This document summarizes key aspects of MARPOL Annexes I-V, which regulate pollution from ships. Annex I covers oil pollution and impacts ship design requirements like double hulls and oil filtering equipment. Annex II covers noxious liquid substances carried in bulk. Annex III covers harmful substances carried by sea in packaged form. Annex IV regulates sewage pollution and requires ships to have sewage treatment plants or holding tanks. Annex V addresses garbage pollution from ships and prohibits most plastics from being discharged. The annexes establish pollution control zones, certification requirements, and penalties for non-compliance.

1. MARPOL
ANNEXURES AND IMPACT ON SHIP DESIGN

2. INCEPTION
• The MARPOL Convention is the main
International Convention covering prevention
of pollution of the marine environment by
ships from operational or accidental causes.
• It is a combination of two treaties adopted in
1973 and 1978 respectively and updated by
amendments through the years.

3. AIM
• The Convention includes regulations aimed
at preventing and minimizing pollution from
ships – both accidental pollution and that
from routine operations.
• These regulations influence the ship design
cycle in many ways.
Some of these will be discussed.

4. RECAP OF THE ANNEXES
Annex I: Regulations for the Prevention of
Pollution by Oil
Covers prevention of pollution by oil from
operational measures as well as from
accidental discharges.

5. IMPLICATIONS OF ANNEXURE I
Special Areas according to MARPOL:
Mediterranean, Baltic, Black Sea, Red Sea, Gulfs area, Gulf of Aden,Oman
Area of the Arabian Sea, NW European waters, Southern South Africa water.
Any discharge into the sea of oil or oily mixtures into the Antarctic Area (south
of latitude 60°S) is prohibited.
1.1.Outside “Special Area” Discharge may take place if :
• “en route” (discharge spread over great area)
• processed through an oil filtering equipment (15 ppm)
• the oil content without dilution <15 ppm (parts per million)
1.2. In a “Special Area” :
• oil filtering equipment (15 ppm) should have alarm (oil content meter) and
• automatic stopping device (3-way valve)
1.4. In a ship ≥ 400 GT constructed after 1 July 1982,
oil shall not be carried in a forepeak tank or a tank forward of the collision
bulkhead.

6. IMPACT OF ANNEX I ON DESIGN
• sludge tanks of adequate capacity with regard to the type of machinery and
length of voyage
• oil fuel tanks protection against collision/grounding (i.e. double hull) for ships with
an aggregate oil fuel capacity of 600 m³, delivered on or after 1 August 2010. A
max. capacity limit of m³ per oil fuel tank is 2,500³.
• All ships ≥400 GT must be fitted with oil filtering equipment . (Oily Water
Separator) producing an effluent with oil content <15ppm. Ships ≥ 10000 GT
shall be fitted with oil filtering equipment(15ppm) with alarm and automatic
stopping device.
• Oily Water Separators (OWS) and Oil Content Meters (OCM)(bilge alarms)
shall be approved as per IMO resolutions: A.393(X), MEPC.60 (33) or since
01.01.2005 MEPC.107(49) which states that:
• OWS to be tested also with a stable emulsion
• OCM to include a recording function for date, time, alarm and operating status.
All records to be stored for 18 months
Every crude oil tanker ≥ 20,000 dwt and every product carrier ≥ 30,000 dwt
delivered after 1 June 1982, are required to be equipped with the
segregated ballast tanks providing a measure of protection against oil
outflow in the event of grounding or collision. Every oil tanker ≥ 5,000 dwt
delivered on or after 6 July 1996 shall be fitted with double hulls. Oil
tankers ≥ 150 GT shall be equipped with Oil Discharge Monitoring
Equipment (ODME).

7. CERTIFICATES & DOCUMENTS
Oil Pollution Prevention Certificate (including the Record of Construction and
Equipment (Form A or B)
• Statement of compliance for Condition Assessment Scheme (Tankers only)
Type of Approval Certificates:
• Oily Water Separator
• 15 PPM Alarm
• Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System
(Tankers Only)
• Oil/Water Interface Detector (Tanker Only)
Documents
All ships:
• Oil Record Book (Part 1)
• SOPEP *
Tanker specific (Marpol Annex I):
• Oil Discharge Monitoring and Control System– ODME Manual
(recordings from ODME equipment to be kept onboard for at least 3 years)
• Crude oil Washing Manual*, if applicable
• Oil Record Book (part 2)
• Access to shore based damage stability and residual strength
Calculations
• Dedicated Clean Ballast Tank Operation Manual
• Damage Stability Approval
• Vapour Emission Control System Procedure (Manual)

8. CRIME & PENALTY FOCUS
U.S. Regulation summary:
• Over $200 million dollars in criminal fines since 1998 as well as : restitution,
community service and probation with court supervised environmental
compliance programs.
• Personal punishment : 17 years of imprisonment since 1998 for senior
shipboard officers and engineers.
CRIMES
• Crimes committed for financial motive.
• Deliberate crimes omitting pollution prevention equipment
• Cost saving, easiest & quickest method of performing task
• Discharges made at night, hiding of bypass equipment, use of dispersants,
tricking of OCM, falsification of Oil Record Book and Tank Sounding Log,
etc.
• Faking of vessel records to mislead port
authorities.
• Most cases involve circumventing of justice
(destruction of evidence, alteration of documents,
providing false witness, committing perjury).

9. ANNEX II:NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES
IN BULK

10. CATEGORIZATION OF NOXIOUS LIQUID
SUBSTANCES AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
 Category X: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from
tank cleaning or de-ballasting operations, are deemed to present a major hazard
to either marine resources or human health and, therefore, justify the prohibition
of the discharge into the marine environment;
 Category Y: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from
tank cleaning or de-ballasting operations, are deemed to present a hazard to
either marine resources or human health or cause harm to amenities or other
legitimate uses of the sea and therefore justify a limitation on the quality and
quantity of the discharge into the marine environment
 Category Z: Noxious Liquid Substances which, if discharged into the sea from
tank cleaning or de-ballasting operations, are deemed to present a minor hazard
to either marine resources or human health and therefore justify less stringent
restrictions on the quality and quantity of the discharge into the marine
environment; and
 Other Substances: substances which have been evaluated and found to fall
outside Category X, Y or Z because they are considered to present no harm to
marine resources, human health, amenities or other legitimate uses of the sea
when discharged into the sea from tank cleaning of deballasting operations.

11. SHIP TYPES AS PER THE IMO
• The International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk IBC Code (Ch- 17&18) provides detailed standards
for the construction and equipment of three types of chemical tankers (Types 1, 2
and 3)
• IMO Ship Type 1 is a chemical tanker intended for the transportation of products
considered to present the greatest overall hazard. The quantity of cargo required
to be carried in a Type 1 ship should not exceed 1,250 m3 in any one tank.
• IMO Ship Type 2 is intended to transport products with appreciably severe
environmental and safety hazards which require significant preventive measures
to preclude escape of such cargo. The quantity of cargo required to be carried in
a Type 2 ship should not exceed 3000 m3 in any one tank.
• IMO Ship Type 3 is a chemical tanker intended to transport products with
sufficiently severe environmental and safety hazards. These products require a
moderate degree of containment to increase survival capability in a damaged
condition. There is no filling restriction for chemicals assigned to Ship Type 3.

12. CARGO TANK LOCATION
Cargo tanks shall be located at the following distances inboard:
1. Type 1 ships: from the side shell plating, not less than the transverse extent
of damage specified in 2.5.1.1.2, (B/5 or 11.5m whichever is less), and from the
molded line of the bottom shell plating at centerline, not less than the vertical
extent of damage specified in 2.5.1.2.3, (B/15 or 6 m whichever is less), and
nowhere less than 760 mm from the shell plating. This requirement does not
apply to the tanks for diluted slops arising from tank washing.
2. Type 2 ships: from the molded line of the bottom shell plating at centerline,
not less than the vertical extent of damage specified in 2.5.1.2.3, (B/15 or 6 m
which ever is less), and nowhere less than 760 mm from the shell plating. This
requirement does not apply to the tanks for diluted slops arising from tank
washing.
3. Type 3 ships: no requirement"

13. CARGO TANK LOCATION & CONFIGURATION

14. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• Ships constructed before 1 July 1986 shall be provided with a pumping and
piping arrangement to ensure that each tank certified for the carriage of
substances in Category X or Y does not retain a quantity of residue in
excess of 300 litres
in the tank and its associated piping and that each tank certified for the
carriage of substances in Category Z does not retain a quantity of residue in
excess of 900 litres in the tank and its associated piping. A performance test
shall be required to be carried out.
Every ship constructed on or after 1 July 1986 but before 1 January 2007
shall be provided with a pumping and piping arrangement to ensure that
each tank certified for the carriage of substances in Category X or Y does
not retain a quantity of residue in excess of 100 litres in the tank and its
associated piping and that each tank certified for the carriage of substances
in Category Z does not retain a quantity of residue in excess of 300 litres in
the tank and its associated piping.
• Every ship constructed on or after 1 January 2007 shall be provided with a
pumping and piping arrangement to ensure that each tank certified for
the carriage of substances in Category X, Y or Z does not retain a
quantity of residue in excess of 75 litres in the tank and its associated
piping.
After 1 January 2007, the stripping performance requirements will apply to
all tankers holding a Certificate of Fitness (CoF).

15. STRIPPING & DISCHARGE REQUIREMENTS

16. CERTIFICATION OF CARGO
• All non-oil cargoes carried in bulk are
classified by the IMO and/or the vessel’s
flag state/administration
• The carriage requirements for a product
are then determined by these entities using
the guidelines set forth by GESAMP* and
IMO
• If regulated by the IBC Code those cargoes
must be authorised for carriage on that
particular ship and listed on the ship’s
Certificate of Fitness (CoF)
• Every chemical tanker is required to have a
Certificate of Fitness (CoF) – indicating that
it is certified to carry certain products
• The issuance of a CoF will also require a
Procedures and Arrangements (P&A)
Manual

17. ANNEXURE III
Annex III: Prevention of Pollution by Harmful
Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form [1]
Contains general requirements for
the issuing of detailed standards on
packing, marking, labelling,
documentation, stowage, quantity
limitations, exceptions and
notifications.
For the purpose of this Annexure,
“harmful substances” are those
substances which are identified as
marine pollutants in the as per IMDG
code or which meet the other
specified criteria.

18. • Rule does not apply to ship stores and
equipment.[3]
• Packaging containing small quantities of harmful
substances may be exempted from marking.
• Certain harmful substances have constraints with
regard to quantity carried onboard.
• Harmful substances shall be properly stowed and
secured so as to minimize the danger to the
environment also while ensuring safety of life
onboard the vessel. The safety of life is taken care
of by the SOLAS and the MLC.
• Packaging of these harmful substances should
provide correct technical names and leave no
ambiguity in the mind of the user. Marine
pollutants should be indicated very specifically.[3]
• Proper analysis of effects of harmful substances are
to be taken into account (chemical, physical or
biological) while regulating the washing of leakages
overboard, especially considering the effects on
crew.
• Harmful substances can only be jettisoned when it
is necessary for the safety of life onboard.

19. ANNEXURE IV
Annex IV: Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from
Ships [1]
Contains requirements to control pollution of the
sea by sewage; the discharge of sewage into the
sea is prohibited, except when the ship has in
operation an approved sewage treatment plant.
Although the discharge of sewage from ships
into the sea is of concern nowadays, the major
contributors are still the land based activities.
Since, it is still considered that higher seas are
capable of assimilating and dealing with raw
sewage through bacterial action, sewage
disposal is limited only up to certain distance
away from the nearest land.

20. • Governments are responsible for
providing adequate reception facilities at
ports, but the ship should be capable of
stowing the sewage waste (sewage
holding tank) until the time comes for
proper disposal.[3]
• Also proper sewage treatment facilities
onboard are mandatory if sewage has to
be jettisoned.
• Discharge pipelines to have proper
discharge connections and valves.
• Holding tanks are to be built to the
satisfaction of the Government and the
Classification Society concerned and
should be designed based on endurance,
crew capacity, mode of operation etc.[3]
• Same as packaged harmful substances,
discharge of sewage is allowed anywhere
subject to the condition that safety of life
is at stake in the event of some disaster.

21. ANNEXURE V
Annex V: Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from
Ships (entered into force 31 December 1988)
Garbage means all kinds of
victual, domestic and
operational waste excluding
fresh fish and parts thereof,
generated during the
normal operation of the ship
and liable to be disposed of
continuously or periodically
except those substances
which are defined or listed
in other Annexes to the
present Convention”

22. WHY GARBAGE CONTROL?
● Time taken for objects to dissolve to sea
Material Time to degrade
Tin cans 100 years
Newspaper 6 weeks
Glass Indefinite
Polystyrene foam Indefinite
Cardboard 2 - 4 months
Pastic six pack rings 400 years +
Plastic bottles 450 years
Aluminum cans 200 years
Painted wood 13 years

23. SPECIAL AREAS
● Special areas mean a sea area where for recognised technical reasons in
relation to its oceanographical and ecological condition and to the
particular character of its traffic the adoption of special mandatory
methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required.

24. REQUIREMENTS FOR DISPOSAL OF GARBAGE AT SEA
●
Garbage Type Outside Special Areas In Special Areas
Plastics including ropes, nets, bags Disposal prohibited Disposal
prohibited
Floating dunnage, lining, packing
materials
>25 miles offshore Disposal
prohibited
Ground – downpaper products,
rags, glass, metal, bottles, crockery, etc
>3 miles offshore Disposal
prohibited
Cargo residues, paper products, rags,
glass, metal, bottles, crockery etc
>12 miles offshore Disposal
prohibited
Food waste comminuted or ground >12 miles offshore >12 miles offshore
Incinerator ashes >12 miles offshore Disposal
prohibited

25. GARBAGE MANAGEMENT PLANS AND GARBAGE
RECORD-KEEPING
Garbage Management
Plan
All ships of 400 gross
tonnage and above and
ships carrying more than 15
persons shall carry a
Garbage Management Plan
and Garbage Disposal
Record
The Plan should include :
- written procedures for: collecting,
storing, processing
and disposing of garbage (using
onboard equipment)
- the designated person in charge of
carrying out the plan
The Plan should be :
- in the working language of the crew
and adapted for
individual ships
- regularly reviewed and checked by
the Master if the it is being
correctly adapted as part of his
weekly inspections.

26. PROCESSING OF GARBAGE
• Ships may be provided with onboard incinerators,
compactors, comminuters or other equipment for
garbage processing
• Advantages of such facilities:
• disposal of certain garbage possible at sea
• onboard storage space reduction
• helpful in unloading garbage at a port
• -allowing absorption of some types of garbage

27. STORING AND DISPOSING OF
GARBAGE
• All disposal of garbage must be consistent with MARPOL 73/78
Regulations.
• All processed and unprocessed garbage shall be:
• - stored in tight, good condition, securely covered containers so
that no
• garbage is released into the environment. (also required by Port
Health
• and Agriculture Authorities in many countries from a health and
disease
• control point of view)
• - landed to reception facilities ashore and the Master shall ensure
• that all local regulations are adhered to
• - processed according to the vessel’s local agent requirements
• such as segregation, cleanliness of garbage and disposal
• containers / transportation bag

28. ANNEXURE VI
Annex V: Regulations for the Prevention of
Air Pollution from Ships

29. Why MARPOLAnnex VI?
Emission Gases from Ships
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) – create Ozone and smog
Sulphur Oxides (SOx) – create acidification
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – is a GHG
Carbon Monoxide (CO)- is s very toxic gas
Hydrocarbons (HC) – gas, soot and some particulates
The concentration of the differing exhaust gases is variable
according to the
engine type,
engine settings and
fuel type.

30. The Regulations
• There are 19 Regulations but the following
Regulations will impact Vessel operation for
• ALL VESSELS ABOVE 400 grt
• -Regulation 12 – Ozone Depleting Substances
• -Regulation 13 – NOx emissions
• -Regulation 14 – Sulphur Oxide emissions
• -Regulation 15 – VOC emissions
• -Regulation 16 – Shipboard Incinerators
• -Regulation 18 – Fuel Oil Quality control

31. Regulation 12
Ozone Depleting Substances
• “Deliberate” Emissions of Ozone Depleting
Substances (HFCs) are prohibited
• New installations can only use HCFCs
(hydrochlorofluorocarbons) until 1st Jan
2020.
• These substances, when removed from ships,
must be delivered to reception facilities

32. Regulation 13 - NOx
• Regulation applies to engines > 130 kW and
not to engines used solely for
● the purpose of emergencies, related to the
emissions from the engines. The
● manufacturer would provide a technical
manual for the engines specifying the
● settings in order to comply with the
regulations.
● NOx emissions are controlled by Tier I, II & III

33. Regulation 14 - SOx
● Under the revised MARPOL Annex VI, the global
sulphur cap is reduced initially to 3.50% effective
from 1 January 2012
● Then progressively to 0.50% effective from 1
January 2020.
● The limits applicable in ECAs for SOx and
particulate matter were reduced to 1.00%,
beginning on 1 July 2010 Being further reduced
to 0.10 %, effective from 1 January 2015.

34. Emission Control Areas

35. Regulation 15 - VOCs
● A tanker carrying crude shall have and implement
● onboard a VOC management plan. The plan should
provide
● Written procedures for minimising VOC emissions
during loading, sea passage
● and discharging
● Consideration given to additional VOC generated
during COW
● Identify person responsible for implementing the plan
● Be written in the working language of foreign going
ships

36. Regulation 16 - Incinerators
● Incineration of the following items are not
allowed-
● Residues of cargo subject to annex I, II & III
● Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
● Garbage having traces of heavy metals
● Refined petroleum products containing halogen
compounds
● Sewage sludge and sludge oil not generated
onboard
● Exhaust gas cleaning systems

37. Regulation 18 – Fuel Oil Quality
• -“Fuel oil shall be blends of hydrocarbons derived from
petroleum refining”
• -“Fuel oil shall be free from inorganic acid”
• -“Fuel oil shall not include any added substance or
chemical waste which either:
• - Jeopardises the safety of ships or adversely
affects the performance of the machinery, or
• -Is harmful to personnel, or
• “Contributes overall to additional air
pollution”

38. REFERENCES
[1] International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships
(MARPOL 73/78) PRACTICAL GUIDE
(2015)
[2] ‘PREVENTION OF MARINE LITTER
POLLUUNDER IMO CONVENTI’-1st
NOWPAP Workshop on Marine Litter
Incheon, Republic of Korea (2006)
[3] http://www.marpoltraining.com/
– Annexures I-VI; their application,
considerations in design and
management.

39. THANK YOU