The document discusses regulations regarding the treatment and discharge of sewage from ships as outlined in MARPOL Annex IV. It provides details on definitions of sewage, typical sewage generation amounts, treatment methods including mechanical, chemical and biological, and standards for effluent quality and discharge distances. Requirements include having an approved sewage treatment plant and International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate when discharging in special areas like the Baltic Sea.
The document discusses the MARPOL regulations governing shipboard incinerators. MARPOL Annex VI regulates incinerator emissions. Incinerators installed after 2000 must be certified to meet the specifications in MEPC Resolution 76(40), have an operations manual, and be operated by trained crew according to the manual. The regulations prohibit burning certain waste and require minimum flue gas temperatures. Incinerators are used to dispose of waste oil, garbage, and sewage, and the document describes standard incinerator features and operating procedures.
This document provides information about sewage treatment plants on ships. It explains that sewage generated on ships must be treated before discharge as per regulations. The most common treatment method is a biological plant, which uses aerobic bacteria and fresh air to decompose sewage into safer byproducts. The biological plant has three chambers - an aeration chamber for decomposition, a settling tank to separate liquids and sludge, and a chlorination chamber to disinfect liquids before discharge. Key terms like BOD, coliform count and pumping levels are also defined. Proper operation and maintenance of the plant, like chemical dosing and back-flushing lines, is important for effective sewage treatment on ships.
The MARPOL 73/78 Convention aims to eliminate pollution of the seas by oil, chemicals, and other harmful substances discharged from ships. It includes six annexes covering pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollution. Special areas with higher protection are defined within certain annexes. The document outlines regulations and requirements for ship equipment and record keeping to prevent pollution, particularly for oil tankers, including the use of slop tanks and oil discharge monitoring systems.
The document discusses regulations for sewage treatment under MARPOL Annex IV and describes various sewage treatment plant systems. It notes that MARPOL Annex IV contains requirements to control pollution from sewage and certificates issued include the International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate. It then provides details on specific sewage treatment plant systems, including the activated sludge process, physical-chemical systems, electrocatalytic oxidation, and vacuum sewage systems. Maintenance requirements are also outlined.
Fresh water generators produce fresh water for domestic and auxiliary use aboard ships by distilling or desalinating sea water. They are essential aboard ships where fresh water consumption can be over 30 tonnes per day. There are two main methods - distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation involves boiling sea water under vacuum to evaporate it, then condensing the vapor to produce fresh water. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to filter out salt and other ions. Fresh water generators recover waste heat from sources like the main engine to economically produce fresh water as needed.
The document provides guidelines for maintaining a fresh water generator (FWG) on a vessel:
1. Check the salinity alarm monthly to ensure only fresh water enters the fresh water tank.
2. Stop the FWG when approaching contaminated waters to prevent bacterial infection.
3. Open the separator shell and inspect for scale during scheduled maintenance or if production drops.
4. Clean the heating tubes twice a year or when production drops to prevent scale buildup.
The document discusses various marine engineering systems including valves, cooling systems, fire systems, bilge systems, and ballast systems. It provides detailed diagrams and explanations of different valve types like globe valves, gate valves, check valves, and relief valves. It also explains the components and operation of a central marine cooling system including sea water, high temperature, and low temperature circuits. Furthermore, it outlines SOLAS requirements for fixed fire systems, emergency fire pumps, and bilge pumping systems. Overall, the document serves as a reference for the key components, regulations, and functioning of important shipboard engineering systems.
The document discusses the MARPOL regulations governing shipboard incinerators. MARPOL Annex VI regulates incinerator emissions. Incinerators installed after 2000 must be certified to meet the specifications in MEPC Resolution 76(40), have an operations manual, and be operated by trained crew according to the manual. The regulations prohibit burning certain waste and require minimum flue gas temperatures. Incinerators are used to dispose of waste oil, garbage, and sewage, and the document describes standard incinerator features and operating procedures.
This document provides information about sewage treatment plants on ships. It explains that sewage generated on ships must be treated before discharge as per regulations. The most common treatment method is a biological plant, which uses aerobic bacteria and fresh air to decompose sewage into safer byproducts. The biological plant has three chambers - an aeration chamber for decomposition, a settling tank to separate liquids and sludge, and a chlorination chamber to disinfect liquids before discharge. Key terms like BOD, coliform count and pumping levels are also defined. Proper operation and maintenance of the plant, like chemical dosing and back-flushing lines, is important for effective sewage treatment on ships.
The MARPOL 73/78 Convention aims to eliminate pollution of the seas by oil, chemicals, and other harmful substances discharged from ships. It includes six annexes covering pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollution. Special areas with higher protection are defined within certain annexes. The document outlines regulations and requirements for ship equipment and record keeping to prevent pollution, particularly for oil tankers, including the use of slop tanks and oil discharge monitoring systems.
The document discusses regulations for sewage treatment under MARPOL Annex IV and describes various sewage treatment plant systems. It notes that MARPOL Annex IV contains requirements to control pollution from sewage and certificates issued include the International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate. It then provides details on specific sewage treatment plant systems, including the activated sludge process, physical-chemical systems, electrocatalytic oxidation, and vacuum sewage systems. Maintenance requirements are also outlined.
Fresh water generators produce fresh water for domestic and auxiliary use aboard ships by distilling or desalinating sea water. They are essential aboard ships where fresh water consumption can be over 30 tonnes per day. There are two main methods - distillation and reverse osmosis. Distillation involves boiling sea water under vacuum to evaporate it, then condensing the vapor to produce fresh water. Reverse osmosis uses semipermeable membranes to filter out salt and other ions. Fresh water generators recover waste heat from sources like the main engine to economically produce fresh water as needed.
The document provides guidelines for maintaining a fresh water generator (FWG) on a vessel:
1. Check the salinity alarm monthly to ensure only fresh water enters the fresh water tank.
2. Stop the FWG when approaching contaminated waters to prevent bacterial infection.
3. Open the separator shell and inspect for scale during scheduled maintenance or if production drops.
4. Clean the heating tubes twice a year or when production drops to prevent scale buildup.
The document discusses various marine engineering systems including valves, cooling systems, fire systems, bilge systems, and ballast systems. It provides detailed diagrams and explanations of different valve types like globe valves, gate valves, check valves, and relief valves. It also explains the components and operation of a central marine cooling system including sea water, high temperature, and low temperature circuits. Furthermore, it outlines SOLAS requirements for fixed fire systems, emergency fire pumps, and bilge pumping systems. Overall, the document serves as a reference for the key components, regulations, and functioning of important shipboard engineering systems.
This document summarizes the key provisions of MARPOL 73/78, the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships. It outlines the six annexes of MARPOL which cover pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, sewage, garbage, and air pollution. For each annex, it provides details on entry into force date, prohibited discharge criteria, record keeping and equipment requirements such as oil filtering and sewage treatment systems.
This document summarizes key aspects of MARPOL Annexes I-V, which regulate pollution from ships. Annex I covers oil pollution and impacts ship design requirements like double hulls and oil filtering equipment. Annex II covers noxious liquid substances carried in bulk. Annex III covers harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form. Annex IV regulates sewage pollution and requires ships to have sewage treatment plants or holding tanks. Annex V addresses garbage pollution from ships and prohibits most plastics from being discharged. The annexes establish pollution control zones, certification requirements, and penalties for non-compliance.
The document discusses heat exchangers used on ships. It describes that heat exchangers transfer heat from one medium to another through direct contact or a separating wall. Common applications on ships include cooling lubricating oil and fresh water using sea water, and heating fuel oil using steam. The two main types are shell and tube exchangers, where one medium flows inside tubes and the other outside the tubes, and plate exchangers, where media flow on either side of corrugated plates. Proper design and maintenance are important for heat exchanger effectiveness and service life.
The document describes the piping systems on a ship. It discusses the importance of an efficient piping system and provides examples of common piping systems like bilge, ballast, fuel, cooling water, lubrication oil, compressed air, steam, and cargo tank systems. It emphasizes preparing accurate piping plans and diagrams using standardized symbols and labeling key details like pipe sizes, flow directions, and component capacities. Common arrangements for pumping, drainage, overflows, and other aspects of key systems are illustrated with diagrams.
The document discusses various types of deck machinery and equipment used on ships, including:
- Windlasses and mooring winches used for anchoring and mooring.
- Hatch cover openers, winches, derricks, and cranes used for cargo handling.
- Pumps and other equipment used on specialized ship types like LNG carriers.
- Components and operation of typical anchoring systems including the anchor, chain, and windlass.
- Electric, hydraulic, and other drive systems used to power deck machinery.
- Cargo winches and derrick/crane systems and their use in cargo handling.
- Types of hatch covers including hydraulic folding and rolling varieties.
This document defines and explains several key terms and measures related to ship energy efficiency and emissions:
- The EEDI is an index that quantifies a ship's carbon dioxide emissions based on the goods transported, and new ships must meet required EEDI limits.
- The IEEC is a new certificate issued to ships over 400 gross tonnage to document their attained EEDI and SEEMP.
- The SEEMP is a ship's energy efficiency management plan to improve operations and link to corporate policy.
- The EEOI is an efficiency indicator calculated based on a ship's fuel consumption, voyage distance, and cargo that allows comparison of emissions between ships.
Continuous Machinery Survey (CMS) is a program that allows shipowners to spread required machinery surveys over a five year period, with approximately 20% of machinery inspected each year. This helps balance workloads, downtime, and maintenance costs. The Chief Engineer is responsible for inspecting and recording items on the survey schedule. Records of inspections must be presented to the attending surveyor. Certain key systems and safety devices must still be verified personally by the surveyor during annual inspections. CMS allows for more efficient planning of inspections, maintenance, and inventory of spare parts over a five year period.
This document provides an introduction and overview of liquefied gas tankers, including mandatory training requirements. It covers the history and development of liquefied gas shipping, different types of gases and their hazards. Terminology commonly used on gas tankers is defined, such as boiling point, evaporation, and vaporization. Gas laws and heat-related concepts are also explained, such as latent heat and saturated vapor pressure. Safety procedures, cargo handling equipment, and ship layouts are reviewed at a basic level.
This document provides guidelines for safe bunkering practices. It outlines the key steps in planning, conducting, and concluding a bunkering operation. These include calculating bunker requirements, holding a briefing, ensuring safety equipment is available, slowly increasing pumping rates, monitoring the operation, checking vessel stability after bunkering, and collecting samples throughout and at the end of the process. The overall aim is to safely supply fuel to ships in a manner that prevents spills and protects crew safety.
Crude oil washing is a process where crude oil cargo is used to rinse residue from oil tanker storage tanks after cargo discharge. Using crude oil is more effective at removing residue than water washing alone. It reduces pollution by minimizing the discharge of oil-contaminated water and increases the amount of cargo discharged. The development of crude oil washing in the late 1970s improved on previous water-based cleaning methods by relying on crude oil cargo to dissolve residue, resulting in less pollution and increased cargo recovery.
The document discusses regulations under MARPOL Annex I regarding prevention of pollution by oil from ships. It outlines requirements for ships to carry a Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) and Oil Record Book. Discharge of oil or oily mixtures is prohibited within special areas, except under certain conditions. The annex contains 11 chapters and 47 regulations governing oil pollution prevention.
The stern tube is a hollow tube running through the bottom of a ship that contains the propeller shaft. It connects the main engine to the propeller and supports the large weight of the propeller. Stern tubes are designed to keep water from leaking into the ship while allowing the propeller shaft to rotate freely. They contain bearings lubricated with oil or water to reduce friction and prevent leakage between the stern tube and propeller shaft. Modern systems aim to improve lubrication and reduce contamination of lubricants with water for more efficient propulsion.
The document discusses cargo tank atmospheres and the hazards associated with them. It notes that cargo tanks are enclosed spaces that can accumulate dangerous gases if not properly ventilated. The main hazards are fires and health issues caused by oxygen deficiency, flammable vapors, and toxic gases. Proper inerting of tanks by reducing oxygen levels below combustion thresholds is key to preventing fires. Various operations like loading, discharging, and cleaning can affect tank atmospheres, so continuous monitoring and control through inert gas systems is important for safety. Dilution and displacement methods are used to replace tank atmospheres during purging and gas freeing operations.
MARPOL is an international convention adopted by IMO for the prevention of marine pollution. Marpol and its annexes are included in this ppt. Happy reading
This document discusses regulations from MARPOL Annex VI Chapter IV regarding greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency from ships. It provides details on the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) which sets mandatory reduction targets for carbon intensity from new ships. The EEDI must be calculated and verified according to IMO guidelines and reductions are implemented in phases, with more stringent targets starting in 2015 and becoming mandatory through 2025. Requirements include attaining the EEDI value and developing and implementing a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan.
Texto completo del curso de familiarización de buques tanque gaseros. Descargado de www.maritimesun.com.
Ingeniería Marina en Facebook y Twitter
www.ingenieriamarina.es
The document provides an overview of MARPOL, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. MARPOL includes six annexes that establish regulations for preventing various forms of pollution from ships. It was adopted in 1973 and amended in 1978, and entered into force in 1983. The annexes address pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollutants. The annexes also designate certain sea areas as special areas with more stringent discharge requirements.
IMO's Ballast Water Management Convention 2004Abdulla Wanis
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another by establishing standards for ballast water management and treatment. The convention sets standards for ballast water exchange and discharge limits for viable organisms. It requires ships to have an approved ballast water management plan, record book, and certificate documenting compliance. The convention entered into force in 2017 and aims to minimize risks to biodiversity and human health from transferred organisms in ballast water.
The document summarizes new regulations under MARPOL Annex V regarding shipboard garbage disposal that will take effect on January 1, 2013. Key points:
- Disposal of garbage at sea will be prohibited except for certain permitted discharges. Ships will need to send garbage to port reception facilities.
- Garbage will need to be segregated according to port requirements. Port garbage processing capabilities should be checked in advance.
- Cleaning products may be discharged if not harmful to the environment and records are maintained. Ash residues from incinerators are considered garbage.
- Outside special areas, certain comminuted food waste and cargo residues may be discharged under specified conditions. Animal carcasses require special disposal methods.
This document summarizes the key provisions of MARPOL 73/78, the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships. It outlines the six annexes of MARPOL which cover pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form, sewage, garbage, and air pollution. For each annex, it provides details on entry into force date, prohibited discharge criteria, record keeping and equipment requirements such as oil filtering and sewage treatment systems.
This document summarizes key aspects of MARPOL Annexes I-V, which regulate pollution from ships. Annex I covers oil pollution and impacts ship design requirements like double hulls and oil filtering equipment. Annex II covers noxious liquid substances carried in bulk. Annex III covers harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form. Annex IV regulates sewage pollution and requires ships to have sewage treatment plants or holding tanks. Annex V addresses garbage pollution from ships and prohibits most plastics from being discharged. The annexes establish pollution control zones, certification requirements, and penalties for non-compliance.
The document discusses heat exchangers used on ships. It describes that heat exchangers transfer heat from one medium to another through direct contact or a separating wall. Common applications on ships include cooling lubricating oil and fresh water using sea water, and heating fuel oil using steam. The two main types are shell and tube exchangers, where one medium flows inside tubes and the other outside the tubes, and plate exchangers, where media flow on either side of corrugated plates. Proper design and maintenance are important for heat exchanger effectiveness and service life.
The document describes the piping systems on a ship. It discusses the importance of an efficient piping system and provides examples of common piping systems like bilge, ballast, fuel, cooling water, lubrication oil, compressed air, steam, and cargo tank systems. It emphasizes preparing accurate piping plans and diagrams using standardized symbols and labeling key details like pipe sizes, flow directions, and component capacities. Common arrangements for pumping, drainage, overflows, and other aspects of key systems are illustrated with diagrams.
The document discusses various types of deck machinery and equipment used on ships, including:
- Windlasses and mooring winches used for anchoring and mooring.
- Hatch cover openers, winches, derricks, and cranes used for cargo handling.
- Pumps and other equipment used on specialized ship types like LNG carriers.
- Components and operation of typical anchoring systems including the anchor, chain, and windlass.
- Electric, hydraulic, and other drive systems used to power deck machinery.
- Cargo winches and derrick/crane systems and their use in cargo handling.
- Types of hatch covers including hydraulic folding and rolling varieties.
This document defines and explains several key terms and measures related to ship energy efficiency and emissions:
- The EEDI is an index that quantifies a ship's carbon dioxide emissions based on the goods transported, and new ships must meet required EEDI limits.
- The IEEC is a new certificate issued to ships over 400 gross tonnage to document their attained EEDI and SEEMP.
- The SEEMP is a ship's energy efficiency management plan to improve operations and link to corporate policy.
- The EEOI is an efficiency indicator calculated based on a ship's fuel consumption, voyage distance, and cargo that allows comparison of emissions between ships.
Continuous Machinery Survey (CMS) is a program that allows shipowners to spread required machinery surveys over a five year period, with approximately 20% of machinery inspected each year. This helps balance workloads, downtime, and maintenance costs. The Chief Engineer is responsible for inspecting and recording items on the survey schedule. Records of inspections must be presented to the attending surveyor. Certain key systems and safety devices must still be verified personally by the surveyor during annual inspections. CMS allows for more efficient planning of inspections, maintenance, and inventory of spare parts over a five year period.
This document provides an introduction and overview of liquefied gas tankers, including mandatory training requirements. It covers the history and development of liquefied gas shipping, different types of gases and their hazards. Terminology commonly used on gas tankers is defined, such as boiling point, evaporation, and vaporization. Gas laws and heat-related concepts are also explained, such as latent heat and saturated vapor pressure. Safety procedures, cargo handling equipment, and ship layouts are reviewed at a basic level.
This document provides guidelines for safe bunkering practices. It outlines the key steps in planning, conducting, and concluding a bunkering operation. These include calculating bunker requirements, holding a briefing, ensuring safety equipment is available, slowly increasing pumping rates, monitoring the operation, checking vessel stability after bunkering, and collecting samples throughout and at the end of the process. The overall aim is to safely supply fuel to ships in a manner that prevents spills and protects crew safety.
Crude oil washing is a process where crude oil cargo is used to rinse residue from oil tanker storage tanks after cargo discharge. Using crude oil is more effective at removing residue than water washing alone. It reduces pollution by minimizing the discharge of oil-contaminated water and increases the amount of cargo discharged. The development of crude oil washing in the late 1970s improved on previous water-based cleaning methods by relying on crude oil cargo to dissolve residue, resulting in less pollution and increased cargo recovery.
The document discusses regulations under MARPOL Annex I regarding prevention of pollution by oil from ships. It outlines requirements for ships to carry a Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) and Oil Record Book. Discharge of oil or oily mixtures is prohibited within special areas, except under certain conditions. The annex contains 11 chapters and 47 regulations governing oil pollution prevention.
The stern tube is a hollow tube running through the bottom of a ship that contains the propeller shaft. It connects the main engine to the propeller and supports the large weight of the propeller. Stern tubes are designed to keep water from leaking into the ship while allowing the propeller shaft to rotate freely. They contain bearings lubricated with oil or water to reduce friction and prevent leakage between the stern tube and propeller shaft. Modern systems aim to improve lubrication and reduce contamination of lubricants with water for more efficient propulsion.
The document discusses cargo tank atmospheres and the hazards associated with them. It notes that cargo tanks are enclosed spaces that can accumulate dangerous gases if not properly ventilated. The main hazards are fires and health issues caused by oxygen deficiency, flammable vapors, and toxic gases. Proper inerting of tanks by reducing oxygen levels below combustion thresholds is key to preventing fires. Various operations like loading, discharging, and cleaning can affect tank atmospheres, so continuous monitoring and control through inert gas systems is important for safety. Dilution and displacement methods are used to replace tank atmospheres during purging and gas freeing operations.
MARPOL is an international convention adopted by IMO for the prevention of marine pollution. Marpol and its annexes are included in this ppt. Happy reading
This document discusses regulations from MARPOL Annex VI Chapter IV regarding greenhouse gas emissions and energy efficiency from ships. It provides details on the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) which sets mandatory reduction targets for carbon intensity from new ships. The EEDI must be calculated and verified according to IMO guidelines and reductions are implemented in phases, with more stringent targets starting in 2015 and becoming mandatory through 2025. Requirements include attaining the EEDI value and developing and implementing a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan.
Texto completo del curso de familiarización de buques tanque gaseros. Descargado de www.maritimesun.com.
Ingeniería Marina en Facebook y Twitter
www.ingenieriamarina.es
The document provides an overview of MARPOL, the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. MARPOL includes six annexes that establish regulations for preventing various forms of pollution from ships. It was adopted in 1973 and amended in 1978, and entered into force in 1983. The annexes address pollution by oil, noxious liquid substances, harmful packaged substances, sewage, garbage, and air pollutants. The annexes also designate certain sea areas as special areas with more stringent discharge requirements.
IMO's Ballast Water Management Convention 2004Abdulla Wanis
The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) aims to prevent the spread of harmful aquatic organisms from one region to another by establishing standards for ballast water management and treatment. The convention sets standards for ballast water exchange and discharge limits for viable organisms. It requires ships to have an approved ballast water management plan, record book, and certificate documenting compliance. The convention entered into force in 2017 and aims to minimize risks to biodiversity and human health from transferred organisms in ballast water.
The document summarizes new regulations under MARPOL Annex V regarding shipboard garbage disposal that will take effect on January 1, 2013. Key points:
- Disposal of garbage at sea will be prohibited except for certain permitted discharges. Ships will need to send garbage to port reception facilities.
- Garbage will need to be segregated according to port requirements. Port garbage processing capabilities should be checked in advance.
- Cleaning products may be discharged if not harmful to the environment and records are maintained. Ash residues from incinerators are considered garbage.
- Outside special areas, certain comminuted food waste and cargo residues may be discharged under specified conditions. Animal carcasses require special disposal methods.
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT mini project reportNitesh Dubey
This document provides information about a research project analyzing the quality of treated sewage water from shipboard sewage treatment plants. Water samples were taken from 32 ships and analyzed for parameters like coliform bacteria, suspended solids, and biological oxygen demand. The results showed that none of the treated sewage water samples met standards in the MARPOL Annex IV regulations. The document also describes regulations for sewage discharge, potential health and environmental risks of untreated sewage, and common types of sewage treatment systems used on ships.
The document summarizes new regulations under MARPOL Annex V that will prohibit the disposal of ship-generated garbage at sea beginning January 1, 2013. Shipboard garbage will need to be segregated and sent to port waste reception facilities for disposal. Certain cleaning agents may still be discharged if non-harmful. Discharge criteria and restrictions vary depending on whether the ship is outside or within a MARPOL special area, which include regions like the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Wider Caribbean seas.
The document summarizes new regulations under MARPOL Annex V that will prohibit the disposal of ship-generated garbage at sea beginning January 1, 2013. Shipboard garbage will need to be segregated and sent to port waste reception facilities for disposal. Certain cleaning agents may still be discharged if non-harmful. Discharge criteria vary depending on whether the ship is outside or within a MARPOL special area, which includes regions like the Mediterranean, Baltic, and Wider Caribbean.
The South Carolina Ports Authority plans to expand the Union Pier cruise ship terminal in Charleston at a cost of $35 million. Local groups are concerned this will increase environmental impacts from docked cruise ships, such as air and noise pollution. Supporters argue it will boost tourism and the economy. The document discusses regulations that cruise ships must follow regarding waste disposal and air emissions to protect the environment. It also provides alternatives to the proposed expansion such as conducting further studies, limiting ship sizes, and implementing buffer zones or fees.
This document discusses marine pollution and sewage treatment regulations. It defines marine pollution as the introduction of substances into the marine environment that harm marine life. Approximately 80% of marine pollution comes from land-based sources like agricultural and industrial runoff. The MARPOL convention prohibits sewage discharge within 3 nautical miles of land unless the sewage has been treated by an approved system. For untreated sewage, discharge is banned within 12 nautical miles.
Annex IV or the Prevention of pollution of sewage from shipsshutdafowkup17
The document outlines regulations from MARPOL Annex IV regarding sewage pollution prevention. It discusses shipboard sources of sewage, equipment requirements for treatment plants or holding tanks, and rules for sewage discharge depending on the ship's distance from land and whether the sewage is treated. Ships must have a certification certificate and ports must provide sewage reception facilities. Failure to comply with operational rules could lead to inspection and detention by port authorities.
This document provides an overview of marine pollution and regulations governing it. It defines marine pollution and lists major sources. It then discusses key oil spill incidents that prompted increased regulation, including the Torrey Canyon and Amoco Cadiz spills. The document outlines the international regulatory framework for marine pollution, including UNCLOS, MARPOL, and the role of flag states, coastal states, and port state control in enforcement. It provides details on MARPOL Annex I regulations for oil tankers and other ships. Finally, it discusses memoranda of understanding between states to coordinate port state control inspections and enforcement.
Prevention of pollution from seawage .....by dwivedianand dwivedi
above paper gives precise information about pollution which is spread in sea by discharge of sewage. untreated sewage can cause major disruption in marine coastal ecosystem.
it gives all possible modern ways to prevent pollution from sewage of ship.
South Africa intends to accede to Annexes IV and VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). Annex IV regulates the discharge of sewage from ships and Annex VI regulates air pollution from ships. South Africa's key obligations under these annexes would be to ensure that its vessels comply with technical standards and undergo periodic inspections and surveys. Various stakeholders support accession and there are no significant financial, security, or communication implications. The acting director-general recommends that the transport committee note South Africa's intention to accede and approve submitting the annexes to Parliament.
South Africa intends to accede to Annexes IV and VI of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78). Annex IV regulates the discharge of sewage from ships and Annex VI regulates air pollution from ships. South Africa's key obligations under these annexes would be to ensure that its vessels comply with technical standards and undergo periodic inspections and surveys. Various stakeholders support accession and do not foresee significant financial or security implications. The presentation recommends that the transport committee note South Africa's intention to accede and approve submitting the annexes to Parliament.
Reductions on harmful sulphur emissions from ShipsCLEEN_Ltd
Wärtsilä Finland and Metso are developing a new technology of reducing harmful emissions from the ships. With a scrubber installed, sulphur and other matters from exhaust gas in vessels are captured.
This document provides guidance on ensuring clean drinking water onboard ships. It discusses the importance of clean drinking water and outlines regulatory requirements. It recommends regular sampling and testing of water depending on the source, such as annually for produced water or every time for bunkered water of unknown quality. Testing should check for indicator parameters, inorganic and organic contaminants, and microorganisms. The thresholds for acceptable levels are listed in an annex. Special testing is also recommended after work on water systems or if contamination is suspected. Proper control and monitoring of water quality is necessary to provide crew with clean drinking water and comply with regulations.
Developing best management practices for marinas and waterfront 1 25-11Mario Cruz
A Presentation giving at the International Marine and Boat Conference in 2011 to help Marinas meet environmental goals and help achieve a "Clean Marina" status.
spillcontainment.com
This document provides information on air pollutants from ships and their harmful effects. It discusses the main pollutants such as sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter that are regulated under MARPOL Annex VI. These pollutants can cause acid rain which damages forests and aquatic ecosystems. The effects of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides include harming human health, degrading forests and soils, reducing visibility, and damaging buildings and infrastructure. The world shipping fleet emits approximately 5 million tons each of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides per year.
The document provides information about Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT), the largest container port in India. It details JNPT's facilities including three container terminals with a total quay length of 1,992 meters and capacity of 3.6 million TEUs per year. It also describes JNPT's organization, compliance with international regulations like SOLAS and MARPOL, and facilities for handling various cargo types like containers, liquids, explosives and radioactive materials. The document aims to inform readers about the operations and capabilities of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust.
zara maritime, OPERATE & MANAGE YOUR SHIPS
EFFICIENTLY AND SAFELY
~ Practical solutions for Business Continuity
~ Project management and supervision
as per principals' requirements
~ Inspections:
* Pre-purchase
* Pre-vetting
* Technical Assessment on owner's behalf
* Efficiency assessment and improvement
~ Attendances to assist with:
* Flag Survey
* Class Survey
* Vetting
* Casualty Investigations
~ Internal Audits:
* ISM
* ISPS
* Navigation
Rectify
2. KEEP YOUR SHIPS UP-TO-DATE AND
IN COMPLIANCE WITH CURRENT
APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
~ Dry Dock supervision
~ Trouble shooting and repair:
* Hydraulic systems and automation
* Pneumatic systems and automation
* Propulsion & Electric Generation
* Boilers and steam systems
* Fresh water evaporators
* Inert Gas systems (Boiler Flue Gas & IGG)
* Mooring and Anchoring Equipment
* Cargo Handling Equipment (submerged pumps,
conventional COPs, turbines and cranes)
~ Documentation:
* Compliance with latest maritime requirements
* Contingency training and drills
* Documentation and Class Audits to obtain DOC
~ Investigate Root Cause and Assess Damage on behalf of P&I, H&M, FD&D clubs
~ On-Hire / Off-Hire Surveys
Certify
3. HANDLE CONTINGENCIES, PREVENT CRISIS
~ Contingency and Crisis Management
* Liaise with internal and external parties
* Co-ordinate efforts to control and
mitigate contingencies
* Co-ordinate with media as required
* Maintain appropriate records
* Protect the client's public image
~ Modifications, Conversions, Upgradations
~ Retrofitting, structural design and stability calculations
Recent Trends in Ship Design - 2013 discusses several trends in ship design over the past decade including waste heat recovery systems, scrubber systems, use of LNG as fuel, and ballast water management systems. The document also discusses new technologies like exhaust gas recirculation systems to reduce NOx emissions, X-bow hull designs for improved fuel efficiency, and the development of the world's first zero emission vessel powered by renewable energy. It concludes that while eco-friendly ship designs will be in increasing demand, investment in new technologies remains challenging due to tight financing in the current economic environment.
This document provides information about shipboard incinerators. It defines an incinerator as machinery used to burn various wastes generated on ships, such as oily rags and galley waste. It describes typical incinerator features like refractory lining and automatic controls. It provides details on normal incinerator operation procedures, the types of wastes that can be incinerated according to IMO regulations, and emission standards for type approval testing. The document also outlines safety requirements for incinerator design, operation, controls, and fire protection in waste storage spaces.
The document discusses various marine propulsion systems. It describes how ships are typically powered through a propeller connected to an engine that transforms an energy source into mechanical power. Common energy sources discussed include fossil fuels like diesel powering most ships, as well as alternative sources like solar, wind, nuclear, hydrogen, and wave energy being explored. The document also examines different types of engines like steam, diesel, gas turbine, and their use in marine propulsion applications.
This document discusses ship maneuvering systems including rudders, propellers, and steering gears. It describes different types of rudders such as balanced, semi-balanced, and unbalanced rudders. It also discusses factors that affect rudder design and placement including ship size and maneuverability requirements. Additionally, it covers active rudder systems like azimuth thrusters and Voith Schneider propellers that can provide thrust in any direction for improved maneuverability.
Basic information on electricity, marine electricity, alternators and generat...Nejat Öztezcan
This document provides information on electricity and electrical generators. It discusses:
- The basic concepts of electricity including atoms, electrons, conductors, and insulators.
- Ohm's law relating voltage, current, and resistance.
- Direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), how they are different, and how AC is generated using alternators.
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- Electrical terms like voltage, current, electric field, electric potential, and how power is calculated for DC and AC circuits.
1. The document discusses separation techniques for removing impurities from fuels, including gravity separation and centrifugation.
2. Gravity separation uses settling tanks and centrifuges apply centrifugal force to separate denser components like water and dirt from lighter components like fuel.
3. Centrifugation, or the use of centrifuges, amplifies the effects of gravity through high-speed rotation, allowing for more rapid and continuous separation than gravity alone.
Types, Operations and Maintenance of Air Compressor PlantsNejat Öztezcan
The document discusses maintenance and operation of air compressor plants. It provides information on different types of compressors used on ships, including:
1. Main air compressors which provide high-capacity air storage for starting engines.
2. Deck compressors which are smaller and more portable for tasks like pneumatic tools.
3. Emergency compressors which serve as a backup air source in emergencies to start auxiliary engines if the main compressor fails.
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Pumps are machines that use mechanical action to move fluids by increasing pressure or lifting them against gravity. There are two main types of pumps: positive displacement pumps and centrifugal pumps. Positive displacement pumps work by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and forcing it into the discharge pipe with a piston, plunger, gears, lobes or diaphragm. Centrifugal pumps use centrifugal force from an impeller to accelerate and direct fluid outwards into a discharge pipe. Proper maintenance is important for pump efficiency and performance.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
1. Sewage Treatment Plant on a Ship
MARPOL ANNEX IV
Derleyen: Nejat Öztezcan
Chief Engineer
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
2. “Sewage” means:
1. Drainage and other wastes from any form of toilets, urinals, and WC
scuppers
2. Drainage from medical premises (dispensary, sick bay, etc.) via wash
basins, wash tubs and scuppers located in such premises
3. Drainage from spaces containing living animals
4. Other waste waters when mixed with the drainages defined above.
5. “discharge”, in relation to sewage, means any release howsoever
caused from a ship, and, includes any escape, disposal, spilling,
leaking, pumping, emitting or emptying.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
3. The exact amount of sewage and waste water flow generated on board
ship is difficult to quantify.
European designers tend to work on the basis of 70 litres/person/day of
toilet waste (including flushing water) and about 130-150
litres/person/day of washing water (including baths, laundries, etc.).
US authorities suggest that the flow from toilet discharges is as high as
114 litres/person/day with twice this amount of washing water.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
4. The breakdown of raw sewage in water is effected by aerobic bacteria if
there is a relatively ample presence of oxygen, but by anaerobic bacteria
if the oxygen has been depleted.
When the amount of sewage relative to water is small, dissolved oxygen
in the water will assist a bio-chemical (aerobic) action which breaks
down the sewage into simple, clean components and carbon dioxide.
This type of action is produced in biological sewage treatment plant in
which air (containing 21% oxygen) is bubbled through to sustain the
aerobic bacteria.
The final discharge from an aerobic treatment plant has a clean and
clear appearance.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
5. The discharge of large quantities of raw sewage into restricted waters
such as those of inland waterways and enclosed docks, will cause rapid
depletion of any oxygen in the water so that aerobic bacteria are unable
to survive.
When the self-purification ability of the limited quantity of water is
overwhelmed in this way, breakdown by putrefaction occurs.
Anaerobic bacteria, not reliant on oxygen for survival are associated
with this action which results in the production of black colour water
and gases which are toxic and flammable.
The process is used deliberately in some shore sewage treatment works
to produce gas which is then used as fuel for internal combustion
engines on the site.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
6. Effluent quality standards
To discharge sewage in territorial waters the effluent quality may have
to be within certain standards laid down by the local or national
authorities.
These will usually be based on one or more of three factors, namely the
• bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD),
• suspended solids content and
• e coliform count of the discharce.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
7. The sewage generated on the ship cannot be stored on the ship for
a very long time and it for this reason it has to be discharged into
the sea.
Though sewage can be discharged into the sea, we cannot
discharge it directly overboard as there are some regulations
regarding discharging of sewage that needs to be followed.
Sewage on sea is generally the waste produced from toilets, urinals
and WC scuppers.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
8. Generally, ships prefer treating sewage before discharging to save
themselves from any type of embarrassment.
There are different methods of treating sewage available in the market,
but the most common of them is the biological type for it occupies less
space for holding tank, unlike those of the other methods. Moreover,
the discharge generated from this plant is eco friendly.
It is to not that each sewage treatment system installed onboard has to
be certified by classification society and should perform as per their
requirement and regulations.
The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) of the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted resolution
MEPC.2(VI) Recommendation on International Effluent Standards and
Guidelines for Performance Tests for Sewage Treatment Plants in 1976.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
9. The Annex entered into force on 27 September 2003.
A revised Annex IV was adopted on 1 April 2004 and entered into force
on 1 August 2005.
Special Areas
In July 2011, MEPC 62 adopted, by resolution MEPC.200(62), the most
recent amendment to MARPOL Annex IV, which entered into force on 1
January 2013.
The amendment introduced, inter alia, a definition for Special Area as
well as relevant requirements for the discharge of sewage from
passenger ships in Special Areas and for port reception facilities.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
10. The discharge of sewage from passenger ships within a Special Area is
generally be prohibited under the new regulations, except when the
ship has in operation an approved sewage treatment plant which has
been certified by the Administration.
The sewage treatment plant installed on a passenger ship intending to
discharge sewage effluent in Special Areas should additionally meet the
nitrogen and phosphorus removal standard when tested for its
Certificate of Type Approval by the Administration.
Currently, the Baltic Sea area is the only Special Area under Annex IV.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
11. Two particular types of sewage treatment plant are in use, employing
either chemical or biological methods.
The chemical method is basically a storage tank which collects solid
material for disposal in permitted areas or to a shore collection facility.
The biological method treats the sewage so that it is acceptable for
discharge inshore.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
12. • “New ship” means a ship:
o For which the building contract is placed, or in the absence of a
building contract, the keel of which is laid, on or after 27
September 2003; or
o The delivery of which is on or after 27 September 2006.
• “Existing ship” means a ship which is not a new ship.
• “Holding tank” means a tank used for the collection and storage of
sewage.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
13. “International voyage” means a voyage from a country to a port outside
such country, or conversely.
“Person” means member of the crew and passengers.
“Anniversary date” means the day and the month of each year which
will correspond to the date of expiry of the International Sewage
Pollution Prevention Certificate.
Greywater is drainage from dishwater, shower, laundry, bath and
washbasin drains.
Blackwater is any waste from toilets or urinals.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
14. Application
The provisions of this chapter shall apply to the following ships engaged
in domestic and international voyages:
• New ships of 400 gross tonnage and above; and
• New ships of less than 400 gross tonnage which are certified to carry
more than 15 persons;
• Existing ships engaged in service in the Baltic Sea area and Danish
territorial waters with a gross tonnage of or above 400,
• Existing ships engaged in service in the Baltic Sea area and Danish
territorial waters with a gross tonnage below 400, approved for
carrying more than 15 persons,
• Existing ships of 400 gross tonnage and above, not later than on 27
September 2008.
• Existing ships of less than 400 gross tonnage which are certified to
carry more than 15 persons, not later than on 27 September 2008.Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
15. Exceptions
Regulation shall not apply to:
The discharge of sewage from a ship necessary for the purpose of
securing the safety of a ship and those on board or saving life at sea.
The discharge of sewage resulting from damage to a ship or its
equipment if all reasonable precautions have been taken before and
after the occurrence of the damage, for the purpose of preventing or
minimizing the discharge.
The 2008 Regulations do not apply to any warship, naval auxiliary or
other ship owned or operated by a State and used, for the time being,
only on Government, noncommercial service.
However, as a matter of good practice these ships are recommended to
comply. Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
16. The discharge of sewage into the sea is prohibited, except when:
The ship is discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage using a
system approved by the Administration in accordance with regulation
9.1.2 of this Annex at a distance of more than 3 nautical miles from the
nearest land,
or sewage which is not comminuted or disinfected at a distance of more
than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land, provided that, in any
case, the sewage that has been stored in holding tanks shall not be
discharged instantaneously but at a moderate rate when the ship is en
route and proceeding at not less than 4 knots; the rate of discharge
shall be approved by the Administration based upon standards
developed by the Organization.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
17. The test results of the plant are laid down in the ship's International
Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate; and
additionally, the effluent shall not produce visible floating solids nor
cause discoloration of the surrounding water.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
18. What is shown on the International Sewage Pollution Prevention
Certificate (ISPP Certificate) ?
1. Ship details
o Name of ship
o Distinctive number or letters
o Port of registry
o Gross tonnage
o Number of persons which the ship is certified to carry
o IMO Number
o New/existing ship
o Build date
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
19. 2. Equipment details
Description of the sewage treatment plant:
o Type of sewage treatment plant
o Name of manufacturer
o Description of comminuter:
o Type of comminuter
o Name of manufacturer
o Standard of sewage after disinfection
Description of holding tank:
o Total capacity of the holding tank
o Location
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
22. Passenger ships in the waters of Alaska are obliged to conduct all
transfers of sewage and graywater according to the US-CFR.
As of July first, 2019, according to MARPOL, it will be stepwise
mandatory for all passenger ships to comply to the rules for the Baltic
Sea Special Area.
The Sewage and Graywater Discharge Record Book meets the
requirements of US CFR for the record on discharge and transfer to
reception facilities and off board.
It serves the purpose of documentation according to MARPOL IV and
therefore may also be used by cargo ships.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
23. IMO Regulations:
We have been talking about IMO regulations but what exactly are
they.
Well basically IMO says that you can discharge sewage directly
overboard if your distance from the nearest land is more than 12
nautical miles, provided it does not discolour the sea water or leads to
any floating debris.
Between 3 to 12 nautical miles from land, sewage can only be
disposed off after treatment.
Anything less than 3 nautical miles you cannot dispose overboard.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
24. What Surveys are required?
• An initial survey before the ship is put in service or before the
Certificate is issued for the first time
• A renewal survey not exceeding five years
• An additional survey after any important repairs or renewals are
made.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
25. Whenever an accident occurs to a ship or a defect is discovered, the
master or owner of the ship shall report at the earliest opportunity to
the Administration.
If the ship is in a port of another Party, the master or owner shall also
report immediately to the appropriate authorities of the Port State and
the nominated surveyor
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
26. Duration and validity of Certificate
1. An International Sewage Pollution Prevention Certificate shall be
issued for a period specified by the Administration which shall not
exceed five years.
2. When the renewal survey is completed within three months
before the expiry date of the existing Certificate, the new Certificate
shall be valid from the date of completion of the renewal survey to a
date not exceeding five years from the date of expiry of the existing
Certificate.
3. If a Certificate is issued for a period of less than five years, the
Administration may extend the validity of the Certificate beyond the
expiry date to the maximum period specified in paragraph 1 of this
regulation
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
27. 4. If a ship at the time when a Certificate expires is not in a port,
the Administration may extend the period of validity of the
Certificate only for the purpose of allowing the ship to complete its
voyage to the port .
5. No Certificate shall be extended for a period longer than three
months, and a ship to which an extension is granted shall not, on its
arrival in the port in which it is to be surveyed, be entitled by virtue
of such extension to leave that port without having a new Certificate.
When the renewal survey is completed, the new Certificate shall be
valid to a date not exceeding five years from the date of expiry of the
existing Certificate before the extension was granted.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
28. Standard discharge connections
To enable pipes of reception facilities to be connected with the ship's
discharge pipeline, both lines shall be fitted with a standard discharge
connection in accordance with the following table:
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
30. Reception facilities
Regulation 12 Reception facilities ;
The Government of each Party to the Convention, which requires ships
operating in waters under its jurisdiction and visiting ships while in its
waters to comply with the requirements of regulation 11.1, undertakes
to ensure the provision of facilities at ports and terminals for the
reception of sewage, without causing delay to ships, adequate to meet
the needs of the ships using them.
The Government of each Party shall notify the Organization, for
transmission to the Contracting Governments concerned, of all cases
where the facilities provided under this regulation are alleged to be
inadequate.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
32. Sewage can be processed with three principal methods:
• mechanical,
• chemical and
• biological.
The sewage treatment is usually a combination of the three principal
methods, such as mechanical-chemical, mechanical-biological and
chemical-biological.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
33. The treatment of sewage includes the following stages:
Waste water accumulation and management: In this stage of proces
waste water (black water, grey water and galley water has been
collected in holding tanks before processing planet.
Waste water pre-treatment: Wastewater pre-treatment protects the
other phases of the purification process.
Sewage contains a lot of solid waste and grease that may cause
problems in the later stages of the process.
The pre-treatment process reduces the amount of solids in the waste
water.
Effective waste-water pre-treatment also reduces the need for
oxidation. The pre-treatment is mechanical and consists of sieving and
sedimentation units. The large particles pass through a shredding pump
before sieving. Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
34. Waste water oxidation: The mechanical filtering results in a maximum
of 50% reduction in organic load. The remaining organic compounds
have to be oxidized, either chemically or biologically.
Certain chemicals, e.g. ozone, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, are added to
the sewage in the chemical oxidation. The chemicals oxidize the organic
impurities in the sewage water. When compared to the ozone and
hydrogen peroxide, chlorine is not a very environmental friendly oxidant
because of the carcinogenic compounds that develop as a by-product of
the reaction.
The added chemicals have an impact on the organic matter that has
dissoluted slightly and the BOD reduction remains small.
The estimated treatment results for reduction in BOD and phosphorus
are good. “Over-chlorination” results in high levels of residual chlorine
in the discharge, which is lethal to marine organisms.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
35. In the biological treatment the micro-organisms use the impurities in
the sewage as their nourishment.
There are several types of bioprocesses and the most common
biological process is the active sludge treatment plant, where the
sewage is mixed in a continuous-action aeration tank with active
sludge.
Biological filters and biorotors are also used as biological treatment
plants. In these devices the bacteria that destroy the impurities attach
to the filtering material.
The biological treatment system is the most efficient way of reducing
the BOD load. The estimated reduction in BOD is 80–95% and the
reduction in phosphorus is 20–40%.
The effectiveness of the bioprocess depends on the amount of active
biomass and the bacteria living conditions.Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
36. The disadvantages of biological treatment are the long starting period
and its sensitivity to external disturbances.
The reasons for malfunction of the biological sewage treatment system
are the following:
• Strong chemicals that have got into the plant are destroying the
bacteria.
• Bacteria die due to the lack of oxygen when the ventilation does not
work.
• The return of active sludge does not work.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
37. Waste water clarification and filtration: After oxidation, the sludge is
separated in a sedimentation tank and returned to the aeration tank.
Separating the active biomass, sediment particles and bacteria from
the water is a critical phase in the wastewater purification process.
The clarification and filtration processes used in the ships are
membrane filtration, dissolved air flotation (DAF) and settling.
It is useful when treating waters that are high in total suspended solids
(TSS) or have highly variable suspended solids content.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
38. Waste water disinfection:
The last phase in the wastewater purification process is disinfection.
Depending on the previous treatment method, the disinfection
enhances the quality of the wastewater or is an essential part of the
purification process.
When the membrane clarification and filtration is used, the disinfection
is performed with UV-light.
If the water is very turbid, the UV-light is not suitable for disinfection.
The other potential disinfectants are, for example, chlorine, radicals
and ozone.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
39. Chemical sewage treatment
This system minimises the collected sewage, treats it and retains it until
it can be discharged in a decontrolled area, usually well out to sea.
Shore receiving facilities may be available in some ports to take this
retained sewage.
This system must therefore collect and store sewage produced while the
ship is in a controlled area. The liquid content of the system is reduced,
where legislation permits, by discharging wash basins, bath and shower
drains straight overboard.
Any liquid from water closets is treated and used as flushing water for
toilets.
The liquid must be treated such that it is acceptable in terms of smell
and appearance. Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
40. Various chemicals are added at different points for odour and colour
removal and also to assist breakdown and sterilisation.
A comminutor is used to physically break up the sewage and assist
the chemical breakdown process.
Solid material settles out in the tank and is stored prior to discharge
into the sullage tank.
The liquid is recycled for flushing use. Tests must be performed daily
to check the chemical dosage rates. This is to prevent odours
developing and also to avoid corrosion as a result of high levels of
alkalinity.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
42. Biological sewage treatment
•Traditional Type II Marine Sanitation Devices (MSD)
Most of a cargo and cruise ships with traditional Type II Marine
Sanitation Devices (MSD), sewage is treated using biological treatment
and chlorination. Some cruise ships do not treat their sewage
biologically, but instead use maceration and chlorination.
The treatment system typically includes aerobic biological treatment to
remove biochemical oxygen demand and some nutrients, clarification
and filtration to remove solids, and final chlorine disinfection to
destroy pathogens.
The system also may include screening to remove grit and debris.
Cruise ships typically install up to four systems, allowing one or two to
be placed off-line for maintenance at any one time. Cargo ships uses
one unit only. Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
44. • Advanced Wastewater Treatmant Systems (AWT):
To improve environmental performance, cruise lines are testing and
installing wastewater purification systems that utilize advanced
technologies.
These onboard wastewater treatment systems are designed to result in
effluent discharges that are of a high quality and purity; for example,
meeting or surpassing standards for secondary and tertiary effluents
and reclaimed water.
Effluents meeting these high standards would not be subjected to the
strict discharge limitations.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
45. AWT systems are still at the development stage. Generally advanced
treatment systems utilize enhanced aerobic digestion with physical
filtration to clean shipboard waste water.
On some cruise vessels, sewage and often graywater are treated using
AWTs.
AWTs generally provide improved screening, biological treatment,
solids separation (using filtration or flotation), and disinfection (using
ultraviolet light) as compared to traditional Type II MSDs.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
46. Some manufacturers of AWT mostly installed on cruise vessels are
described below:
1. HAMWORTHY'S Membrane Bioreactor (MBR) system uses aerobic
biological treatment followed by ultrafiltration and ultraviolet (UV)
disinfection.
Hamworthy MBR system treats wastewater from accommodations and
sewage.
Wastewater is first treated in screen presses to remove paper and
other coarse solids.
Next, the wastewater enters a two stage bioreactor, where bacteria
digest the organic matter in the waste. Following biological treatment,
the wastewater is filtered through tubular ultrafiltration membranes to
remove particulate matter and biological mass, which are returned to
the bioreactors.
In the final stage of treatment, the wastewater undergoes UV
disinfection to reduce pathogens.Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
47. 2. ROCHEM’s ROCHEM LPRO and ROCHEM Bio-Filt system treats high
concentration and low concentration waste streams with different
processes.
ROCHEM LPRO part of the system treats wastewater from laundry and
accommodations while the ROCHEM Bio-Filt treats wastewater from
galley and sewage, as well as the membrane concentrate from the
ROCHEM LPRO system.
The ROCHEM LPRO system uses screens to remove fibers and hair,
reverse osmosis membranes to remove particulates and dissolved
solids, and UV disinfection to reduce pathogens.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
48. 3. The Zenon ZeeWeed MBR system uses aerobic biological oxidation
followed by ultrafiltration and UV disinfection.
Graywater from the laundry, galley, accommodations, and food pulper
combines with sewage and flows through two coarse screens into a
collection tank.
From the collection tank, the wastewater is pumped to an aerated
bioreactor. After the bioreactor, the wastewater flows through the
proprietary ZeeWeed hollow-fiber ultrafiltration membrane system
under a vacuum.
In the final stage of treatment, the combined wastewater from the
membranes undergoes UV disinfection to reduce pathogens.
The Zenon system is the only system that EPA sampled that treats all
graywater and sewage sources .
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
49. SCANSHIP AWP (Advanced Wastedwater Purification) system uses
aerobic biological oxidation followed by dissolved air flotation and UV
disinfection.
Sewage and graywater from the galley, accommodations, and laundry
combine in one graywater and sewage holding tank.
The combined wastewater is pumped through a coarse drum filter and
then through two separate aerated bioreactors.
After aeration, the wastewater is pumped to two dissolved air flotation
(DAF) units to separate solids.
From the DAF units, the wastewater is pumped to polishing screen
filters.
In the final stage of treatment, the wastewater undergoes UV
disinfection to reduce pathogens.Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
51. The Hydroxyl CleanSea system uses aerobic biological oxidation
followed by dissolved air flotation and UV disinfection.
Sewage and graywater are combined and pumped to a fine
wedgewire screen for coarse solids removal.
Next, the wastewater enters the ACTIVECELL biological reactors where
free-floating plastic beads support biological growth without the need
for recycled biological mass.
The wastewater then enters the ACTIVEFLOAT dissolved air flotation
units for solids separation.
Final treatment steps include polishing filters and UV disinfection to
reduce pathogens.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
52. EVAC is a company that designs, manufactures and markets
environmentally friendly waste and wastewater collection and
treatment solutions for the marine industry worldwide.
The Evac MBR is a single stream Advanced Waste Water Treatment
system where all the waste streams are treated in one process.
The Evac MBR is based on effective equalizing and mixing of the
incoming waste streams, pre-treatment by screens, an aerated biotank
and a membrane bioreactor.
In this proposal, a nutrient removal step is added to the basic process.
The Evac MBR process is fully automated and controlled through a PLC
by vacuum/pressure switches, level switches, DO, TSS and pH sensors,
flow meters and foam detectors.
Membranes are of submerged type, supplied by Japanese company
Kubota.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
55. According to international regulations, sewage treatmant plant has to
satisfy the effluent standards for its certificate of type test.
Most of traditional (Type II MSD) in practise operate on the vessels
with certain errors due to
• late start of the system before arrival in the port,
• reduced bio sludge,
• overclorination,
• disrupted by intermittent flow common to shipboard life.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
56. Biological sewage treatment
The biological system utilises bacteria to completely break down
the sewage into an acceptable substance for discharge into any
waters. The extended aeration process provides a climate in which
oxygen-loving bacteria multiply and digest the sewage, converting it
into a sludge. These oxygen-loving bacteria are known as aerobic.
The treatment plant uses a tank which is divided into three
watertight compartments: an aeration compartment, settling
compartment and a chlorine contact compartment .
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
57. The sewage enters the aeration compartment where it is digested by
aerobic bacteria and micro-organisms, whose existence is aided by
atmospheric oxygen which is pumped in.
The sewage then flows into the settling compartment where the
activated sludge is settled out. The clear liquid flows to the chlorinator
and after treatment to kill any remaining bacteria it is discharged.
Tablets are placed in the chlorinator and require replacement as they
are used up.
The activated sludge in the settling tank is continuously recycled and
builds up, so that every two to three months it must be partially
removed.
This sludge must be discharged only in a decontrolled area.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
58. Working of a Biological Sewage Plant
The basic principle of the working of a biological treatment plant is
decomposition of the raw sewage.
This process is done by aerating the sewage chamber with fresh air.
The aerobic bacteria survive on this fresh air and decompose the raw
sewage which can be disposed off in the sea.
Air is a very important criterion in the functioning of the biological
sewage plant because if air is not present, it will lead to growth of
anaerobic bacteria, which produces toxic gases that are hazardous to
health.
Also, after decomposition of the sewage with anaerobic bacteria, a
dark black liquid causes discoloration of water which is not accepted
for discharging. Thus in a biological sewage treatment plant the main
aim is to maintain the flow of fresh air.Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
61. Division of Processes
The biological sewage plant is divides into three chambers:-
Aeration chamber
This chamber is fed with raw sewage which has been grinded to form
small particles. The advantage of breaking sewage in small particles is
that it increases the area and high number of bacteria can attack
simultaneously to decompose the sewage.
The sewage is decomposed into carbon dioxide, water and inorganic
sewage. The air is forced through diffuser into the air chamber. The
pressure of air flow also plays an important role in decomposition of
the sewage.
If pressure is kept high then the mixture of air and sewage will not
take place properly and it will escape without doing any work required
for decomposition.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
62. It is for this reason; controlled pressure is important inside the sewage
treatment plant as this will help in proper mixing and decomposition
by the agitation caused by air bubbles.
Generally the pressure is kept around 0.3-0.4 bars.
Settling tank
The mixture of liquid and sludge is passed to settling tank from the
aeration chamber.
In the settling tank the sludge settles at the bottom and clear liquid
on the top.
The sludge present at the bottom is not allowed to be kept inside the
settling tank as this will lead to growth of anaerobic bacteria and foul
gases will be produced.The sludge formed is recycled with the
incoming sludge where it will mixes with the later and assist in the
breakdown of sewage. Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
63. Chlorination and Collection
In this chamber the clear liquid produced from the settling tank is over
flown and the liquid is disinfected with the help of chlorine.
This is done because of the presence of the e-coli bacteria present in
the liquid. To reduce these bacteria to acceptable level chlorination is
done.
Moreover, to reduce the e-coli, the treated liquid is kept for a period of
at least 60 minutes. In some plants disinfection is also done with the
help of ultra violet radiation. The collected liquid is discharged to
overboard or settling tank depending on the geological position of the
ship. If the ship is in restricted or near coastline then the sewage will
be discharged into the holding tank; otherwise, the sewage is
discharged directly into the sea.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
64. Starting of a Sewage Plant
Sewage plant is generally running all the time during sailing, but it
might need to be started when the ship is installed with a new sewage
treat plant which needs to be stopped at regular interval of time for
improving its performance and maintenance procedures.
Below are the points that need to be followed for starting a sewage
treatment plant.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
65. 1. Make sure if any maintenance is carried out on the sewage
treatment system, all the openings have been closed properly before
starting.
2. The sewage plant is be filled with fresh water inside the chamber.
3. At this stage, there are no aerobic bacteria inside the chamber, but
the sewage has started coming to the plant. Thus, in order to increase
efficiency and starting rate of the plant bio pac is added to the plant
by flushing the amount specified in the manual. This bio pac is mixed
with warm water which helps in growth of these bacteria and also
efficient functioning of the plant.
4. If the bio pac is not added, the plant might take up to 5 to 7 days to
be completely functional. However, with the bio pac it becomes
functional within 24 hours.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
66. 5. Start the air compressor or open the air valve as per the design of
the plant. The pressure is maintained as per the manual. Generally 0.3-
0.4 bars.
6. Open the sewage overboard valve and close holding tank valve
when the ship is out of restricted waters.
7. The plant is continuously monitored and checked for the flow
through the transparent plastic tubes.
8. The sample is taken for checking for suspended solids and chlorine
content.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
67. Stopping of the plant
Stopping of the sewage treatment plant is generally done either
before entering the dry dock or in case some maintenance has to be
carried out inside the treatment plant.
1. For stopping the system, close the inlet valve to the sewage plant
and close the overboard valve and let the sewage go overboard.
2. Empty all the three chambers of the plant i.e. aeration, settling
and chlorination chambers. If the chambers are not emptied, it will
lead to growth of anaerobic bacteria which forms the toxic H2S gas.
3. If entry has to be made inside the tank, the later should be
checked for hydrogen sulphide gas H2S with the help of dragor tube
by taking a continuous sample from the plant. Entry is made with the
help of mask and rubber gloves should be put on.
4. In case the ship is going to dry dock the overboard should be
connected to shore reception facilities.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
68. While operating the sewage plant, engineer must know:
• Procedure for starting and stopping sewage treatment plant
• Maintenance and checks for sewage treatment plant
However, apart from the above mentioned aspects, marine
engineers should also know four important terms while dealing
with sewage treatment plants on ships. They are:
1.Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
2.Coliform Count
3.Recommended levels of pumping out solids
4.Bio-chemical digestion of sewageNejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
70. 1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Biochemical oxygen demand is a test to identify biological
decomposable substances and to test the strength of the sewage.
BOD depends on the activity of bacteria in the sewage. These bacteria
feed on and consume organic matter in the presence of oxygen.
BOD can also be defined as the amount of oxygen required by the
micro-organisms in the stabilization of organic matter.
BOD of raw sewage is 300-600 mg/litre.
IMO recommends BOD of less than 50 mg/litre after treatment
through sewage treatment plant.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
71. 2. Coliform Count
Coliform is a type of organism which is present in human intestine and
is recognized as indicator organisms of sewage pollution. Presence of
these organisms in water is an indication of pathogen, which are
diseases causing bacteria responsible for cholera, dysentery, typhoid
etc.
The number of coliform organisms present in sewage on ship is very
large, with each person contributing around 125 billion in winters and
400 billion in summer.
IMO recommends faecal coliform count of less than 250 faecal/100
ml. of affluent after treatment.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
72. 3. Recommended levels of pumping out solids
Dissolved solids – Solids which are dissolved in the solution
Suspended solids – Solids physically suspended in sewage that can
be removed by laboratory filtration and are relatively high in organic
matter.
Settleable solids – Suspended solids that will subside in quiescent
liquid in a reasonable period of time (usually around an hour)
Suspended level of raw sewage – Around 300-400 mg/litre; IMO
recommends 50 mg/ litre after treatment.
Residual disinfectant – After treatment residual disinfectant should
be as low as possible. IMO recommends use of ultra violet exposure
for chlorination method.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
73. 4. Biochemical digestion of sewage:
Anaerobic process
Anaerobic bacteria can only multiply in the absence of free oxygen
as they utilize chemically bound oxygen to survive. Anaerobic
bacteria break down the organic matter into water, carbon dioxide,
methane, hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. This process is called
putrefaction.
The products thus produced out of this process are noxious and
toxic. The effluent is of poor quality and by-products are highly
corrosive.
Aerobic process
Aerobic bacteria require free oxygen to survive. They break down
the organic matter to produce safe products such as water, carbon
dioxide, inert residue, and energy to synthesize new bacteria.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
77. General Description
The system uses vacuum to transport sewage from toilets and
urinals to collecting units.
There is a vacuum only in the piping network and collecting units
(Toilets, urinals etc.) remain under atmospheric pressure unless
when the flush button is pushed; for a set value of time which is
usually 7-15 seconds.
Each toilet is connected to the vacuum piping.
The connection is shut all times, except during the toilet flushing.
When the toilet is flushed, its discharge valve opens the
connection to the vacuum piping network for a pre-set seconds
and the contents of the bowl will be evacuated into the sewer.
The evacuated sewage, very less water sprayed by spraying
nozzles, and few liters of air drawn during the flushing process,
which pushes the sewage plug forward in the piping system.Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
78. Vacuum Pumps
The vacuum is created by specially designed jet pumps which are
connected to a vacuum manifold runs continuously until the vacuum set
point is reached on the vacuum manifold.
There are number of such pumps (Depending upon the number of
toilets installed in the ship) cut in / cut off sequentially by the vacuum
reading on the main manifold.
These vacuum creating pumps are cooled by water. Due to vacuum in
the pumping space the water starts to boil and the pump parts become
over heated to avoid this, a solenoid controlled valve activated by the
temperature sensor fitted on the body opens up cooling water and
closes when the temperature is under the limit.
The cooling water is eventually mixed with the sewage and pumped to
collecting tank
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
79. Main Advantage of the System
One of the main advantage of this system is that, very little flushing
water is required and the volume of sewage dealt with can be much
reduced with the downsizing of relevant equipment and cost saving.
This has made them very popular for passenger vessels. Lloyd’s
regulations state that the capacity of a sewage system for flushing water
with conventional plant is 115 liters/ person/ day and 15 liters for
vacuum systems.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
80. Main Disadvantage
The main disadvantage is blockage due to drying and crystallization of
urea. Over a period of time this can be so severe as to completely close
the pipes.
Chemicals are on the market which can be added in very small doses
which help remove and prevent these deposits but there success is not
guaranteed.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer
81. Problems resulting from the retention of untreated sewage in a
holding tank.
1) The breakdown of raw sewage in water is effected by aerobic
bacteria, as long as there is a relatively ample presence of oxygen to
support the bacteria. In other words it’s effected by anaerobic bacteria
if the oxygen has been depleted.
2) When the amount of sewage relative to water is small, dissolved
oxygen in the water will assist a bio-chemical (aerobic) action which
breaks down the sewage into simple, clean components and carbon
dioxide.
3) In a holding tank if untreated sewage is stored then the bacteria turn
into an aerobic due to poor oxygen supply which creates black sludge
toxic and explosive gases which creates danger to the life of personnel
working around, in some cases they could explode as well due to
excessive accumulation of methane if a spark or heat source is
introduced.
Nejat ÖZTEZCAN Chief Engineer