The document discusses the national contingency plan for combating oil spills from ships in Malaysia. It outlines the three tier approach to oil spill response, with Tier 1 focusing on local response capabilities, Tier 2 expanding to the regional level, and Tier 3 mobilizing international assistance. It also describes the components of the plan, including risk assessment, strategic policy, operational procedures, and information directories. Finally, it provides details on the formation and roles of each tier plan, summarizing their responders, equipment, and additional support.
This document discusses Malaysia's national contingency plan for combating oil spills from ships, including its tiered approach. The plan aims to determine roles and response strategies to oil spills. It has three tiers providing framework for oil response capabilities. Tier 1 handles small, local spills using local resources. Tier 2 responds to larger spills drawing on additional regional resources. Tier 3 manages major spills requiring national/international assistance. The document also outlines oil spill clean up operations using various chemical, physical, biological and mechanical methods and the impacts of oil spills on humans, environment and marine life.
The document discusses the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which establishes minimum standards for the safe operation and construction of merchant ships. It outlines the convention's 11 chapters which cover topics like ship construction, fire safety, life-saving appliances, safety of navigation, and the carriage of cargoes and dangerous goods. The convention requires compliance by flag states and aims to enhance maritime safety and security.
The MARPOL 73/78 Convention aims to eliminate pollution of the seas by oil, chemicals, and other harmful substances discharged from ships. It includes six annexes covering pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollution. Special areas with higher protection are defined within certain annexes. The document outlines regulations and requirements for ship equipment and record keeping to prevent pollution, particularly for oil tankers, including the use of slop tanks and oil discharge monitoring systems.
This document provides an overview of a training course on ship and port facility security based on the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code).
The training course covers: 1) the background and origins of the ISPS Code following terrorist attacks, 2) the key requirements and principles of the ISPS Code for ships and port facilities, and 3) the roles and responsibilities of different parties including contracting governments, administrations, companies, port facilities, ships, and recognized security organizations in implementing and overseeing compliance with the ISPS Code.
The document discusses various marine propulsion systems. It provides an overview of different propulsion types including diesel, wind, nuclear, gas turbine, fuel cell, biodiesel, solar, steam turbine, diesel-electric, water jet, and gas/tri fuel systems. For each system, it describes the basic principles and components, provides examples, and lists advantages and disadvantages. The document contains 10 figures illustrating different propulsion configurations.
ISPS: Security Awareness Training / Designated Security DutyCapt Moin Uddin
ISPS training slideshow is for the seafarers to refresh training of SAT / DSD and SSO. These slides are incorporate with lecture and cross question with the trainee. Can be used onboard ship during ISPS scheduled training.
The document discusses the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. It was created by the International Maritime Organization to detect security threats and enhance maritime security. The code establishes requirements for ships and port facilities to implement security plans, appoint security officers, and follow protocols to manage risks like piracy, terrorism, and smuggling. It requires facilities and ships to control access, monitor activities, and ensure secure communications through measures specified in their plans. The ISPS Code aims to set an international framework for maritime security.
ECDIS: New standards & old underwater rocksLearnmarine
Webinar on: IHO S-52 Presentation Library 4.0, ECDIS as an anti-grounding device, Safety Contour and Safety Depth setup, information layers, utilities.
This document discusses Malaysia's national contingency plan for combating oil spills from ships, including its tiered approach. The plan aims to determine roles and response strategies to oil spills. It has three tiers providing framework for oil response capabilities. Tier 1 handles small, local spills using local resources. Tier 2 responds to larger spills drawing on additional regional resources. Tier 3 manages major spills requiring national/international assistance. The document also outlines oil spill clean up operations using various chemical, physical, biological and mechanical methods and the impacts of oil spills on humans, environment and marine life.
The document discusses the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which establishes minimum standards for the safe operation and construction of merchant ships. It outlines the convention's 11 chapters which cover topics like ship construction, fire safety, life-saving appliances, safety of navigation, and the carriage of cargoes and dangerous goods. The convention requires compliance by flag states and aims to enhance maritime safety and security.
The MARPOL 73/78 Convention aims to eliminate pollution of the seas by oil, chemicals, and other harmful substances discharged from ships. It includes six annexes covering pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollution. Special areas with higher protection are defined within certain annexes. The document outlines regulations and requirements for ship equipment and record keeping to prevent pollution, particularly for oil tankers, including the use of slop tanks and oil discharge monitoring systems.
This document provides an overview of a training course on ship and port facility security based on the International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (ISPS Code).
The training course covers: 1) the background and origins of the ISPS Code following terrorist attacks, 2) the key requirements and principles of the ISPS Code for ships and port facilities, and 3) the roles and responsibilities of different parties including contracting governments, administrations, companies, port facilities, ships, and recognized security organizations in implementing and overseeing compliance with the ISPS Code.
The document discusses various marine propulsion systems. It provides an overview of different propulsion types including diesel, wind, nuclear, gas turbine, fuel cell, biodiesel, solar, steam turbine, diesel-electric, water jet, and gas/tri fuel systems. For each system, it describes the basic principles and components, provides examples, and lists advantages and disadvantages. The document contains 10 figures illustrating different propulsion configurations.
ISPS: Security Awareness Training / Designated Security DutyCapt Moin Uddin
ISPS training slideshow is for the seafarers to refresh training of SAT / DSD and SSO. These slides are incorporate with lecture and cross question with the trainee. Can be used onboard ship during ISPS scheduled training.
The document discusses the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code. It was created by the International Maritime Organization to detect security threats and enhance maritime security. The code establishes requirements for ships and port facilities to implement security plans, appoint security officers, and follow protocols to manage risks like piracy, terrorism, and smuggling. It requires facilities and ships to control access, monitor activities, and ensure secure communications through measures specified in their plans. The ISPS Code aims to set an international framework for maritime security.
ECDIS: New standards & old underwater rocksLearnmarine
Webinar on: IHO S-52 Presentation Library 4.0, ECDIS as an anti-grounding device, Safety Contour and Safety Depth setup, information layers, utilities.
The document discusses regulations regarding the treatment and discharge of sewage from ships as outlined in MARPOL Annex IV. It provides details on definitions of sewage, typical sewage generation amounts, treatment methods including mechanical, chemical and biological, and standards for effluent quality and discharge distances. Requirements include having an approved sewage treatment plant and International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate when discharging in special areas like the Baltic Sea.
This document summarizes key aspects of MARPOL Annexes I-V, which regulate pollution from ships. Annex I covers oil pollution and impacts ship design requirements like double hulls and oil filtering equipment. Annex II covers noxious liquid substances carried in bulk. Annex III covers harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form. Annex IV regulates sewage pollution and requires ships to have sewage treatment plants or holding tanks. Annex V addresses garbage pollution from ships and prohibits most plastics from being discharged. The annexes establish pollution control zones, certification requirements, and penalties for non-compliance.
The ISPS Code is a comprehensive set of measures developed by the IMO to enhance maritime security. It was developed in response to terrorist attacks like 9/11 and the attack on the Limburg tanker. The ISPS Code has two parts - Part A which contains mandatory requirements for ships and port facilities, and Part B which contains guidance. Key elements of the ISPS Code include conducting vessel and facility security assessments to identify vulnerabilities, developing security plans, appointing security officers, controlling access to restricted areas, conducting drills and exercises, and setting security levels. Contracting governments are responsible for oversight of the ISPS Code and can authorize Recognized Security Organizations to assist with certain activities.
This document discusses ship energy efficiency and regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. It provides background on increasing carbon dioxide levels and the need to reduce emissions from the shipping industry. The document summarizes International Maritime Organization regulations including the Energy Efficiency Design Index, which sets mandatory energy efficiency standards for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan, which provides a mechanism for ships to improve their energy efficiency. It describes methods to calculate the EEDI and requirements for attaining the EEDI. Finally, it discusses technologies and operational measures that can help ships improve their energy efficiency and comply with regulations.
SOLAS:The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The convention requires signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with at least these standards.
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is an amendment to the SOLAS Convention that establishes minimum security standards and procedures for ships and port facilities to detect and deter threats. It prescribes responsibilities for governments, shipping companies, shipboard personnel, and port/facility personnel. The Code outlines a standardized framework for evaluating risk at facilities of varying types and sizes, and identifies key security measures including vessel and facility security plans, ship and facility security officers, access controls, and monitoring of people and cargo. It aims to enable information collection and sharing to ensure adequate security measures are in place internationally.
This document provides an overview of the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006. It outlines the agenda for a 3-day training on the MLC, including introductions to the legal background, structure, definitions, application, and liabilities of governments and shipowners under the convention. The training will also cover requirements for seafarers' conditions of employment, accommodation, welfare, rights, and the inspection and certification process required by the MLC.
This document discusses Recruitment and Placement Service Licenses (RPSL) in India and the regulations surrounding them.
Some key points:
- RPSL companies recruit and place seafarers on ships and must be licensed by the Directorate General of Shipping. They act as intermediaries between shipowners and seafarers.
- Licenses are granted under the Merchant Shipping (Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers) Rules 2016 and sections of the Merchant Shipping Act.
- The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) of 2006, which India has ratified, sets standards for recruitment and placement services that member countries must uphold.
- To apply for an RPSL
The document discusses regulations under MARPOL Annex I regarding prevention of pollution by oil from ships. It outlines requirements for ships to carry a Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) and Oil Record Book. Discharge of oil or oily mixtures is prohibited within special areas, except under certain conditions. The annex contains 11 chapters and 47 regulations governing oil pollution prevention.
Presentation on maneuvering and collision avoidance with special focus on large tonnage vessels.
Maneuverability limits and last moment maneuver are thoroughly shown in this material.
MARPOL Annex VI aims to reduce air pollution from ships. It regulates emissions of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and ozone depleting substances. The regulations establish emission control areas with more stringent standards for emissions of sulfur oxides and particulate matter. Ships must use low-sulfur fuel in these areas and meet emission limits for nitrogen oxides that become increasingly strict over time. Compliance is demonstrated through certification and testing of engines and fuels.
The document discusses key aspects of the 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), as amended. It outlines the history and amendment procedures of SOLAS. The main objective of SOLAS is to specify minimum standards for ship construction and safety equipment. The document then summarizes each of the 12 chapters of SOLAS, including requirements for ship construction, fire protection, life-saving appliances, navigation safety, dangerous cargo carriage, and security measures. It concludes by discussing the various safety certificates issued in accordance with SOLAS and the role of classification societies.
The document discusses the International Safety Management (ISM) Code. It provides that the ISM Code was adopted by the IMO to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships. The objectives of the ISM Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevent human injury and environmental damage. The ISM Code establishes requirements for shipping companies to develop and implement a safety management system to ensure safe ship operations and environmental protection. It discusses requirements for the company's safety policy, designated person(s), master's responsibilities, resources and personnel, emergency preparedness procedures, and certification.
This document discusses regulations from MARPOL Annex VI Chapter IV regarding greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency from ships. It provides details on the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) which sets mandatory reduction targets for carbon intensity from new ships. The EEDI must be calculated and verified according to IMO guidelines and reductions are implemented in phases, with more stringent targets starting in 2015 and becoming mandatory through 2025. Requirements include attaining the EEDI value and developing and implementing a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) was created in the mid-19th century to improve maritime safety through international cooperation. It was formally established in 1948 as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization and renamed the IMO in 1982. The IMO works to adopt international conventions on issues like safety, pollution prevention, liability, and training. It has over 170 member states and oversees committees on maritime safety, environmental protection, legal matters, technical cooperation, and facilitation.
Lifeboat is an integral part of marine safety. It is a primary device for the evacuation of passengers to a safer place. SHM Shipcare is the foremost Indian company providing maritime safety solutions.
With 25 years of experience in lifeboat servicing, we strive to enable freedom at sea.
We ensure this by rendering quality, serviceable survival systems for your vessel.
We provide both a solution and a service.
For more information visit www.shmgroup.com and call us at 18001020464
SOLAS is the most important international treaty concerning maritime safety. It establishes minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships. SOLAS has undergone revisions and amendments over time to keep up with technological and operational advances. Key provisions address subdivision and stability, fire safety, life-saving appliances, safe navigation, dangerous cargo carriage, and ship security. SOLAS requires certifications and has different technical requirements depending on ship type and cargo. Its goal is to specify uniform safety standards to ensure ships remain safe and secure at sea.
The ISPS Code is a comprehensive set of measures to enhance security of ships and port facilities, developed in response to threats after 9/11. It is an amendment to the SOLAS Convention and consists of mandatory security requirements and guidance. The ISPS Code applies to ships on international voyages over 500 GT as well as port facilities serving those ships. Its main objectives are to detect and respond to security threats by establishing roles and responsibilities and collecting/sharing security information according to three security levels: normal, heightened, and exceptional/imminent risk. Requirements for ships include Ship Security Plans, Ship Security Officers, and certain equipment. Requirements for ports include Port Facility Security Plans and Port Facility Security Officers.
Speaker: Dr Jinzhu Xia, Head Consultant, Marine, Granherne, Australia
Date: Tuesday, 6 March 2012
Hosted by: WA Oil & Gas Facilities Group a co-venture between Engineers Australia and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Coughlin - Thesis - Development of a Forecasting Model of Naval Aviator Rete...Matt Coughlin C.M.
This thesis develops a forecasting model to predict Naval aviator retention rates based on various internal and external factors. The author uses grouped retention rate data from 1977 to 1993 to estimate logit models for different aviation communities. The models find that civilian unemployment rates, voluntary separation programs, aviation continuation pay, and airline hiring rates significantly impact retention. The results can help the Navy predict retention and develop incentive policies to manage personnel levels during times of force changes.
Oil & Natural Gas Industry- Emissions challenges from CompressorsDr Dev Kambhampati
This document summarizes emissions and mitigation techniques for compressors in the oil and natural gas sector. It describes the types of compressors used (reciprocating and centrifugal) and discusses several studies that have estimated their emissions. The key mitigation techniques discussed involve replacing rod packings and installing gas recovery systems on reciprocating compressors, and using dry seals or wet seals with flares or gas recovery systems on centrifugal compressors. The effectiveness and costs of these techniques are assessed based on available data. The document is intended to help EPA evaluate options for reducing methane and VOC emissions from this source.
The document discusses regulations regarding the treatment and discharge of sewage from ships as outlined in MARPOL Annex IV. It provides details on definitions of sewage, typical sewage generation amounts, treatment methods including mechanical, chemical and biological, and standards for effluent quality and discharge distances. Requirements include having an approved sewage treatment plant and International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate when discharging in special areas like the Baltic Sea.
This document summarizes key aspects of MARPOL Annexes I-V, which regulate pollution from ships. Annex I covers oil pollution and impacts ship design requirements like double hulls and oil filtering equipment. Annex II covers noxious liquid substances carried in bulk. Annex III covers harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form. Annex IV regulates sewage pollution and requires ships to have sewage treatment plants or holding tanks. Annex V addresses garbage pollution from ships and prohibits most plastics from being discharged. The annexes establish pollution control zones, certification requirements, and penalties for non-compliance.
The ISPS Code is a comprehensive set of measures developed by the IMO to enhance maritime security. It was developed in response to terrorist attacks like 9/11 and the attack on the Limburg tanker. The ISPS Code has two parts - Part A which contains mandatory requirements for ships and port facilities, and Part B which contains guidance. Key elements of the ISPS Code include conducting vessel and facility security assessments to identify vulnerabilities, developing security plans, appointing security officers, controlling access to restricted areas, conducting drills and exercises, and setting security levels. Contracting governments are responsible for oversight of the ISPS Code and can authorize Recognized Security Organizations to assist with certain activities.
This document discusses ship energy efficiency and regulations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ships. It provides background on increasing carbon dioxide levels and the need to reduce emissions from the shipping industry. The document summarizes International Maritime Organization regulations including the Energy Efficiency Design Index, which sets mandatory energy efficiency standards for new ships, and the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan, which provides a mechanism for ships to improve their energy efficiency. It describes methods to calculate the EEDI and requirements for attaining the EEDI. Finally, it discusses technologies and operational measures that can help ships improve their energy efficiency and comply with regulations.
SOLAS:The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) is an international maritime treaty which sets minimum safety standards in the construction, equipment and operation of merchant ships. The convention requires signatory flag states to ensure that ships flagged by them comply with at least these standards.
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code is an amendment to the SOLAS Convention that establishes minimum security standards and procedures for ships and port facilities to detect and deter threats. It prescribes responsibilities for governments, shipping companies, shipboard personnel, and port/facility personnel. The Code outlines a standardized framework for evaluating risk at facilities of varying types and sizes, and identifies key security measures including vessel and facility security plans, ship and facility security officers, access controls, and monitoring of people and cargo. It aims to enable information collection and sharing to ensure adequate security measures are in place internationally.
This document provides an overview of the Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) 2006. It outlines the agenda for a 3-day training on the MLC, including introductions to the legal background, structure, definitions, application, and liabilities of governments and shipowners under the convention. The training will also cover requirements for seafarers' conditions of employment, accommodation, welfare, rights, and the inspection and certification process required by the MLC.
This document discusses Recruitment and Placement Service Licenses (RPSL) in India and the regulations surrounding them.
Some key points:
- RPSL companies recruit and place seafarers on ships and must be licensed by the Directorate General of Shipping. They act as intermediaries between shipowners and seafarers.
- Licenses are granted under the Merchant Shipping (Recruitment and Placement of Seafarers) Rules 2016 and sections of the Merchant Shipping Act.
- The Maritime Labour Convention (MLC) of 2006, which India has ratified, sets standards for recruitment and placement services that member countries must uphold.
- To apply for an RPSL
The document discusses regulations under MARPOL Annex I regarding prevention of pollution by oil from ships. It outlines requirements for ships to carry a Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) and Oil Record Book. Discharge of oil or oily mixtures is prohibited within special areas, except under certain conditions. The annex contains 11 chapters and 47 regulations governing oil pollution prevention.
Presentation on maneuvering and collision avoidance with special focus on large tonnage vessels.
Maneuverability limits and last moment maneuver are thoroughly shown in this material.
MARPOL Annex VI aims to reduce air pollution from ships. It regulates emissions of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and ozone depleting substances. The regulations establish emission control areas with more stringent standards for emissions of sulfur oxides and particulate matter. Ships must use low-sulfur fuel in these areas and meet emission limits for nitrogen oxides that become increasingly strict over time. Compliance is demonstrated through certification and testing of engines and fuels.
The document discusses key aspects of the 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), as amended. It outlines the history and amendment procedures of SOLAS. The main objective of SOLAS is to specify minimum standards for ship construction and safety equipment. The document then summarizes each of the 12 chapters of SOLAS, including requirements for ship construction, fire protection, life-saving appliances, navigation safety, dangerous cargo carriage, and security measures. It concludes by discussing the various safety certificates issued in accordance with SOLAS and the role of classification societies.
The document discusses the International Safety Management (ISM) Code. It provides that the ISM Code was adopted by the IMO to provide an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships. The objectives of the ISM Code are to ensure safety at sea, prevent human injury and environmental damage. The ISM Code establishes requirements for shipping companies to develop and implement a safety management system to ensure safe ship operations and environmental protection. It discusses requirements for the company's safety policy, designated person(s), master's responsibilities, resources and personnel, emergency preparedness procedures, and certification.
This document discusses regulations from MARPOL Annex VI Chapter IV regarding greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency from ships. It provides details on the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) which sets mandatory reduction targets for carbon intensity from new ships. The EEDI must be calculated and verified according to IMO guidelines and reductions are implemented in phases, with more stringent targets starting in 2015 and becoming mandatory through 2025. Requirements include attaining the EEDI value and developing and implementing a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) was created in the mid-19th century to improve maritime safety through international cooperation. It was formally established in 1948 as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization and renamed the IMO in 1982. The IMO works to adopt international conventions on issues like safety, pollution prevention, liability, and training. It has over 170 member states and oversees committees on maritime safety, environmental protection, legal matters, technical cooperation, and facilitation.
Lifeboat is an integral part of marine safety. It is a primary device for the evacuation of passengers to a safer place. SHM Shipcare is the foremost Indian company providing maritime safety solutions.
With 25 years of experience in lifeboat servicing, we strive to enable freedom at sea.
We ensure this by rendering quality, serviceable survival systems for your vessel.
We provide both a solution and a service.
For more information visit www.shmgroup.com and call us at 18001020464
SOLAS is the most important international treaty concerning maritime safety. It establishes minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships. SOLAS has undergone revisions and amendments over time to keep up with technological and operational advances. Key provisions address subdivision and stability, fire safety, life-saving appliances, safe navigation, dangerous cargo carriage, and ship security. SOLAS requires certifications and has different technical requirements depending on ship type and cargo. Its goal is to specify uniform safety standards to ensure ships remain safe and secure at sea.
The ISPS Code is a comprehensive set of measures to enhance security of ships and port facilities, developed in response to threats after 9/11. It is an amendment to the SOLAS Convention and consists of mandatory security requirements and guidance. The ISPS Code applies to ships on international voyages over 500 GT as well as port facilities serving those ships. Its main objectives are to detect and respond to security threats by establishing roles and responsibilities and collecting/sharing security information according to three security levels: normal, heightened, and exceptional/imminent risk. Requirements for ships include Ship Security Plans, Ship Security Officers, and certain equipment. Requirements for ports include Port Facility Security Plans and Port Facility Security Officers.
Speaker: Dr Jinzhu Xia, Head Consultant, Marine, Granherne, Australia
Date: Tuesday, 6 March 2012
Hosted by: WA Oil & Gas Facilities Group a co-venture between Engineers Australia and the Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)
Coughlin - Thesis - Development of a Forecasting Model of Naval Aviator Rete...Matt Coughlin C.M.
This thesis develops a forecasting model to predict Naval aviator retention rates based on various internal and external factors. The author uses grouped retention rate data from 1977 to 1993 to estimate logit models for different aviation communities. The models find that civilian unemployment rates, voluntary separation programs, aviation continuation pay, and airline hiring rates significantly impact retention. The results can help the Navy predict retention and develop incentive policies to manage personnel levels during times of force changes.
Oil & Natural Gas Industry- Emissions challenges from CompressorsDr Dev Kambhampati
This document summarizes emissions and mitigation techniques for compressors in the oil and natural gas sector. It describes the types of compressors used (reciprocating and centrifugal) and discusses several studies that have estimated their emissions. The key mitigation techniques discussed involve replacing rod packings and installing gas recovery systems on reciprocating compressors, and using dry seals or wet seals with flares or gas recovery systems on centrifugal compressors. The effectiveness and costs of these techniques are assessed based on available data. The document is intended to help EPA evaluate options for reducing methane and VOC emissions from this source.
Eop support annex d appendix 4 fuel and pol rev0210 Chatham EMA
This document outlines Chatham County's emergency fuel management plan. It describes procedures for ensuring an adequate fuel supply to support emergency response operations during local incidents or catastrophic events. The plan covers fuel supply, direction and coordination, determining need, requesting and procuring fuel, distribution, accountability, recovery, communications, and responsibilities of key personnel. It also includes several appendices with supporting information like fuel contracts, checklists, consumption rates, and storage/distribution details.
The document provides an overview of emissions data and estimates for leaks in the oil and natural gas sector. It describes several studies that have estimated emissions using different methodologies, including equipment counts and emission factors, measurement of leaks, and analysis of specific facilities. The EPA protocol from 1995 provides standard procedures for estimating emissions and developed emission factors based on data from gas plants and oil and gas production facilities. The document discusses various other reports that provide emissions estimates for components of the sector at national, regional, and facility levels or that involve measurement studies.
This document contains a Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) as required by MARPOL 73/78 regulations. The plan provides guidance to the ship's crew on reporting procedures and actions to take in the event of an oil pollution incident or potential incident. It details when and how to report incidents, including what information is required in initial and follow up reports. The plan also outlines steps to control an oil discharge, including priority actions, mitigating activities, and coordinating external response as needed.
The document provides guidelines for emergency response and rescue vessels (ERRVs) operating in the UK offshore oil and gas sector. It outlines the roles and responsibilities of ERRVs, as well as procedures for routine operations like close standby, emergency response, and environmental emergencies. Key points covered include requirements for crew certification, training and watchkeeping standards, communications protocols, validation of rescue equipment, and coordination with offshore installations and helicopters during emergencies.
Offshore response systems to combat oil pollutionSafar Md. Khan
1) The document discusses offshore response systems to combat oil pollution, specifically focusing on bioremediation technology.
2) It provides an overview of various offshore response options for oil spills, including surveillance and tracking, mechanical containment and recovery, chemical dispersion, in-situ burning, and bioremediation.
3) Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down pollutants like oil, and is described as an effective, eco-friendly technique for combating oil pollution.
Offshore Response Systems In Reference Of Bioremediation Tech During Oil Spil...Safar Md. Khan
1. The document discusses various offshore response systems and technologies for oil spill cleanup, including surveillance, mechanical containment and recovery, chemical dispersion, in-situ burning, and bioremediation.
2. Bioremediation uses microorganisms like bacteria and fungi to break down oil pollutants and is an environmentally friendly approach. Products like Ramsorb contain oil-eating bacteria to clean oil spills.
3. Effective oil spill response requires prevention strategies like leak detection and emergency shutdown systems, as well as response equipment and technologies to contain, recover, and treat oil using methods appropriate to the type and location of the spill.
The document provides guidance on safety procedures for hot work. It states that the master must decide whether hot work can be carried out and that a safety meeting should be held before hot work outside the engine room. It also lists various safety precautions that should be followed when conducting hot work, such as cleaning compartments, removing flammable materials, isolating pipelines, and using a permit system.
Painting new construction and maintenanceArpit Agrawal
This document provides guidance on painting and corrosion protection for US Army Corps of Engineers structures. It discusses corrosion theory, coating material specifications and testing, types of coating systems, coating selection criteria based on the service environment, maintenance painting procedures, surface preparation, coating application, inspection, safety, and environmental regulations. The manual aims to provide broad instruction on corrosion protection using coatings and state-of-the-art application procedures to help attain more economical and durable paint jobs for Corps projects. It applies to all Corps elements responsible for civil works design and construction.
This document discusses the potential for unmanned vessels in the future. It begins with an introduction to automation and its increasing applications in transportation, including current uses in ships like autopilot systems. The document then reviews literature on various automation research programs and technologies. The main body analyzes the potential for unmanned ships through slow steaming operations and collision avoidance systems. It also discusses obstacles for unmanned navigation like human factors and legal issues. The conclusion is that while unmanned ships face challenges, automation technologies could help improve safety and reduce costs and emissions if developed further.
This document provides guidance for land appliers on the requirements of the Federal Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge (40 CFR Part 503). It summarizes the key requirements land appliers must comply with, including general requirements, pollutant limits, pathogen and vector attraction reduction standards, management practices, monitoring, recordkeeping and reporting. It also provides examples of different sewage sludge scenarios and the responsibilities of land appliers in each case. The guidance is intended to help land appliers understand and comply with EPA's regulations for safely applying sewage sludge to land.
Cost Estimating for Offshore Oil & Gas Facility DecommissioningDonnie Miller
This paper reviews the process of decommissioning offshore oil and gas facilities in the US Gulf of Mexico. It discusses the typical cost elements of decommissioning including planning, well plugging and abandonment, platform preparation, topsides and jacket removal, and site clearance. It provides details on the costs and time required for various tasks such as pipeline abandonment, conductor removal, and cutting and removing the platform jacket. The paper also gives an example cost estimate for decommissioning a typical 4-pile drilling/production platform and compares actual costs to estimated costs for several projects to evaluate estimate accuracy.
This paper was written in 2000 as part of the CEPMLP's LLM in Petroleum Law and Policy program. It examines the type of production restrictions that may be imposed in order to maximize oil recovery.
This paper received a distinction.
EPA -- Vapor Intrusion Considerations For Brownfields RedevelopmentHarryONeill
This primer is designed for land revitalization stakeholders concerned about vapor intrusion, including property owners, municipalities, and real estate developers. It provides an overview of the vapor intrusion issue and how it can affect redevelopment. It also summarizes techniques for quickly and cost effectively assessing the potential for vapor intrusion, as well as techniques for mitigating it.
This document provides an overview of vapor intrusion considerations for brownfield site redevelopment. It discusses what vapor intrusion is, why it is a concern, and how it can impact redevelopment. The document also summarizes techniques for assessing the potential for vapor intrusion and mitigating it, including passive and active methods. Key guidance documents and state resources on vapor intrusion are also referenced. The intended audience is land revitalization stakeholders concerned about addressing vapor intrusion in their redevelopment projects.
Atlas de mortalidad y pérdidas económicas debido al clima OMMhidrometeorologiaucv
This document is an atlas published by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED) that analyzes weather, climate, and water-related disasters from 1970 to 2012. It finds that over this period, there were 8,835 disasters, 1.94 million deaths, and $2.4 trillion in economic losses globally from events such as floods, windstorms, droughts, and tropical cyclones. The atlas describes impacts by region and highlights WMO and CRED efforts to standardize disaster data collection and analysis to better inform disaster risk reduction.
The document describes a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree. The report details the design of an oil extractor that collects oil from sea water using magnetic discs. The device aims to save expensive oil and protect marine wildlife from oil pollution. The report includes sections on the introduction, design considerations regarding safety, cost, and environment, design calculations, required materials and tools, and future scope. The students acknowledge the guidance received from their project guides and principal in completing the report.
An oil spill is a release of crude oil or refined petroleum products into the environment, such as oceans, rivers, lakes, or land. Oil spills can be caused by a variety of factors, including accidents during transportation, storage, or drilling operations, natural disasters such as hurricanes or earthquakes.
2013 MSC 92-12-4 - Failure to submit maritime casualty reports (ICS and ITF)_...ssuser1a3f75
This document discusses the apparent failure of some flag states to submit maritime casualty reports to the IMO as required. It suggests that the definition of a "very serious casualty" and the latitude given to flag states in interpreting it could be reconsidered. It also proposes that lessons may be learned from how the aviation industry and ICAO handle accident report submission and dissemination. The committee is invited to consider this issue and determine if further action is warranted.
Similar to National Contingency Plan fro Combating Oil Spill From Ship (20)
This document outlines key differences between towage and salvage. Towage requires a contract, whether express or implied, for payment and does not require success to be completed. Salvage does not require a contract and can be rewarded even if assistance is declined. Towage payment depends on contract completion, while salvage payment depends on the value of salvaged property. Tugowners have a lien over towed property for towage payment but have a lien over salvaged property for salvage. Salvage requires an element of danger, while towage does not preclude danger but it is not required. Services must be voluntary for salvage but towage fulfills contractual duties.
The Captain is the highest ranking officer on board a ship who is ultimately responsible for the safe navigation of the ship and crew. They oversee all operations of the ship and are employed by the ship's owner. A ship pilot only has authority within a designated pilotage district and boards the ship to provide navigation instructions to the Captain. The pilot directs the Captain on the proper course and speed but does not assume command of the ship. Pilots are typically employed by a port authority or pilotage company rather than the ship's owner.
UNCLOS 1982 - Responsibilities of state parties to the marine environment.Augustine Aling
This document discusses integrated marine pollution control and responsibilities for preventing pollution under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It identifies key articles that require states to take measures to prevent, reduce, and control pollution from various sources. The document also explains five types of oil pollution combating equipment that should be stockpiled: booms, skimmers, dispersants, sorbents, and portable storage tanks.
Discuss about what is trade facilitation, the importance, benefit and implication toward Malaysian Custom Practice in Trade Facilitation. Reference purpose only.
1. The document discusses marine pollution, including its sources, impacts, and methods of control and prevention. It defines marine pollution and examines its various sources from land-based industries and activities, as well as from shipping. The impacts on marine life and ecosystems are also outlined.
2. International and local regulatory bodies that monitor and control marine pollution are identified, including the IMO and Malaysia Marine Department. Methods of prevention under conventions like MARPOL and mitigation efforts like beach cleanups are described.
3. In conclusion, the document stresses the importance of protecting the marine environment for sustainable development and recommends introducing new technologies and educational campaigns targeted at youth.
Quality Management - Juran Trilogy Chap 2 & 3Augustine Aling
This document discusses identifying customer needs for quality management. It defines external and internal customers and describes different types of external customers like purchasers, merchants, and processors. It also discusses discovering customer needs, including stated needs versus real needs, perceived needs, cultural needs, and the need for products and services to be user friendly and provide promptness of service. Quality planning involves identifying customers and their needs to develop products and services that meet expectations.
The document summarizes the rights of seafarers under the International Labour Organization's Maritime Labour Convention. It discusses the rights to minimum requirements for working on ships including age, medical certification, training, and recruitment standards. It also covers rights to proper employment conditions such as employment agreements, wages, hours of work, leave, repatriation and compensation. Additionally, it outlines rights to accommodation, recreational facilities, food, health protections, medical care, and social security. The document concludes by discussing compliance and enforcement responsibilities of flag states, port states, and labour agencies.
Seamanship - Right of Seafarers under ILO ConventionAugustine Aling
This topic discuss about the right of seafarers under International Labor Organization Convention include the minimum age requirement, right to have proper working condition, accommodation, medical care, and legal compliance.
SOLAS - Chapter II-2 - Construction - Fire protection, fire detection and fir...Augustine Aling
This document summarizes key aspects of Chapter II-2 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regarding fire protection, detection, and extinction on ships. It outlines regulations for fire prevention through compartmentalization and protection of means of escape. Fixed fire detection systems must be installed in certain spaces based on ship type and passenger capacity. Fire extinction is achieved through containment, use of a water supply system, fire hoses and extinguishers, and other fixed systems required for certain cargo spaces. The goal is to minimize fire risk and damage through proper protection, early detection, and effective firefighting capabilities.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
5. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Acknowledgement
We would like to convey my sincere appreciation to the almighty Allah in giving us full
strength to complete this task. We also would like to express our deepest thanks to Mdm. Ismila
binti Che Ishak for showing us some example that related and contributed tremendously.
Special appreciation to the authority of UNIKL MIMET for providing us with a good
environment and facilities to complete this task.
Not only that, I would like to express my deepest thank to my families and friends for their
supporting and understanding me mentally and physically while completing this task. Without
their helps of the particular that mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this
assignment.
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6. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Introduction
Oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon into the environment, especially
the marine ecosystem, due to human activity, and is a form of pollution. The term is usually given
to marine oil spills, where oil is released into the ocean or coastal waters, but spills may also occur
on land. Oil spills may be due to releases of crude oil from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling
rigs and wells, as well as spills of refined petroleum products (such as gasoline, diesel) and their
by-products, heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel, or the spill of any oily refuse or
waste oil. The most popular issue that relate to oil spill accident is the Deepwater Horizon Oil
Spill (BP Oil Disaster) in April 2010 whereby killing 11 peoples. In this assignment, our group
will discuss on three tier of contingency plan for combating oil spill from ships and oil spill clean
up operation.
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7. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
A.) National Contingency Plan for Combating Oil Spill From
Ship
1.0 Introduction to the national contingency plan
The process of establishing contingency plan provides the opportunity to determine the
role and responsibilities and to investigate the response strategies and operational procedures
without the intense pressures that inevitably arise at time the of a spill.
Contingency plans provide the structure for the management of the response operations.
2.0 Scope of plan
The scope of contingency plan is identify by the risks of oil pill within the geographic area
that the plan is intended to cover. Different agencies may adopt different criteria for escalating a
response team from one tier to the next. It may be based on the estimated amount of oil spilled or
on the need for additional equipment and manpower beyond that available under the lower tier
plan.
3.0 Component of Plan
There are four-stage process of the component plan:
1. Risk Assessment
- To identify the likelihood of a spill occurring
- To investigate expected consequences
- To determine likely spill scenarios
- Gauge the benefits of developing a contingency plan
2. Strategic Policy
- To identify the role and responsibilities
- To determine the response techniques
- Response resources
3. Operational Procedures
- To establishing procedures when a spill happened
- To initiate the response and identify response team
4. Information Directory
- Collating supporting data
- Contact details and remit of relevant government agencies and other
response organisations
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8. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
4.0 The tiered approach
Tiered preparedness and response provides a structured approach to establishing oil spill
preparedness and a mechanism to build the required response effort. The three level of tier provide
a basic framework from which the oil response capabilities can be determine to reduce any
potential oil spill accident effect.
Response capabilities are defined as the resources required to deal with the spill incident
and can be broadly considered in three categories:
1. Response personnel
2. Equipment
3. Additional Support
Collectively these resources combine to establish response capability and can be
categorised according to the capability held locally, regionally and internationally.
Table 1: Below shows the geographical reach by each tier capability
Capability Geographical reach
Tier 1 Local
Tier 2 Regional or national
Tier 3 International
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11. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
B.) Oil Spill Clean Up Operation
Oil spills are a very dangerous occurrence for marine ecosystem is affected and the marine
life-forms existence gets unnecessarily threatened. Since exploration of oil from oceanic resources
has become a must and oil spills end up occurring accidentally. As a result, it is becomes
important to employ various oil spill cleanup methods.
Oil spill clean up operation is very crucial in order to ensure that the coastal area and ocean
cleanliness can be maintained. In this topic, our group will identify various oil spill cleanup
response technique and method.
1.0 Clean Up Method
1.1 Chemical Method
Chemical method is the cleanup method by using the chemical substances to break up the
oil spill. The chemical method also can be use to speed up its natural biodegradation.
1.1.1 Dispersant
Dispersant is type of chemical such as detergent that break apart floating oil into small
particles or drops so that the oil is no longer in a layer on the water’s surface. Dispersants can
break the slick into droplets of oil, which makes it easier for the oil and water to mix, and for the
slick to be absorbed into the aquatic system.
Dispersants should not be used when it can affect marine organisms, as the chemicals and
broken-down oil can be absorbed by marine life including sub-tidal seafood that can enter into the
food chain.
However, dispersants often harmful marine life and dispersed oil remain in the body of the
water. This method is not appropriate for all oil spills, and especially not in all locations.
Picture 1: Above shows the application of dispersants by using plane and the duration for oil degradation.
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12. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
1.1.2 Gelling Agent
Gelling agent is a chemical used to solidify the oil spilled. Using the motion of the sea, the
gelling agent turns the oil into a rubbery substance that can be easily remove from water with nets.
The problem with this method is one of quantity. Three times as much gelling agent as oil
is needed for the desired effect to take place, and if BP's worst-case estimate is correct, then the
slick in the Gulf of Mexico would require nearly half a billion gallons of solidifier. This is simply
too impractical to transport and apply to the affected area.
Picture 2: Above shows the gelling agent are stored properly in a drum
Picture 3: Above shows the clean up operation using skimmers after the oil spilled turns into rubbery.
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13. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
1.2 Physical Method
Physical method is refer to the method that physically remove the oil using physical
method such as burning from the water.
1.2.1 In Situ Burning
Approximately, in situ burning can remove 98% of oil spill from the water. The oil can be
contained by fire-resistant booms at the spill site, then set on fire and burned away.
In order to undertake burning, the oil must be concentrated and an ignition source applied.
This works really well with light oils, since they give off more vapors that burn. The spill must be
minimum at 3 milliliters thicks and it must be relatively fresh method to work.
Under certain circumstances, in-situ oil burns can be a very effective means of spill
cleanup. Unburned residue is often thick, resembling the consistency of toffee. It is very difficult
to remove from the water — and from land, should it drift to shore.
Picture 4: Above shows the in situ burning method applied after the oil spill was skimmed.
Picture 5: Above shows the smoke can effect ozone layer and causes air pollution
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14. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
2.3 Biological Method
Biological method refer as organisms that increase the rate at which natural biodegradation
occurs.
2.3.1 Bioremediation
The use of microorganism, fungi or bacteria to decompose pollutants into simple
compound is called bioremediation. Microbes breaking down different substances into water,
carbon dioxide and other compound.
The main goal of bioremediation is to create an optimal environment for the microbes to
degrade pollutants. Bioremediation is cost effective alternative but it is very slow process until
taking month to obtain the result.
An advantage of bioremediation is that the microbes are able to completely destroy the
toxic hydrocarbon compounds and do not transfer them to another area. Either way,
bioremediation is commonly better for the environment and less expensive than other chemical
methods.
Picture 6: Above shows the mechanisms involved in bioremediation of toxic compounds.
2.4 Mechanical Method
Mechanical method is the uses of mechanical equipment in order to remove the oil from
water surface.
2.4.1 Booms
Booms (containment) temporary floating barrier used to contain an oil spill. Booms are
used to reduce the possibility of polluting shorelines and other resources, and to help make
recovery easier. Booms help to concentrate oil in thicker surface layers so that skimmers,
vacuums, or other collection methods can be used more effectively.
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15. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Booms used in oil spills can be seen as they rest on the surface of the water, but can have
between 18 and 48 inches of material that hangs beneath the surface.
This method effectively use in calm water, but as wave height increases oil or other
contaminants can easily wash over the top of the boom and render them useless.
Picture 7: Above shows the boom method
2.4.2 Sorbents
Sorbents are materials used to absorb oil, and include peat moss, vermiculite, and clay. In
order words, sorbents also known as material use to absorb oil.
There are two main processes for capturing oil using sorbents
1. Retention on the surface of the sorbent.
2. Retention within the sorbent.
There are 7 main types of sorbents:
1. Bulk Sorbents. These include loose powders and short fibers.
Picture 8: Above shows the general dry sorbent for oil spill
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16. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
2. Pads. Thin and flexible, they are sized correctly for the specific spill.
Picture 9: Above shows pad use as sorbent in oil spill operation
3. Rolls and Blankets. Long and typically unwoven, they cover a large area. When they are
reinforced with rope, they are called sheets.
Picture 10: Picture above shows blankets used as sorbent in oil spill operation
Picture 11: Picture above shows roll is used as sorbent in oil spill operation
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17. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
4. Pillows. As the name implies they are a convenient size for smaller spills.
Picture 12: Picture above shows the oil spill clean up operation using pillows sorbent
5. Socks. Absorbent material contained in a permeable substance that holds the material
together and provides for easy repositioning.
Picture 13: Picture above shows socks sorbent used in the oil spill clean up operation
6. Mops and Pompoms. Made of sorbent strands to trap oil, used just like mops to clean up
the oil.
Picture 14: Picture above shows the oil spill clean up operation using mops and pom - pom
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18. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
7. Sweeps. These have a spun bound cover over the sorbent material.
Picture 15: Picture above shows the oil absorbent sweep
2.4.3 Skimmers
Skimmers are often used in conjunction with booms. A skimmer is a device that collects
and removes oil from the surface of the water. Skimmers can be towed, self-propelled, moored in
river currents, or even used from shore. Many types of skimmers are available for use, depending
on the kind of oil spilled and the weather conditions.
a.) Weir Skimmer
Weir skimmers function by allowing the oil floating on the surface of the water to flow
over a weir. There are two main types of weir skimmer, those that require the weir height to be
manually adjusted and those where the weir height is automatic or self-adjusting.
Picture 16: Above shows the image of typical floating weir skimmer
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19. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Picture 17: Above shows the floating oil skimmer operation
b.) Oleophilic
Oleophilic skimmers function by using an element such as a drum, disc, rope or mop to
which the oil adheres. The oil is wiped from the oleophilic surface and collected in a tank. As the
oil is adhering to a collection surface the amount of water collected when oil is not present will be
limited.
Picture 18: Above shows drummer skimmer
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20. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
c.) Non - Oleophilic
Non-oleophilic skimmers are distinguished by the component used to collect the oil. A
metal disc, belt or drum is used in applications where an oleophilic material is inappropriate, such
as in a hot alkaline aqueous parts washer. The skimmer is generally turned off whenever there is
no oil to skimming thus minimizing the amount of water collected. Metal skimming elements are
nearly as efficient as oleophilic skimmers when oil is present.
Picture 19: Above shows the belt skimmer is installed on the vessel aft
2.4.4 Mechanical/Manual Treatment
Used in nearly every oil spill, the methods of manual or mechanical cleanup are the
down-and-dirty techniques employed when oil spills get particularly messy. Manual cleanup
consists of placing workers on the coast, armed with shovels, rakes and gloves to collect oil that
has run ashore. Mechanical cleanup requires heavy machinery and is used in areas that are plagued
by heavy oiled beaches, or areas which are thick in debris.
Although time-consuming, manual cleanup is preferred, as unskilled workers with minimal
training can be employed in large numbers to clean affected areas. The use of heavy machinery
20
21. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
can quickly clean up large areas, but the use of bulldozers, trucks and digging equipment can
damage the affected areas in addition to the oil.
Picture 20: Above shows the manual cleanup using shovels and trucks to clean the oil spill.
2.0 Effect of Oil Spill
2.1 Human Impact
The effects of oil spills on humans may be direct and indirect, depending on the type of
contact with the oil spill.
1. Direct exposure to oil spills – occurs close to where people live or work and where they
may come in contact with oil spill components:
- By breathing contaminated air - since oil and products (petroleum products) have many
volatile compounds which are emitted as gases from spilled oil, the air becomes
contaminated with those volatile oil products or vapors producing specific odors. Even
when odors are not felt, a health risk may exist for some individual compounds if residents
are exposed (breath the air) for a long time.
Picture 21: Above shows the air pollution come from in situ burning give harmful effect to human
21
22. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
- Direct contact with the skin - people may come in direct contact with oil and/or oil
products while walking in a contaminated area (e.g., beach). An initial irritation will be
obvious. Additionally, contaminants may be absorbed through the skin and enter the body.
2. Indirect exposure to oil spills - Occurs when people live in places far from where the
actual oil spill took place also receive the impact:
- Bathing in contaminated water - for example swimming in a contaminated water stream
even when an oil sheen may not be visible, dissolved oil contaminants may exist in the
water if it was impacted by an oil spill
Picture 22: Above shows the proper suit are used during clean up operation at beach.
- Eating contaminated food - some oil compounds bioaccumulate in living organisms and
may become more concentrated along the food chain. Humans may become exposed to
concentrations of contaminants in the food that could be orders of magnitude higher than
in the contaminated environment.
Picture 23: Above shows the shellfish are covered by oil spill.
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23. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
2.2 Environment
Oil spilled by damaged tankers, pipelines or offshore oil rigs coats oil damage beaches,
marshlands and fragile aquatic ecosystems. When an oil slick from a large oil spill reaches the
beach, the oil coats and clings to every rock and grain of sand.
If the oil washes into coastal marshes, mangrove forests or other wetlands, fibrous plants
and grasses absorb the oil, which can damage the plants and make the whole area unsuitable as
wildlife habitat.
Picture 24: Above shows the beach is polluted by oil spill
2.3 Marine Life
Oil destroys the insulating ability of fur-bearing mammals, such as sea otters, and the
water repellency of a bird's feathers, thus exposing these creatures to the harsh elements.
Picture 25: Above shows the kingfisher are affected by oil spill
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24. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Without the ability to repel water and insulate from the cold water, birds and mammals
will die from hypothermia. Many birds and animals also ingest oil when they try to clean
themselves, which can poison them.
Fish and shellfish may not be exposed immediately, but can come into contact with oil if it
is mixed into the water column. When exposed to oil, adult fish may experience reduced growth,
enlarged livers, changes in heart and respiration rates, fin erosion, and reproduction impairment.
Oil also adversely affects eggs and larval survival.
Picture 26: Above shows small fish died because affected by the oil spill.
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25. LOB 40103 - INTRODUCTION TO MARINE POLLUTION CONTROL
Conclusion and Recommendation
As short conclusion, national contingency plan is very crucial in order to determine the
role and responsibilities and to investigate the response strategies that inevitably arise at time the
of a spill. There are three tiers approach use to establishing oil spill preparedness and a mechanism
to build the required response effort. For oil spill clean up operation method, it can be categorised
into chemical, biological, physical and mechanical method. In chemical method, the uses of
dispersants and gelling agent to speed up its biodegradation. In physical method, the uses of in situ
burning to burn the oil layer and able to remove all oil spilled. In biodegradable method, the uses
of bioremediation is crucial to increase the rate at which natural biodegradation. In mechanical
method, the uses of booms, sorbents, skimmers and mechanical treatment is use to remove the oil
spill in the water surface. The oil spill give impact to human life, marine life and environment.
There are two type of exposure to human that is indirect and direct exposure. The oil spill can
destroy bird fur and mammals will die from hypothermia. Last but not least, the oil spill also affect
the environment by damage beaches, marshlands and fragile aquatic ecosystems.
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