The document outlines several ideological movements that emerged after 1815, including: Classical Liberalism which emphasized individual rights and liberties like equality before the law and freedom of speech. It supported constitutional limits on government power. Economic Liberalism as defined by Adam Smith and David Ricardo, which argued that governments should not interfere in business and markets and let free competition prevail. Radicalism and Republicanism which wanted to further extend liberal arguments to give more people political rights, and sometimes supported revolution. They included working class leaders and opponents of monarchy. Utopian Socialism which saw problems with the economic system and sought a fairer distribution of wealth. Figures included Robert Owen, Saint-

1. Ideological Movements
Romanticism: is a non-political movement, but
it added an emotional passion to the more
political movements after 1815

2. Classical Liberalism
It emphasized on the rights and liberties that
individuals should possess:
Equality before the law
Freedom of speech and press
Right of own property
Against Absolutism.
They defended separation of powers and National
Sovereignty (Through Constitutions, Elections and
Parliaments).
Constitutions: Governments should be limited by
written constitutions.
Representative Government: elected assemblies or
parliaments which should make laws.

3. Not democratic: not everyone should be
allowed to vote (censitary suffrage or census
suffrage)
Social classes that supported this movement:
Business and professional classes
Factory owners
Enterprising landowners
They wanted changes, but in an orderly way,
by processes of legislation, and not by
Revolutions.

4. Economic Liberalism
Adam Smith and David Ricardo
Government should not interfere with business,
it should stay out of the economy and let
businessess compete.
“Laissez-Faire”
Law of supply and demand
Freedom of trade and abolition of tariffs

5. Other Ideological Movements
Radicalism (Democrats)
Working class leaders
They wanted to extend many of the liberal
arguments to wider segments of the population
Republicanism (Democrats)
It's the continent version of radicalism
They are opposed to royalism and monarchies.
They supported “Revolutions”
Heirs of the “French Revolution”
Democrats: “universal male suffrage”
Because of police repression they joined in secret
societies.

6. Utopian Socialism
It was previous to marxism
They regarded the economic system as aimless,
chaotic and unjust.
They looked for a fairer and more equal distribution
of income among all the members of society.
Personalities:
− Robert Owen
− Saint Simon
− Charles Fourier and his phalanstère

7. Scientific Socialism, Marxism or Communism
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
They wanted to improve the working conditions
They believed in progress and in society.
All the social classes would disappear and “the
proletariat” would create a new society without
social classes called “Communist Society”
All means of production should be owned by
society through the Government
Surplus value (plusvalía): the worker creates some
benefits, that are taken by capitalists, not by
workers.

8. • Feminism
• This movement wanted to expand the rights of
women in both public and private life.
• Main aims: a better education, reforms in property
and divorce laws, the right to participate in public
debates and voting rights
• Nationalism
• It defends the right of a group of individuals to be
identified with a political entity called “nation”.
• Centrifugal nationalism: it destroys already existing
empires or nations
• Centripetal nationalism: it creates new nations