Colloidal particles ranging in size between 10 & 1000 nm are known as nanoparticles.
SLNs are new generation of submicron sized lipid emulsion where the liquid lipid(oil) has been substituted by a solid lipid.
Example: Capture - Dior
Colloidal particles ranging in size between 10 & 1000 nm are known as nanoparticles.
SLNs are new generation of submicron sized lipid emulsion where the liquid lipid(oil) has been substituted by a solid lipid.
Example: Capture - Dior
Cubosomes a drug delivery system
❖Introduction :
• Cubosomes are the square and rounded particles with internal cubic lattices visible. • Cubosomes are self-assembled nanostructured particles formed by aqueous lipid and surfactant systems. • Cubosomes are thermodynamically stable; they have a structure like “honeycombed”.
2
❖Defination :
• Cubosomes are nanoparticles but instead of the solid particles usually encountered, cubosomes are self-assembled liquid crystalline particles with a solid-like rheology that provides unique properties of practical interest.
Fig. Cubosomes with different drug loading modalities
3
❖Advantages of Cubosomes
• 1.High drug payloads due to high internal surface area and cubic
crystalline structures.
• 2.Relatively simple method of preparation.
• 3.Biodegradability of lipids.
• 4.Capability of encapsulating hydrophilic, hydrophobic and
amphiphilic substances.
4
• 5. Targeted release and controlled release of bioactive agents.
• 6. While most liquid crystalline systems transform into micelles at
higher levels of dilution, cubosomes remain stable almost at any
dilution level because of the relative insolubility of cubic phase
forming lipid in water. So, cubosomes can easily be incorporated into
product formulations.
• 7. The cubic phases of cubosomes can form particulate dispersions
that are colloidally and thermodynamically stable for longer time.
5
❖Disadvantages of Cubosomes
• Large scale production is sometimes difficult because of high viscosity.
6
ꙮꙮꙮ Manufacture of Cubosomesꙮꙮꙮ
Cubosomes can be manufactured by two distinct methods:
1. Top down technique
2. Bottom up technique ❖ Liquid Cubosomes Precursors :- (The Hydrotrop Dilution Process) ❖ Powder Cubosomes Precursors
Polymeric micelle formation , mechanism , Case study , applications , Factors affecting formation of Polymeric Micelle , Method of preparation , Types of polymers used in Polymeric micelle
An overview of nanogel drug delivery system it contains the information about gel & nanogel ,mechanism & routes of nanogel administration etc . Its very useful when studing the novel drug delivery system. It is also useful during formulation of Nanogel.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
novel drug delivery system is a system that uses different carriers to deliver the drug to the specific site of action , here is a presentation that discuss the types of carrier and their
pharmaceutical application
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
liposomes and nanoparticles drug delivery systemShreyaBhatt23
this presentation includes the intro duction to targeted drug delivery systems using nanoparticulate systems like liposomes, nanoparticles, mechanism of action, types, preparation, advantages, applications
Cubosomes a drug delivery system
❖Introduction :
• Cubosomes are the square and rounded particles with internal cubic lattices visible. • Cubosomes are self-assembled nanostructured particles formed by aqueous lipid and surfactant systems. • Cubosomes are thermodynamically stable; they have a structure like “honeycombed”.
2
❖Defination :
• Cubosomes are nanoparticles but instead of the solid particles usually encountered, cubosomes are self-assembled liquid crystalline particles with a solid-like rheology that provides unique properties of practical interest.
Fig. Cubosomes with different drug loading modalities
3
❖Advantages of Cubosomes
• 1.High drug payloads due to high internal surface area and cubic
crystalline structures.
• 2.Relatively simple method of preparation.
• 3.Biodegradability of lipids.
• 4.Capability of encapsulating hydrophilic, hydrophobic and
amphiphilic substances.
4
• 5. Targeted release and controlled release of bioactive agents.
• 6. While most liquid crystalline systems transform into micelles at
higher levels of dilution, cubosomes remain stable almost at any
dilution level because of the relative insolubility of cubic phase
forming lipid in water. So, cubosomes can easily be incorporated into
product formulations.
• 7. The cubic phases of cubosomes can form particulate dispersions
that are colloidally and thermodynamically stable for longer time.
5
❖Disadvantages of Cubosomes
• Large scale production is sometimes difficult because of high viscosity.
6
ꙮꙮꙮ Manufacture of Cubosomesꙮꙮꙮ
Cubosomes can be manufactured by two distinct methods:
1. Top down technique
2. Bottom up technique ❖ Liquid Cubosomes Precursors :- (The Hydrotrop Dilution Process) ❖ Powder Cubosomes Precursors
Polymeric micelle formation , mechanism , Case study , applications , Factors affecting formation of Polymeric Micelle , Method of preparation , Types of polymers used in Polymeric micelle
An overview of nanogel drug delivery system it contains the information about gel & nanogel ,mechanism & routes of nanogel administration etc . Its very useful when studing the novel drug delivery system. It is also useful during formulation of Nanogel.
NANOTECHNOLOGY comprises technological developments on the nanometer scale, usually 0.1 to 100 nm. Nanotechnology, the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of molecular and atomic particles.
novel drug delivery system is a system that uses different carriers to deliver the drug to the specific site of action , here is a presentation that discuss the types of carrier and their
pharmaceutical application
Done by: Faten Al-Sadek , Pharmacy student at Mohammed Al-Mana college for Health Sciences -MACHS
liposomes and nanoparticles drug delivery systemShreyaBhatt23
this presentation includes the intro duction to targeted drug delivery systems using nanoparticulate systems like liposomes, nanoparticles, mechanism of action, types, preparation, advantages, applications
Nano Drug Delivery Approaches and Importance of Quality by Design (QbD)SABYA SACHI DAS
Different Novel drug delivery systems, their benefits as well as drawbacks.
Different polymers used for preparation of these novel structures:Literature survey.
Targeted drug delivery approaches.
Literature based survey of different nanostructured approaches for drug formulation.
Techniques incvolved for optimization before formulation.
Utilities of quality by design (QbD) approach of optimization.
MD. ABU JAR GIFARI
Ph.D. Student
Dept. of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Prince of Songkla University
Hat-Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90110
Phone: +660969247553
Email: agifari50@gmail.com
A liposome is a closed, spherical lipid bilayer, which forms an internal cavity capable of carrying aqueous solutions. A lipid bilayer is composed of two sheets of tightly arranged phospholipids. These molecules have a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head region. When two single membranes come together, the hydrophobic tails attract toward each other, while the heads of both membranes are attracted to the surrounding water. This forms a double layer of phospholipid molecules, which exclude the internal solution from the outside. The solution can then be transported with the liposome where it is needed.
A liposome should not be confused with either a micelle or a lysosome. A micelle is similar to a liposome in that it is a sphere of phospholipids. However a micelle is composed of a single layer and therefore does not have an aqueous interior. A lysosome is a specialized organelle in cells which separates caustic enzymes from the interior of the cell. While it too is similar to a liposome, it has many specialized proteins embedded in its membrane which help it function as an organelle within the cell.
Liposomes by Mr. Vishal Shelke
https://youtube.com/vishalshelke99
https://instagram.com/vishal_stagram
Liposomes
Sub :- Novel Drug Delievery Systems, Sterile Products Formulation & Technology
M.Pharm Sem II
Savitribai Phule Pune University
Introduction :-
Liposomes are vesicular structures composed of a lipid bilayer. These vesicular structures can be used as a vehicle for administration of nutrients and drugs.
Liposomes are concentric bilayered vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by a membranous lipid bilayer.
Liposomes consist of Cholesterol, Phospholipid and drug molecule
Classification of Liposomes :-
Small Unilamellar (SUV) [20-100nm]
Medium Unilamellar (MUV)
Large Unilamellar (LUV) [>100nm]
Giant Unilamellar (GUV) [>1μm]
Multi Lamellar Vesicles (MLV) [0.5nm]
Oligolamellar Vesicles (OLV)
Multi Vesicular (MV) [>1μm]
ADVANTAGES
Provides selective passive targeting to tumor tissues.
Increased efficacy and therapeutic index.
Increased stability via encapsulation.
Reduction in toxicity of the encapsulated agents.
Improved pharmacokinetic effects (reduced elimination, increased circulation life times).
DISADVANTAGES
low solubility
short half life
high production cost
less stability
leakage and fusion of encapsulated drug
sometimes the phospholipid layer undergoes oxidation and hydrolysis reaction
Methods of Preparation of Liposomes
1 Mechanical Dispersion Method
Lipid film hydration by
hand shaken MLVs
Micro emulsification
Sonication
French pressure cell
Dried reconstituted vesicles
Membrane Extrusion Method
2 Solvent Dispersion Method
Ethanol injection
Ether injection
Double emulsion vesicles
Reverse phase
evaporation vesicles
3 Detergent Removal Method
A Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) can be defined as a new approach that combines innovative development, formulations, new technologies, novel methodologies for delivering pharmaceutical compounds in the body as needed to safely achieve its desired pharmacological effects
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Nanosystems
• Nanotechnology to deal with nanoscale
objects, has been developed at three major
levels Nanomaterials, Nanodevices and
NANOSYSTEMS
• Nanosystems has wide applications in
Engineering, Physical Science and
Bioscience.
3. VESICLES
• Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations,
technologies and systems for transporting a
pharmaceutical compound in the body as needed to
safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
• Currently, vesicles as a carrier system have become
the vehicle of choice in drug delivery.
• Vesicular delivery system provides an efficient
method for delivery to the site of infection, leading to
reduce of drug toxicity with no adverse effects.
• Vesicular drug delivery reduces the cost of therapy by
improved bioavailability of medication, especially in
case of poorly soluble drugs.
• They can incorporate both by hydrophilic and liophilic
drug.
4. Different novel approaches used for delivering
the drugs by vesicular system include
LIPODIDAL BIOCARRIERS
Liposomes Ethosome Sphingosomes
Transferosomes Pharmacosomes Virosomes
Phytosome
6. Liposomes
• They are vesicles or bags in
which aqueous volume is
entirely closed by a
membrane composed of
lipid(fat) molecules, usually
phospholipids.
• They are bilayered vesicles
in which aqueous volume is
entirely enclosed by a
membranous lipid bilayer that
are mainly composed of
natural or synthetic
phospholipids.
• These vesicles can
encapsulate water soluble
drugs in their aqueous
spaces and lipid soluble drug
7. Mechanism of Liposome formation
• To understand why liposome are formed when
phospholipids are hydrated it is needed to
understand basic physiochemical features of
phospholipids.
• Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules which
have affinity for both aqueous and polar moieties
as they have hydrophobic tail and is composed of
two fatty acids containing 10-24 carbon atoms 0-
6 double bonds in each chain.
• In aqueous medium the phospholipid molecules
are oriented in such a way that the polar portion
of the molecule remains in contact with the polar
environment and at the same shield the non
polar part.
8. • They align themselves closely in planer
bilayer sheets to minimize the interaction
between the bulky aqueous phase and long
hydrocarbon fatty acyl chains.
• This alignment requires input of sufficient
amount of energy (shaking, sonication,
homogenization, heating etc.)
• Interactions are completely eliminated when
these sheets fold over themselves to form
closed, sealed and continuous bilayer
vesicles.
9.
10. Classification
• Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) – several
bilayers and size ranging from 100nm to
20m.
• Small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) –
composed of single lipid bilayer with
diameter ranging from 20-100nm.
• Large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) – consist
of single bilayer with diameter ranging from
0.1-1m.
• Multivesicular vesicles (MVVs) – consists of
vesicles with size ranging from 100nm-20m.
11. Therapeutic application
• Liposomes are used as drug/protein delivery
vehicles
• Enhances drug solubilisation
• Enzymal replacement therapy and lysosomal
storage disorder
• Used in antifungal, antiviral, antimicrobial
and tumour therapy.
12. Advantage
• Provide selective passage targeting to
tumour tissues.
• Increased efficacy and therapeutic index.
• Increased stability via encapsulation.
• Reduction in toxicity of encapsulated agent.
• Improved pharmacokinetic effect.
• Used as carrier for controlled and sustained
drug delivery.
• Can be made into variety of sizes.
13. Disadvantage
• Leakage of encapsulated drug during
storage.
• Uptake of liposomes by the
reticuloendothelial system.
• Batch to batch variation.
• Once administrated cannot be removed.
14. • Another type of drug delivery vehicle used
is polymeric micelles.
• These are spherical in shape and are
formed by single chain lipids.
• A micelle is aggregate of surfactant
molecules dispersed in a liquid colloidal.
• In a micelle, the hydrophobic tails of
several surfactant molecule assemble into
an oil-like core.
Polymeric micelles
15. Polymeric micelles
• Miceller systems for systemic delivery of
insoluble drugs.
• Amphiphilic copolymer self associate to form
micelles in water.
• Small size <100nm in diameter leads to
avoiding of renal excretion and RES.
• Small size also leads to increase endothelial
cell permeability.
• Accumulate gently into tumour cell than the
normal.
16. • Amphiphilic block copolymers that self
assemble to form a micelle with hydrophobic
core and a hydrophilic shell.
• The drugs can be attached to shell or
encapsulated within the core.
17.
18.
19. Advantage
• It can carry water insoluble drugs.
• It is biocompatible.
• It is biodegradable.
• Can be easily modified and functionalized.
20. Disadvantage
• It is more difficult to selectively target the
cancer cells.
• Optimal concentration must first be
determine for micelle form.
22. • Dendrimers are polymer-based drug
delivery vehicles.
• They have a core that branches out in
regular intervals to form a spherical, small
and a very dense narrow carrier.
• Dendrimers are highly branched, three
dimensional feature the resembles architect
of a tree.
Dendrimers
23. • Two strategies are used for the application
of dendrimers to the drug delivery
1. Drug encapsulation by dendritic
structure
2. Drug conjugation to dendrimers
• Firstly, the drug molecules can be physically
entrapped inside the dendrimers.
• Secondly, the drug molecules can be
covalently attached onto surface or other
functional group.
• Various functional moieties based on
dendrimers provide miscellaneous
biomedical applications of these promising
24.
25.
26. There are different types of
Dendrimers
• Pamam dendrimers – Poly (amidoamine)
dendrimes posses amino groups on the
surface.
• Pamamos dendrimers – Inverted
unimolecular micelles consists of
hydrophilic nucleophilic PAMAM interiors
and hydrophobic organosillicon (OS)
exterior.
• PPI Dendrimers – Poly alkyl amines having
primary amines as end groups and its
interior consists of numerous tertiary
trispropylene amine.