MDT programme
30. PROVISION OF EFFICIENT HEALTH
SERVICES
• Diagnose leprosy and classify the disease clinically
• Recognise and manage the common complications
of the disease
• Identify and refer serious complications
• To ensure regular supply of MDT
• Maintain proper recording and reporting
• Organise convenient locations and timing of the
clinics
• Maintain cardial and friendly relations with all
patients and the local community
• Ensure commitment and motivation to eliminate
leprosy from the area
31. MONITORING INDICATORS
• Point Prevalence Rate – Indicator of magnitude of the
problem
• Monthly&Annual New Case detection rate –Indicator
of impact of the programme
• Proportion of children among new cases – Indicator
of early detection
• Proportion of new cases with deformity – Indicator of
effectiveness of programme implementation
• Proportion of MB among new cases – Indicator of late
detection
• Prevalence discharge ratio – Indicator of progress of
the programme related to cure
• Clinic attendance –Indicator of regularity of
treatment
32. Why integrate leprosy into the general
health services?
Integration means to provide “comprehensive”
essential services from one service point
to improve patients’ access to leprosy services and
thereby ensure timely treatment
to remove the “special” status of leprosy as a
complicated and terrible disease
to consolidate substantial gains made
to ensure that all future cases receive timely and
correct treatment
to ensure that leprosy is treated as a simple disease
33. Why coverage is important?
Good coverage means that:
health facilities are easily accessible to every
member of the community
health services are provided on a daily basis
health workers are able to diagnose, cure and
provide basic information about the disease
health facilities are distributed equally in all
areas
urban/rural, male/female, poor/rich, tribal/others, etc.
34. Advantages of Integrating
Leprosy Services
Transmission of infection interrupted early
Stigma reduced further
Development of deformities prevented
Patients treated early
Patients detected early
35. Why disabilities occur?
Disabilities such as loss of sensation and
deformities of hands/feet/eyes occur because:
Late diagnosis and late treatment with MDT
Advanced disease (MB leprosy)
Leprosy reactions which involve nerves
Lack of information on how to protect insensitive
parts
36. Disabilities can be prevented
The best way to prevent disabilities is:
early diagnosis and prompt treatment with MDT
Inform patients (specially MB) about common
signs/symptoms of reactions
Ask them to come to the centre
Start treatment for reaction Inform them how to
protect insensitive hands/ feet /eyes
Involve family members in helping patients
37. MORE FACTS ABOUT LEPROSY-1
• NATIONAL LEPROSY CONTROL PROGRAMME WAS STARTED
IN 1955
• NATIONAL LEPROSY ERADICATION PROGRAMME WAS
RENAMED IN 1983
• PREVALENCE OF LEPROSY IN INDIA WAS 57/10000 IN 1981
• AFTER MDT INTERVENTION, IT WAS REDUCED TO 5.07/10000 IN
MARCH,2000
• A TOTAL OF 8.84 MILLION PATIENTS CURED WITH MDT
• 19 STATES HAVE ACHIEVED ELIMINATION BY 2000
• 8 STATES ARE LIKELY TO ACHIEVE BY 2002
• 5 STATES BY 2005
• CURRENT STRATEGY IS (MLEC) COMPAIGN IN 30 STATES
• MLEC-1 WAS LAUNCHED IN 1997-1998
• MLEC-2 WAS CONDUCTED IN 1999-2000
• ABOUT 2,20,000 WERE DETECTED WHICH ARE NOW BEING
TREATED
• 3,76,000 PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL INCLUDING DOCTORS AND
3,78,000 VOLUNTEERS WERE TRAINED
• SAPEL PROGRAMME IN INACCESSIBLE AREAS
38. MORE FACTS ABOUT LEPROSY-2
• FOUR LEPROSY VACCINES ARE CURRENTLY IN
TRAIL
• 1)BCG –34.1% PROTECTION
• 2)BCG+KILLED M.LEPRAE – 64.0%
• 3)M.W – 25.7%
• 4)ICRC – 65.5%
• 70% LAI are concentrated in the states of
Bihar,UP,WB,Orissa,and MP.Bihar alone is having
32% recorded cases of LAI IN INDIA
• The prevalence of leprosy in PUNJAB,NAGALAND,and
HARYANA is 1 per 10000
• 7 CONTROLLED TRAILS AND 9 CASE –CONTROL
STUDIES EVALUATING THE ROLE OF BCG IN
PREVENTION OF LEPROSY WERE CARRIED OUT
AROUND THE WORLD