The document outlines the urgent need for improving ship energy efficiency to combat rising CO2 emissions and climate change, referencing key global frameworks and the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) policies. It details various energy efficiency measures, such as the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) and Ship Energy Management Plan (SEEMP), aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions from maritime operations. The text emphasizes the significance of adopting innovative technologies and operational strategies to enhance performance and minimize environmental impacts in shipping industries.

1. Ship Energy Efficiency
Management
Mohammud Hanif Dewan, IEng IMarEng IMarEST MRINA
Lecturer, Malaysian Maritime Academy
1

2. 350
300
250
200
150
Years Before Present
Source: IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change) Assessment Report 2014
0100,000200,000300,000400,000
The world’s challenge:
Increasing CO2concentrations
in the atmosphere
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
400 ppm exceeded for the
first time in April 2015
2

3. Global Warming
CO2 is a strong Green House Gas (GHG).
The high amount of CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere
would lead to the global warming of between 1.5ºC and
4.5ºC by the end of 21st Century if we just go as BAU….
Source: IPCC Report, 2014
3

4. GHG Effect
4
Source: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

5.  Millions are suffering from ever more intensive
weather events in Asia and the Americas………
Source: IMO presentation on Technical measures 5
 Storms will become more intense and frequent

6. 6
Ice caps are melting & glaciers are
shrinking in the Arctic.

7. 7
 Sea levels will rise up between 26cm & 82cm
by the end of this 21st century

8. 8
oceans will become more acidic

9.  Wet regions receiving heavy rainfall
causing floods
9

10. 10
 Heatwaves are more frequent & last longer and
 Dry regions receiving less rain, causing the drought.

11. 7
Source: IMO presentation on Technical measures
Because of so much CO2 Emissions everyday………..
11

12. Third IMO GHG Study 2014
Future CO2 emissions:
- Significant increase predicted: 50-250% by
2050 in the absence of regulations
- Technical and operational efficiency
measures can provide significant
improvements but will not be able to
provide total net reductions if demand
continues…………………
Source: 3rd IMO GHS Study 2014
12

13. Background of Energy Efficiency Regulations
 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change (UNFCCC)
entered into force in 1994.
 Kyoto Protocol (1997), sets binding targets for countries: “to reduce the
overall GHG emissions by at least 5% below existing 1990 levels, in the
commitment period 2008 to 2012.“
 IMO Policies and Practices for Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships,
adopted by Assembly on 23 December 2003
13

14. IMO energy efficiency regulatory activities
MEPC68
IMO Energy EfficiencyRegulatory Developments
Resolution MEPC.212(63)EEDI Calculation
Resolution MEPC.214(63)EEDI Verification
Resolution MEPC.213(63)SEEMP
Resolution A.963 (23)
“IMO policies and practices
related to reduction of GHG
emissions from ships”
Dec
2003
June
2005
Mar
2008
June
2008
GHG Working
Group 2
Feb
2009
MEPC Circ. 681 EEDI Calculation
MEPC Circ. 682 EEDI Verification
MEPC Circ. 683 SEEMP
MEPC Circ. 684 EEOI
Jul
2009
Energy
Efficiency
WG
Jun
2010
Sep
1997
Feb
2012
July
2011
EEDI &
SEEMP
Regs.Adopted
GHG Working
Group 1
MEPC40 MEPC53 MEPC57 MEPC58 MEPC59MEPC60 MEPC61 MEPC62 MECP63 MEPC64 MEPC65 MEPC66 MEPC67
Resolution 8
“CO2 emissions
From ships”
MARPOLVI
Amendments
Resolution
MEPC 203(62)
May
2013
March
2014
Oct
2012
MEPC Circ.471, EEOI
Oct May
20152014
3
rd
GHG
Study 2014
MARPOL VI
Amendments
Resolution
MEPC.251(66)
Resolution MEPC.245(66):
EEDI CalculationGuidelines
Resolution MEPC.231(65) Reference Lines
Resolution MEPC.232(65) Minimum power
ResolutionMEPC.233(65),Reference lines for cruiseships
MEPC.1/Circ.815Innovative EE Technologies
MEPC.1/Circ.816 Consolidatedon EEDI verification
Debate on
Data
collection
Source: IMO

15. EEDI, EEOI and SEEMP Process
Source: IMO presentation on Technical measures
Source: IMO presentation on Technical measures
15

16. Applications of EEDI- Reg. 19
 Apply to
 all new ships ≥ 400 GT
 Building contract placed on/after January 2013;
 In the absence of contract, keel laid after 1 July 2013; or
 The delivery of which is on / after 1 July 2015; or
 In cases of a major conversion of a new or existing ship, on / after 1
January 2013
 Not apply to
 ships sailing entirely within flag state waters
 ships which have:
- diesel-electric propulsion,
- turbine propulsion or
- hybrid propulsion systems.
Except cruise passenger ships and LNG carriers having conventional or non-
conventional propulsion, delivered on or after 1 September 2019. 16

17. Attained EEDI- Reg. 20
Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)
 EEDI is an index which quantify the amount of CO2 is emitted
by a ship while transported 1 ton cargo 1 knot (cargo transport)
 The actual EEDI of a vessel is called the “attained EEDI” and is
calculated based on guidelines published by IMO
(Resolution MEPC.245-66).
 Attained EEDI ≤ Required EEDI
 Attain EEDI” specific to each new ship ……… and be accompanied
by the EEDI Technical File…….
17

18. Required EEDI- Reg. 21
Required EEDI is the maximum value of attained EEDI, that is allowed by
MARPOL Annex 6 Chapter 4 Regulation 21 for the specific ship type & sizes.
Required EEDI has been determined by using reference lines. The
method of calculation of the required EEDI is as follow:
Where, X is the reduction factor
 Reference line value is estimated from EEDI Reference line. These are
calculated based on the below formula:
Reference line = a*b-c
18
Source: IMO MEPC, 63
Required EEDI = (1- X /100) * Reference line value

19. Review of phases and reduction factors, Reg. 21.6
Source: IMO MEPC, 63
19

20. Main Engine(s) Aux
Engine(s)
Innovative Energy Eff.
Power Gen.
Technologies
Innovative
Energy Eff.
Propulsion
Technologies
Boilers are excluded from EEDI
EEDI =
[gCO2/(tonne.nm)]
fc.
Attained EEDI: Calculation formula
Source: IMO presentation on
Technical measures
20

21. Simplify EEDI Formula:
21

22. Technologies for EEDI reduction
No. EEDI reduction measure Remark
1 Optimised hull dimensions and form
Ship design for efficiency via choice of main dimensions (port
and canal restrictions) and hull forms.
2 Light weight construction New lightweight ship construction material.
3 Hull coating Use of advanced hull coatings/paints.
4 Hull air lubrication system
Air cavity via injection of air under/around the hull to reduce wet
surface and thereby ship resistance.
5
Optimisation of propeller-hull
interface and flow devices
Propeller-hull-rudder design optimisation plus relevant changes to
ship’s aft body.
6 Contra-rotating propeller Two propellers in series; rotating at different direction.
7 Engine efficiency improvement
De-rating, long-stroke, electronic injection, variable geometry
turbo charging, etc.
8 Waste heat recovery
Main and auxiliary engines’ exhaust gas waste heat recovery
and conversion to electric power.
9 Gas fuelled (LNG) Natural gas fuel and dual fuel engines.
10
Hybrid electric power and
propulsion concepts
For some ships, the use of electric or hybrid would be more
efficient.
11
Reducing on-board power
demand(auxiliary system
andhotelloads).
Maximum heat recovery and minimizing required electrical loads
flexible power solutions and power management.
12
Variable speed drive for pumps,
fans etc.
Use of variable speed electric motors for control of rotating flow
machinery leads to significant reduction in their energy use.
13 Wind power (sail, wind engine, etc.)
Sails, fletnner rotor, kites, etc. These are considered as
emerging technologies.
14 Solar power Solar photovoltaic cells.
15
Design speed reduction
(newbuilds)
Reducing design speed via choice of lower power or de-rated
engines.
Source: Bazari & Longva (2011) and IMO MEPC 63, 2011
22

23. Large Ship Design <30%
Source: Mearsk Line
Source: Wartsila
The technologies covered so far…………………………
23

24. Lightweight Structures
Optimum Block Coefficient
Source: Wartsila
Source: Wartsila
24

25. Hull Air Lubrication: <20%
Hull Coating: 5%
Source: Mitsubishi
25

26. • Counter Rotating Propellers (CRP): <10%
Source: jmuc.co.jp
Source: nextbigfuture.com
26
 single propeller
there is a stream
of lost energy,
with the CRP
this is received
by the contra
propeller and
converted into
thrust.
Waste Heat Recovery System <10%

27. Wind Power: Sails or Kites <20%
Beluga SkySail will use wind to sail
Source: www.theage.com.au ,
Source: Wartsila
27

28. Source: Wartsila
28

29. Regulation 22- SEEMP
29

30. SEEMP Applicability:
(according to Resolution MEPC.203(62))
• All vessels of ≥ 400 GT
• Each vessel to be provided with a ship-specific SEEMP not
later than the first intermediate or renewal survey (whichever is
first) on or after 1 January 2013.
• The administration or RO will check that the SEEMP is onboard
and subsequently issue the International Energy Efficiency
Certificate (IEEC).
• PSC inspection is limited to verifying if there is a valid
IEEC on board.
Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan
(SEEMP)- Reg. 22
30

31. SEEMP – Reg. 22
 A SEEMP provides:
- A possible approach for improving ship and fleet
energy efficiency over time; and
- Some options to be considered for optimizing the
performance of the ship.
 SEEMP purpose
 The purpose of a SEEMP is to establish a mechanism
for a company and/or a ship to improve the energy
efficiency of a ship's operation.
 The SEEMP has to be developed for a specific ship by
IMO guidelines Resolution MEPC.213(63): 2012
31

32. Ship Energy Management (operation)
IMO SEEMP
Best PracticeContinuous improvement is key for
energy efficient shipping Source: IMO Technical Presentation on SEEMP
32

33.  For existing ships, a Record of Construction needs to be filled and an
IEE Certificate issued when the existence of SEEMP on-board is
verified.
SEEMP and IEE Certificate
Source: MEPC, 63
33

34. SEEMP Related Measures
No. Energy Efficiency Measure Remark
1 Engine tuning and monitoring
Engine operational performance and
condition optimisation.
2 Hull condition Hull operational fouling and damage avoidance.
3 Propeller condition Propeller operational fouling and damage avoidance.
4 Reduced auxiliary power
Reducing the electrical load via machinery operation
and power management.
5 Speed reduction (operation) Operational slow steaming.
6 Trim/draft Trim and draft monitoring and optimisation.
7 Voyage execution
Reducing port times, waiting times, etc. and
increasing the passage time, just in time arrival.
8 Weather routing Use of weather routing services to avoid rough seas
and head currents, to optimize voyage efficiency.
9 Advanced hull coating Re-paint using advanced paints.
10 Propeller upgrade and aft
body flow devices
Propeller and after-body retrofit for optimisation.
Also, addition of flow improving devices (e.g.duct
and fins).
Measures for Improving Energy Efficiency – Examples
Source: Bazari & Longva (2011) and IMO MEPC 63
34

35. Masters should optimize route
planning to avoid high storm or wave
frequency and maximize calm sea
state taking into consideration:
- The effects of ocean current and
tides
- The effects of weather systems
- The crew safety and comfort, based
on trade and route,
Voyage routes can be charted with
the use of Rhumb Lines and / or the
Great Circle methodology
Optimized Voyage Planning and Weather Routing
Source: Wartsila
35

36. Just in Time/ Virtual Arrival (JIT)
– A known delay at the
discharge port;
– Whenever an opportunity
exists, the operator requests
permission from Charterers to
reduce speed;
– A mutual agreement
between the stakeholders.
Other parties may be
involved in the decision
making process, such as
terminals, cargo receivers
and commercial interests.
As a whole, JIT can save upto 40% in
fuel use as well as CO2 emission on a
simple voyage……..
Source: Alpha Marine
36

37. Ship and voyage performance analysers
Ship and voyage performance analyzer:
 There are systems that can
routinely measure ship speed,
shaft propulsion power and
environmental conditions. These
systems could be used for
monitoring various aspects of ship
and voyage performance.
 They could also help to identify
reasons for poor performance,
deviations in speed and so on.
Source: IMO Technical Presentation
on SEEMP
37

38. Slow Steaming
 Reducing the ship speed an
effective way to cut energy
consumption.
 The energy saving calculated
here is for an equal distance
travelled.
Reduction in ship speed vs. saving
in total energy consumption:
 0.5 kn –> – 7% energy
 1.0 kn –> – 11% energy
 2.0 kn –> – 17% energy
 3.0 kn –> – 23% energy  If the ship speed reduce from 20 to
19knots, fuel consumption will be
reduced by 10% per ton-knot. 38

39. Hull & Propeller Maintenance
Source: Wartsila
39

40. Main Engine Performance MonitoringFuel Injection Slide Valves
40
Source: MAN B& W
Engine Performance optimization
 Maintaining good condition of fuel
injection valves, exhaust valves, proper
fuel oil temperature and good quality
fuel can ensure good combustion and
improve energy efficiency of the
engine.
 Reduced sac volume to almost
zero and hence save fuel.
 Ensure complete combustion
and improve fuel efficiency.

41.  De-rating is setting of engine performance to max cylinder pressure at lower than
normal shaft speed, at a point of lower down of propeller curve.
 For existing ship, this can be done by readjustment of fuel injection timing and
resizing the propeller blade.
Installation of De-rated Main Engines……10%-20%

42. Source: Lloyd’s Register
Trim and Ballast optimisation
Source: Wartsila
Source: IMO Technical Presentation
on SEEMP (Train the Trainer Course) 42

43. Source: Wärtsilä
 Finding the correct
parameters or
preventing unnecessary use
of the rudder gives an
anticipated benefit of 1-5%.
Mewis Duct propeller <5%
 Providing a pre-swirl to the ship’s
wake by it’s fins which reduces
losses in the propeller’s slipstream
 Increase the propeller thrust and
improve propulsion
Source: www.nauticexpo.com
43

44. Bulbous Bow optimization <5%
44
A bow that is shaped to allow the vessel to adapt better sailing speeds
makes a fuel saving of up to 5%.
Source: Maersk Line, Sustainable Report 2013.

45. Energy Saving Lighting
• Using lighting that is more electricity and heat efficient
where possible and optimizing the use of lighting reduces
the demand for electricity and air conditioning. This results
in a lower hotel load and hence reduced auxiliary power
demand.
• Results: Fuel consumption saving: Ferry and
Passenger vessel 1~2%
45

46. Source: Wartsila
Source: Wartsila
 Maximize D/G load and run minimum number of D/G with safe load.
 All non-essential machineries and equipment must be stopped in port
& at sea to reduce the load on generators.
 Rectify air leakage and minimize compressed air uses.
 Rectify steam leakage and minimize steam uses and avoid running
the boiler continuously.
 Try to start & use the machineries JUST IN TIME.
Load Optimization on Generators
46

47. Energy Saving Operation Awareness
 Crew Awareness may be increased through the use of appropriate
Energy Savings Checklists, developed based on Best Practices
identified after numerous Energy Audits
 An incentive or bonus scheme can be introduced on fuel savings.
One simple means would be competition between the company’s
vessels.
 Crew training can increase the crew awareness on Energy efficient
operation of ship.
47

48. Cost-effectiveness of energy-efficiency measures
48

49.  Basic expression of the EEOI
 j = Fuel type
 i = Voyage number;
 FCij = Mass of consumed fuel j at voyage i
 CFj = Fuel mass to CO2 mass conversion factor for fuel j
 mcargo = Cargo carried (tonnes) or work done (number of TEU or passengers) or
gross tonnes for passenger ships
 D = Distance in nautical miles corresponding to the cargo
carried or work done.
Calculation of the EEOI - Formula
EEOI = Environmental Cost / Benefit to Society
(measured as grams CO2 / tonnes x nautical mile)
 EEOI = (Emitted CO2)/(Transport Work),
i.e. the ratio of mass of CO2 (M) emitted per unit of transport work.
49

50.  Example (includes a single ballast voyage)
 Unit of EEOI: tonnes CO2/(tons x nautical miles)
Calculation of the EEOI (example)
50

51. For EEOI Calculation
Always remember…………
 For calculation of EEOI, you need to have some cargo transport
(cargo X distance travelled).
So, if no cargo transport, EEOI will become infinity (very large).
Therefore, for anchorage or for ballast voyage, EEOI cannot be
calculated.
 The FPSO and offshore vessels are not moving. If the ship does
not move or the ship has no cargo, then EEOI cannot be
calculated.
51

52. IEE (International Energy Efficiency) Certificate (Reg. 6)
IEEC will be issued when………..
1. For New ship with a Calculated & Varified Attained EEDI, EEDI
Technical File and a verified SEEMP onboard
1. For Existing Ship, with a verified SEEMP and “Record of
Construction related to Energy Efficiency” file
 An IEE Certificate … issued to any
ship ≥ 400 GT
 IEE Certificate shall be valid
throughout the life of the ship if no
major conversion, no transfer of flag or
not withdrawn from service.
52

53. Regulation: 22A
(Development on Energy Efficiency in MEPC 69)
Regulation 22A:
“Collection and reporting of ship fuel consumption data”
- Each ship>/=5000mt shall collect the specified data according
to methodology included in SEEMP
- Data should be verified by the flag state administration, by
guidelines of IMO
- Provision of issuance of a “Statement of Compliance” by the
flag state administration.
- PSC role is limited to verifying that there is a valid “Statement
of Compliance” onboard.
- Expected to entry into force from 1 March 2018
- All party countries can access the database.
53

54. Regulation: 22A
(Development in Energy Efficiency on MEPC 69)
Information to be collected According to Regulation: 22A
 Identity of the ship
 IMO number
 Technical characteristics of the ship
 Ship type
 GT, NT & DWT
 Power output (rated power) of main & aux engines (kW)
 EEDI (if applicable)
 Ice class (if applicable)
 Fuel consumption (in mt), by fuel, type and methods used for
collecting fuel consumption data
 Distance travelled from berth to berth, hours not at berth
54

55. Legislated EU-MRV
55
 MRV is a standardised method to produce an accurate CO2 emissions
inventory, through the quantification of CO2 emissions.
EU-MRV scheme overview (Source: LR)
 31 August2017 – Monitoring
plan to be prepared and
submitted for approval to
verifier
 1st January 2018 –
Commence per-voyage and
annual monitoring
 2019 onwards – By 30th
April each year, submit a
verified emission report to
the EC and flag state
 30th June 2019 onwards –
Ships will need to carry a
valid DOC relating to the
reporting period.

56. 56
Ship’s Energy Efficiency Management and Plan

57. Ship Energy Management: 3-Step Approach
 From low-hanging fruits to major capital investments
Source: IMO Technical Presentation on SEEMP
57

58.  Need to set clear policies and goals for the fuel saving projects.
 Need to set a roadmap for 3-5 years.
 Need to approach it in a step-by-step way with proper monitoring.
Ship Energy Management: A systematic approach
Source: IMO Technical Presentation on SEEMP 58

59. Survey on total 85 participants by DNV GL in 2013
Who has the key responsibility within your organisation for energy management?
Companies with 0 - 50%
target achievement
Companies with 51 - 100%
target achievement
12 2%
 Establishing energy manager has positive impact on targets achievements
19%
14%
26%
40%
22%
4%
26%
15%
11%
A positive effect on target achievements on Energy Efficiency
Captain/ Chief Engineer
No dedicated person
Alternative
Select Superintendent
all Superintendents
Energy Manager
% 1
0%
Source: DNV GL Energy Management Survey, 2013
59

60. Measures Can be Planned for SEEMP
60

61. Energy Efficiency Measures implemented by Maersk Line
1St Step measures implemented on SEEMP:
 Optimised voyage planning - Voyage Efficiency System
developed by Maersk line
 “Just in time” steady running strategy
 Weather routing
 Minimum safe ballast
 Optimal trim
 Hull and propeller maintenance
 Optimization of Bulbous bow
 Ship and voyage performance analyser System developed by
Maersk line
 Energy Saving operation Awareness by Crew training
61
Source: Maersk Line Sustainability Report, 2013

62. Benefits of Energy Efficiency in Shipping
62
Source: www.maersktankers.com
Just an example…………

63. The simple Energy Saving Concept….
100W Traditional
Incandescent bulb
23W Energy
Saving LED Bulb
But……
Hmm……..Energy Efficiency!!! 63

64. Energy Efficiency, Just a step!
Same Work Done!……..
Less Energy Use!!…………..
Saving more fuels!!!…………
So, more saving money!!!!…..
And Saving GREEN Planet!……
So, Energy Efficiency is Just in our next steps………. 64

65. Thank you for your
attention!
For more information please see:
www.imo.org
65