The document discusses the use of gold nanoparticles for cancer detection and treatment. It describes how gold nanoparticles can be functionalized with antibodies to detect specific cancer types by binding to protein markers on cancer cells. Laser-activated gold nanoparticles may also be used to destroy cancer cells through localized heating. The document also mentions potential applications for targeted drug delivery and angiogenesis inhibition. Overall, the document outlines how the optical and structural properties of gold nanoparticles can be exploited for cancer diagnosis and therapy.

1. BY
Shahanoor Momin
(M.PHARM)
Guided by
Mrs. Maushumi Kulkarni
ALLANA COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
Pune

2.  Gold nanoparticles(AuNPs), also called gold colloids.
 In a study published in the July 2007 issue of Analytical
Chemistry, scientists from Purdue University use of
gold nanoparticles to detect cancer cells and breast
cancer.
 Lasers that react with gold nanoparticles could be used
to destroy cancer cells. Or nanoparticles could be used
as targeted drug delivery systems.
 procedure works by identifying the proteins found on
the exteriors of cancer cells.
 Different types of cancer used to detect like oral cancer,
breast cancer, and these cancer have different proteins
on their surfaces that serve as unique markers.

3.  Gold nanoparticles shaped like rods, use specialized
antibodies to latch onto the protein markers for breast
cancer.
 Gold nanorods could be used to detect
cancer stem cells.
 After the nanorods bind to proteins in a
blood sample, and they scatter light .
 Each protein-nanorod combination
scatters light in a unique way, allowing for
precise diagnoses.
 AuNPs are the most stable metal nanoparticles.
 Colloidal gold was used to make ruby glass (vide infra), that
“gold must be present in such a degree of communition that
it is not visible to the human eye”

4.  Nanoparticles as drug delivery systems enable unique
approaches for cancer treatment.
 Nanoparticles have optical, Magnetic, Chemical and
structural Properties that set them apart from bulk
solids with potential application in medicine.
 Gold (Au) Nanoparticles exhibit a combination of
physical, chemical, Optical & Electronic properties.

6.  Au+3 ions are reduced to neutral gold atoms, where
citrate ions act as both a reducing agent and a capping
agent.
 This formation of gold nanoparticles can be observed
by a change in colour since small nanoparticles of gold
are red and big particle are yellowish colour.
 The presence of this colloidal suspension can be
detected by the reflection of a laser beam from the
particles.

7.  Add 20 ml of 1.0 mm chloroauric acid(HAuCl4 to
a 50 ml beaker, solution is rapidly stir and boil.
 To the rapidly-stirred boiling solution, quickly add
2 ml of a 1% solution of trisodium citrate
dihydrate[Na3C6H5O7
.2H2O]. The gold sol
gradually forms as the citrate reduces the gold(III).
Remove from heat when the solution has turned
deep red.

8.  The presence of a colloidal suspension can be detected by
the reflection of a laser beam from the particles.
 Because a laser pointer emits polarized light, the pointer
can be oriented such that the beam appears to disappear.
When the beam from the laser is visible in one view,
it is invisible in the view
perpendicular to the first.

9.  Before the addition of the reducing agent, the gold is
in solution in the Au+3 form. When the reducing agent
is added, gold atoms are formed in the solution, and
their concentration rises rapidly until the solution
exceeds saturation. Particles then form in a process
called nucleation. The remaining dissolved gold atoms
bind to the nucleation sites and growth occurs.

10.  A colloid is a homogeneous dispersion of particles in a solution which
are so small as to not settle out easily
 A sol is a specific type of colloid characterized as a solid dispersed in a
liquid
 The particles experience the constant buffeting of Brownian motion
which also helps to keep them in suspension.
 Formulation of Au nanoparticle is a three step process:
1. nucleation,
2. growth, and
3. coagulation.

11.  Nucleation is the creation of nuclei upon which growth can
occur
 This is a redox reaction: oxidation of the citrate ion
produces the necessary reducing reagent for the gold:
acetone dicarboxylic acid
 The acetone dicarboxylic acid is the limiting reagent for nucleation
 The formation of this molecule in the solution creates an
induction period before which no product can be seen
 The nature of the nucleation curve is evidence of an
autocatalytic reaction

12.  Growth is the addition of more gold particles to
the existing nuclei.
 The process of growth stops when all of the gold is
used.
 The rate of growth is a first order in the gold nuclei
size.

13.  Creation of the larger gold particles, such as 20 nm,
requires a coagulation of multiple (smaller) twins of
various shapes
 A conglomeration of multiple nuclei into particles can be
large enough to disturb the stability and fall out of the
colloid
 Control of the coagulation process during preparation
determines the size, structure, and size distribution of the
particle

14.  Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels is
essential for the growth and progression of tumors.
 Angiogenesis is also important for the promotion
and maintenance of other diseases like neoplasia
and rheumatoid arthritis.
 Nanogold particles binds to heparin binding growth
factor like VEGF165 and bFGF and inhibit their
activity and prevent progress of diseases.
 But GNPs does not inhibit the activity of non
heparin-binding growth factors like VEGF121 and
Endothelial Growth Factor (EGF)

15.  Gold nanoparticle is simple for diagnosis.
 It is less invasive.
 It is provides increased contrast for diagnosis of oral
cancer.
 It is nontoxic to human beings.
 It does not photobleaching or blinking which is
inherent to many other fluorophores.

16.  Opticle signal of nanoparticles may not be as strong
as quantum dot.
 It exhibits difficulties like biocompatibility, in vivo
kinetics, and tumour target efficacy.
 It leads to acute and chronic toxicity.
 Reticuloendothelial system gets affected in presence
of gold nanoparticle.

17. APPLICATION OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES
 The peptide functionalised gold nanoparticles that we
synthesised are very effective in the deliberate activation
or inhibition of angiogenic genes.
 As compared to other metallic nanostructure , GNPs
provide advantage of their simple and fast preparation
and bioconjugation.
 The researchers also found that the gold particles could
be used as effective tools in cellular nanosurgery.

18.  Gold nanoparticle detect the various cancer like
breast cancer, oral cancer , respiratory cancer, and
other diseases like neoplasia and rheumatoid
arthritis.
 The functionalized gold nanoparticles selectively
attach to the aggregate of amyloidal protein formed in
Alzheimer Disease. The microwaves of certain
frequency are irradiated on the sample. Resonance
with the gold nanoparticles increases the local
temperature and destroy the aggregate.

19.  Gold Nanotechnology in the age of innovation is gold
for good.

20.  Parvesh Sharma, Scott C Brown, NiclasBengtsson, et al.
Gold- nanoparticle.
 Helcher, H. H.AurumPotabileoder Gold Tinstur; J.
HerbordKlossen: Breslau and Leipzig, 1718.
 WeiboCai, Ting Gao, Hao Hong, et al. Applications of
goldnanoparticles in cancer nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology, Science and Applications 2008;1:17-32.
 Huang X, El-Sayed IH, Qian W, El-Sayed MA. Cancer cell
imaging and photo thermal therapy in the
nearinfraredregion by using gold nanorods. J Am ChemSoc
2006;128:2115–20.Gold Nanorod Antennas for Ultra selective
Tumor Ablation.
 Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other
diseases. Nature 2000;407:249^57.
 RisauW. Angiogenesis and endothelial cell
function.Arzneimittelforschung1994;44:1141^6.