The effective system of targeted drug delivery has been a dream for a long time, yet it is deeply irritated by the complex chemical involved in the development of the latest systems. The advanced drug delivery system has a number of problems such as poor skin tone, skin irritation, allergies and more. The biggest problems for improved chemical companies are their poor melting of water and pharmacy problems. These water soluble drugs show few problems in combining them with a non perishable variety and therefore the main problems associated with them are their very low bioavailability. The development of nanosponges has been a major step forward in overcoming these problems. Nanosponges are a novel class of colloidal structures based on hyper crosslinked polymer consisting of solid colloidal nanoparticles and nanosized holes. These colloidal carriers with nano size were recently developed and proposed for drug delivery, as their use can dissolve soluble drugs in the water and provide long term release and improve drug availability by altering pharmacokinetic parameters of actives. . The development of nanosponges as drug delivery systems, with special reference to cyclodextrin based nanosponges, is presented in this article. In the current review, attempts have been made to show the characteristics of cyclodextrin based on nanosponges and their applications in drug formation. The main focus is on discussing preparation methods, character separation methods and the use of these novel drug delivery carriers for therapeutic purposes. Radhika Kotame | Gayatri Wagh | Ehtesham Ansari "Nanosponge: Leveraging Novel Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49469.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/49469/nanosponge-leveraging-novel-technology/radhika-kotame
Nanosponges:Targeted drug delivery system rasika walunj
The document discusses nanosponges as a novel drug delivery system. Nanosponges are porous polymeric nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner. They are synthesized using polymers and crosslinkers. Nanosponges have advantages like improved drug stability and bioavailability. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis, SEM, and drug release kinetics are used to evaluate nanosponges. Nanosponges find applications in solubility enhancement, topical products, and as carriers for enzymes, vaccines and antibodies.
The document provides information on the design and operation of a pharmaceutical pilot plant. It discusses why pilot plants are used, including to evaluate processes at a larger scale and identify critical issues. The summary describes the key objectives of a pilot plant as producing stable dosage forms on a small scale, reviewing equipment, and providing manufacturing guidelines. It also touches on using the pilot plant to design for tablet and capsule production specifically.
Formulation and evaluation of nanoparticles as a drug delivery systems Tarun Kumar Reddy
Nanomaterials fall into a size range similar to proteins and other macromolecular structures found inside living cells. As such, nanomaterials are poised to take advantage of existing cellular machinery to facilitate the delivery of drugs. Nanoparticles containing encapsulated, dispersed, absorbed or conjugated drugs have unique characteristics that can lead to enhanced performance in a variety of dosage forms.
This document discusses bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It begins by defining bioadhesion as the interfacial molecular forces that allow polymers to adhere to biological surfaces for extended periods of time. It then discusses various bioadhesive polymers, both natural and synthetic, that are commonly used in drug delivery formulations. These include polymers like acacia gum, alginic acid, carbomers, and hyaluronic acid. The document also outlines the three main mechanisms by which bioadhesion occurs: wetting and swelling of polymers, interpenetration of polymer chains with mucosal membranes, and formation of chemical bonds between entangled chains. Finally, it provides examples of different types of bioadhesive drug delivery formulations that can
This document discusses mucoadhesion and bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It defines mucoadhesion as the ability of a material to adhere to a biological tissue for an extended period of time. There are several types of bioadhesive drug delivery systems depending on the route of administration, including buccal, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Mucoadhesion occurs through a complex mechanism involving theories such as electronic, wetting, diffusion, fracture, cohesive, adsorption, and mechanical theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are polymer properties, environmental factors, and physiological factors.
Formulation and evaluation of ciclopirox using ethosomal gelSriramNagarajan18
This document summarizes a study that formulated and evaluated a ciclopirox ethosomal gel for transdermal drug delivery. Twelve ethosomal formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of phospholipids (2-4% w/v) and ethanol (20-50% w/v). Formulation EF7, containing 3% lecithin and 40% ethanol, was optimized based on drug release kinetics and characterized for particle size. The optimized ethosomes were incorporated into a gel base and the ethosomal gel was evaluated for various properties like physical appearance, pH, drug content uniformity, rheological behavior and in-vitro drug release. Results showed that ethosomal formulations were able to deliver ciclopi
Nanosponges:Targeted drug delivery system rasika walunj
The document discusses nanosponges as a novel drug delivery system. Nanosponges are porous polymeric nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs and release them in a controlled manner. They are synthesized using polymers and crosslinkers. Nanosponges have advantages like improved drug stability and bioavailability. Characterization techniques like particle size analysis, SEM, and drug release kinetics are used to evaluate nanosponges. Nanosponges find applications in solubility enhancement, topical products, and as carriers for enzymes, vaccines and antibodies.
The document provides information on the design and operation of a pharmaceutical pilot plant. It discusses why pilot plants are used, including to evaluate processes at a larger scale and identify critical issues. The summary describes the key objectives of a pilot plant as producing stable dosage forms on a small scale, reviewing equipment, and providing manufacturing guidelines. It also touches on using the pilot plant to design for tablet and capsule production specifically.
Formulation and evaluation of nanoparticles as a drug delivery systems Tarun Kumar Reddy
Nanomaterials fall into a size range similar to proteins and other macromolecular structures found inside living cells. As such, nanomaterials are poised to take advantage of existing cellular machinery to facilitate the delivery of drugs. Nanoparticles containing encapsulated, dispersed, absorbed or conjugated drugs have unique characteristics that can lead to enhanced performance in a variety of dosage forms.
This document discusses bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It begins by defining bioadhesion as the interfacial molecular forces that allow polymers to adhere to biological surfaces for extended periods of time. It then discusses various bioadhesive polymers, both natural and synthetic, that are commonly used in drug delivery formulations. These include polymers like acacia gum, alginic acid, carbomers, and hyaluronic acid. The document also outlines the three main mechanisms by which bioadhesion occurs: wetting and swelling of polymers, interpenetration of polymer chains with mucosal membranes, and formation of chemical bonds between entangled chains. Finally, it provides examples of different types of bioadhesive drug delivery formulations that can
This document discusses mucoadhesion and bioadhesive drug delivery systems. It defines mucoadhesion as the ability of a material to adhere to a biological tissue for an extended period of time. There are several types of bioadhesive drug delivery systems depending on the route of administration, including buccal, sublingual, vaginal, rectal, nasal, ocular, and gastrointestinal systems. Mucoadhesion occurs through a complex mechanism involving theories such as electronic, wetting, diffusion, fracture, cohesive, adsorption, and mechanical theories. Key factors affecting mucoadhesion are polymer properties, environmental factors, and physiological factors.
Formulation and evaluation of ciclopirox using ethosomal gelSriramNagarajan18
This document summarizes a study that formulated and evaluated a ciclopirox ethosomal gel for transdermal drug delivery. Twelve ethosomal formulations were prepared with varying concentrations of phospholipids (2-4% w/v) and ethanol (20-50% w/v). Formulation EF7, containing 3% lecithin and 40% ethanol, was optimized based on drug release kinetics and characterized for particle size. The optimized ethosomes were incorporated into a gel base and the ethosomal gel was evaluated for various properties like physical appearance, pH, drug content uniformity, rheological behavior and in-vitro drug release. Results showed that ethosomal formulations were able to deliver ciclopi
Pilot plant Techniques and Product consideration for liquid dosage forms.D.R. Chandravanshi
CONTENTS:-
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
STEPS INVOLVED IN PILOT PLANT FOR ORAL LIQUID
GENERAL CONSIDERATION
Reporting responsibility
Personal requirements
Space requirements
Review of formula
Raw materials
Relevant processing equipments
Process evaluation
GMP consideration
Assurance
PILOT PLANT SCALE UP FOR SUSPENSION
PILOT PLANT SCALE UP FOR EMULSION
REFERENCES
This document discusses nanoparticles and their uses in drug delivery. It defines nanoparticles as particulate dispersions between 10-1000nm in size. Nanoparticles are classified based on their method of preparation into nanocapsules and nanospheres. Some common types of nanoparticles discussed are solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, and hydrogel nanoparticles. The document outlines advantages like increased shelf stability and ability to control drug release. Evaluation parameters for nanoparticles include particle size, molecular weight and in vitro drug release. Finally, applications like targeted drug delivery to the brain and topical formulations are mentioned.
The document discusses key considerations for scaling up production of liquid oral dosage forms from pilot plant to commercial scale. Parameters that must be addressed include selection of appropriate mixing and filling equipment based on viscosity and batch size, maintaining uniform temperature and mixing speeds, and ensuring proper filtration and transfer processes. Comprehensive quality control testing is also needed to evaluate characteristics like clarity, pH, viscosity and drug content uniformity during scale up. Careful attention to process variables can help successfully transfer liquid oral formulations from small to large scale production.
Quality by design in pharmaceutical developmentManish Rajput
This document discusses the concept of Quality by Design (QbD) in pharmaceutical development. It provides background on QbD and outlines its key aspects, including defining target product profiles, critical quality attributes, risk assessment, design space, control strategy, and life cycle management. The benefits of QbD for industry and regulators are described. Traditional and QbD approaches to pharmaceutical development are compared. Tools used in QbD such as design of experiments, risk assessment methodologies, and process analytical technology are also summarized. Finally, an example application of QbD principles to influenza vaccine development is presented.
Microencapsulation is a process where tiny particles or droplets of a core material are surrounded by a coating to form capsules in the micrometer to millimeter range called microcapsules. Various techniques are used to produce microcapsules including air suspension, pan coating, coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Microencapsulation offers advantages like taste masking, sustained release, and environmental protection. Some applications of microencapsulation include modified release dosage forms, enteric coatings, and replacement of therapeutic agents.
Easy & to the point Topics are clearly given in this presentation..
Thanks & Best Regard
(Anurag Pandey) B.Pharm
Contact :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com (Facebook & Gmail both)
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
This document provides an overview of phytosomes, which are novel drug delivery systems that combine hydrophilic plant extracts with phospholipids. Some key points:
- Phytosomes have enhanced bioavailability compared to simple herbal extracts as they can better cross lipid membranes and reach circulation.
- They are prepared using solvent evaporation methods, forming chemical bonds between phospholipids and phytoconstituents.
- Popular herbal extracts made into phytosomes include milk thistle, grape seed, green tea, and curcumin, to improve absorption and effects.
- Marketed phytosome products provide hepatoprotection, antioxidant, anti-aging, brain protection, and other benefits, demonstrating their
The document discusses bioadhesion and mucoadhesion. It defines bioadhesion as materials adhering to biological tissues for extended periods via interfacial forces. Mucoadhesion specifically refers to adhesion between materials and mucosal surfaces. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems can prolong drug release at application sites, improving therapeutic outcomes. Ideal mucoadhesive polymers rapidly adhere to mucosal layers without interfering with drug release, are biodegradable and non-toxic, and enhance drug penetration at delivery sites. The mechanisms of bioadhesion involve wetting, swelling, interpenetration and entanglement of polymer chains followed by secondary bonding formations. Key factors influencing bioadhesion are discussed.
Nanomaterials are materials with at least one dimension between 1-100 nm that exhibit unique properties compared to larger materials. They have many applications including in drug delivery due to their high surface area and ability to reach difficult areas of the body smaller than cells. Nanoscale drug delivery systems include nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, nanoshells, fullerenes, nanotubes, and quantum dots. Liposomes in particular are spherical vesicles consisting of an aqueous core surrounded by a lipid bilayer that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and provide benefits like controlled release and altered pharmacokinetics. The development of nano-carriers is improving drug therapy by enhancing efficiency and selectivity while reducing side effects
Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000nm and consist of macromolecular materials with an active ingredient dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, absorbed, or attached. They can be formulated using natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic polymers, with semisynthetic polymers including pseudo latexes of polymers like ethylcellulose that are used to prepare nanocapsules. Nanoparticles are evaluated based on properties like size, surface charge, drug incorporation efficiency, and in-vitro drug release behavior.
Nanosponges: A novel approach for topical drug delivery systemMahewash Sana Pathan
A Nanosponge is a novel and emerging technology which offers targeted & controlled drug delivery for topical as well as oral use. Nanosponges are based on nano, polymer-based spheres that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, lotions, cream, ointments, liquid or powder. This technology offers entrapment of ingredients and thus reduced side effects, improved stability, increases elegance and enhanced formulation flexibility. Nanosponge is the part of advance drug delivery. It is a specific aiding system for targeted drug delivery of both kind of drugs either it is lipophilic or hydrophilic in a controlled manner. These have three dimensional networks or scaffold which is filled with drug and porous insoluble nanoparticles with a crystalline or amorphous structure and have spherical shape or swelling properties.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
The document discusses different types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery, including liposomes, solid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanospheres, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocrystals. It also describes several methods for preparing nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, emulsions-diffusion, nanoprecipitation, salting out, and dialysis. Evaluation methods for prepared nanoparticles are discussed, including measuring yield, drug content, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, polydispersity index, in-vitro release studies, and kinetic studies.
Lubricants play an important role in tablet manufacturing by reducing friction between tablets and manufacturing equipment surfaces. Common lubricants used include magnesium stearate, talc, and stearic acid. Lubricants decrease adhesion, improve flow, and reduce wear on manufacturing tools. They are classified as water soluble or water insoluble and function by fluid or boundary lubrication mechanisms. Magnesium stearate is frequently used as an anti-adherent while talc can be used as a dissolution retardant. Lubricants provide benefits but also have disadvantages like producing oil spots or containing impurities.
Nanoparticles consists of organic and inorganic materials. Nanocrystals are aggregates of atoms that combine into a “cluster” and are pure drug crystals with sizes in the nanometer range stabilized or surrounded by a thin coating of surfactant. Todays nanocrystal formulation preparation method characterised as “bottom up” “top down” and “bottom up” spray drying methods. The majority of nanocrystal medicinal products are presently approved for oral ingestion and treatment of disorders other than cancer. Smurti Magar | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Nanocrystals-As Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/49563/nanocrystalsas-drug-delivery-system/smurti-magar
Pilot plant Techniques and Product consideration for liquid dosage forms.D.R. Chandravanshi
CONTENTS:-
DEFINITION
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
LIQUID DOSAGE FORM
STEPS INVOLVED IN PILOT PLANT FOR ORAL LIQUID
GENERAL CONSIDERATION
Reporting responsibility
Personal requirements
Space requirements
Review of formula
Raw materials
Relevant processing equipments
Process evaluation
GMP consideration
Assurance
PILOT PLANT SCALE UP FOR SUSPENSION
PILOT PLANT SCALE UP FOR EMULSION
REFERENCES
This document discusses nanoparticles and their uses in drug delivery. It defines nanoparticles as particulate dispersions between 10-1000nm in size. Nanoparticles are classified based on their method of preparation into nanocapsules and nanospheres. Some common types of nanoparticles discussed are solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles, and hydrogel nanoparticles. The document outlines advantages like increased shelf stability and ability to control drug release. Evaluation parameters for nanoparticles include particle size, molecular weight and in vitro drug release. Finally, applications like targeted drug delivery to the brain and topical formulations are mentioned.
The document discusses key considerations for scaling up production of liquid oral dosage forms from pilot plant to commercial scale. Parameters that must be addressed include selection of appropriate mixing and filling equipment based on viscosity and batch size, maintaining uniform temperature and mixing speeds, and ensuring proper filtration and transfer processes. Comprehensive quality control testing is also needed to evaluate characteristics like clarity, pH, viscosity and drug content uniformity during scale up. Careful attention to process variables can help successfully transfer liquid oral formulations from small to large scale production.
Quality by design in pharmaceutical developmentManish Rajput
This document discusses the concept of Quality by Design (QbD) in pharmaceutical development. It provides background on QbD and outlines its key aspects, including defining target product profiles, critical quality attributes, risk assessment, design space, control strategy, and life cycle management. The benefits of QbD for industry and regulators are described. Traditional and QbD approaches to pharmaceutical development are compared. Tools used in QbD such as design of experiments, risk assessment methodologies, and process analytical technology are also summarized. Finally, an example application of QbD principles to influenza vaccine development is presented.
Microencapsulation is a process where tiny particles or droplets of a core material are surrounded by a coating to form capsules in the micrometer to millimeter range called microcapsules. Various techniques are used to produce microcapsules including air suspension, pan coating, coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and polymerization. Microencapsulation offers advantages like taste masking, sustained release, and environmental protection. Some applications of microencapsulation include modified release dosage forms, enteric coatings, and replacement of therapeutic agents.
Easy & to the point Topics are clearly given in this presentation..
Thanks & Best Regard
(Anurag Pandey) B.Pharm
Contact :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com (Facebook & Gmail both)
Introduction
Structure
Niosomes Vs. Liposome
Advantages & Disadvantages
Properties of Niosomes
Method of Manufacturing
Evaluation of Niosomes
Applications
Marketed products
This document provides an overview of phytosomes, which are novel drug delivery systems that combine hydrophilic plant extracts with phospholipids. Some key points:
- Phytosomes have enhanced bioavailability compared to simple herbal extracts as they can better cross lipid membranes and reach circulation.
- They are prepared using solvent evaporation methods, forming chemical bonds between phospholipids and phytoconstituents.
- Popular herbal extracts made into phytosomes include milk thistle, grape seed, green tea, and curcumin, to improve absorption and effects.
- Marketed phytosome products provide hepatoprotection, antioxidant, anti-aging, brain protection, and other benefits, demonstrating their
The document discusses bioadhesion and mucoadhesion. It defines bioadhesion as materials adhering to biological tissues for extended periods via interfacial forces. Mucoadhesion specifically refers to adhesion between materials and mucosal surfaces. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems can prolong drug release at application sites, improving therapeutic outcomes. Ideal mucoadhesive polymers rapidly adhere to mucosal layers without interfering with drug release, are biodegradable and non-toxic, and enhance drug penetration at delivery sites. The mechanisms of bioadhesion involve wetting, swelling, interpenetration and entanglement of polymer chains followed by secondary bonding formations. Key factors influencing bioadhesion are discussed.
Nanomaterials are materials with at least one dimension between 1-100 nm that exhibit unique properties compared to larger materials. They have many applications including in drug delivery due to their high surface area and ability to reach difficult areas of the body smaller than cells. Nanoscale drug delivery systems include nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, nanoshells, fullerenes, nanotubes, and quantum dots. Liposomes in particular are spherical vesicles consisting of an aqueous core surrounded by a lipid bilayer that can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and provide benefits like controlled release and altered pharmacokinetics. The development of nano-carriers is improving drug therapy by enhancing efficiency and selectivity while reducing side effects
Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000nm and consist of macromolecular materials with an active ingredient dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, absorbed, or attached. They can be formulated using natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic polymers, with semisynthetic polymers including pseudo latexes of polymers like ethylcellulose that are used to prepare nanocapsules. Nanoparticles are evaluated based on properties like size, surface charge, drug incorporation efficiency, and in-vitro drug release behavior.
Nanosponges: A novel approach for topical drug delivery systemMahewash Sana Pathan
A Nanosponge is a novel and emerging technology which offers targeted & controlled drug delivery for topical as well as oral use. Nanosponges are based on nano, polymer-based spheres that can suspend or entrap a wide variety of substances and then be incorporated into a formulated product such as a gel, lotions, cream, ointments, liquid or powder. This technology offers entrapment of ingredients and thus reduced side effects, improved stability, increases elegance and enhanced formulation flexibility. Nanosponge is the part of advance drug delivery. It is a specific aiding system for targeted drug delivery of both kind of drugs either it is lipophilic or hydrophilic in a controlled manner. These have three dimensional networks or scaffold which is filled with drug and porous insoluble nanoparticles with a crystalline or amorphous structure and have spherical shape or swelling properties.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system interact with the mucus layer covering the mucosal epithelial surface, & mucin molecules & increase the residence time of the dosage form at the site of the absorption.
Mucoadhesive drug delivery system is a part of controlled delivery system.
Since the early 1980,the concept of Mucoadhesion has gained considerable interest in pharmaceutical technology.
combine mucoadhesive with enzyme inhibitory & penetration enhancer properties & improve the patient complaince.
MDDS have been devloped for buccal ,nasal,rectal &vaginal routes for both systemic & local effects.
Hydrophilic high mol. wt. such as peptides that cannot be administered & poor absorption ,then MDDS is best choice.
Mucoadhesiveinner layers called mucosa inner epithelial cell lining is covered with viscoelasticfluid
Composed of water and mucin.
Thickness varies from 40 μm to 300 μm
General composition of mucus
Water…………………………………..95%
Glycoproteinsand lipids……………..0.5-5%
Mineral salts……………………………1%
Free proteins…………………………..0.5-1%
The mechanism responsible in the formation of mucoadhesive bond
Step 1 : Wetting and swelling of the polymer(contact stage)
Step 2 : Interpenetration between the polymer chains and the mucosal membrane
Step 3 : Formation of bonds between the entangled chains (both known as consolidation stage)
Electronic theory
Wetting theory
Adsorption theory
Diffusion theory
Fracture theory
Advantages over other controlled oral controlled release systems by virtue of prolongation of residence of drug in GIT.
Targeting & localization of the dosage form at a specific site
-Painless administration.
-Low enzymatic activity & avoid of first pass metabolism
If MDDS are adhere too tightlgy because it is undesirable to exert too much force to remove the formulation after use,otherwise the mucosa could be injured.
-Some patient suffers unpleasent feeling.
-Unfortunately ,the lack of standardized techniques often leads to unclear results.
-costly drug delivery system
The document discusses different types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery, including liposomes, solid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanospheres, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocrystals. It also describes several methods for preparing nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, emulsions-diffusion, nanoprecipitation, salting out, and dialysis. Evaluation methods for prepared nanoparticles are discussed, including measuring yield, drug content, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, polydispersity index, in-vitro release studies, and kinetic studies.
Lubricants play an important role in tablet manufacturing by reducing friction between tablets and manufacturing equipment surfaces. Common lubricants used include magnesium stearate, talc, and stearic acid. Lubricants decrease adhesion, improve flow, and reduce wear on manufacturing tools. They are classified as water soluble or water insoluble and function by fluid or boundary lubrication mechanisms. Magnesium stearate is frequently used as an anti-adherent while talc can be used as a dissolution retardant. Lubricants provide benefits but also have disadvantages like producing oil spots or containing impurities.
Nanoparticles consists of organic and inorganic materials. Nanocrystals are aggregates of atoms that combine into a “cluster” and are pure drug crystals with sizes in the nanometer range stabilized or surrounded by a thin coating of surfactant. Todays nanocrystal formulation preparation method characterised as “bottom up” “top down” and “bottom up” spray drying methods. The majority of nanocrystal medicinal products are presently approved for oral ingestion and treatment of disorders other than cancer. Smurti Magar | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Nanocrystals-As Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/49563/nanocrystalsas-drug-delivery-system/smurti-magar
Nanogels are particles composed of physically or chemically cross linked polymer networks that expand in an appropriate solvent. Nanogels are hydrophilic three dimensional networks. Due to their relatively high drug encapsulation ability, consistency, tunable size, effortless preparation, negligible toxicity, and stability in the presence of serum, including stimuli responsiveness, these studies integrate characteristics for topical drug delivery. These are soluble in water and permit immediate drug loading in aqueous media. These are created using a vast array of methods, including photolithographic technique, membrane emulsification, and polymerization methods. Due to the entrapment of nanoparticles in the gel matrix, nanogels used as dermatological preparations have prolonged exposure times on the skin, thereby extending the duration of therapeutic efficacy. B. Karthikeyan | G. Alagumanivasagam "A Review on Nanogels" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57514.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/other/57514/a-review-on-nanogels/b-karthikeyan
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
Current Trends of “Nanotechnology” in Pharmaceuticalijtsrd
Size reduction is one of most fundamental unit operation which is of prime importance in pharmacy. It helps in improving stability and bioavailability, reducing toxicity, enhancing release and providing better formulation opportunities for drug. In the recent trends, the drugs in nanometer size range have found to increase the performance in variety of dosage forms. The word 'nano’ is a Latin word, which means'dwarf’. Nano size refers to 10 9 of a particular unit thus nanometer is 10 9 of a meter. Nanotechnology is the science that deals with the processes that occurs at molecular level and of nanolength scale size. Nanotechnology has shown tremendous progress in many fields but in pharmaceutical fields are yet to be explored, although, it has powerful impact in various medical fields such as biophysics, molecular biology, bioengineering, cardiology, oncology, ophthalmology, endocrinology immunology etc. Nanotechnology provides intelligent system, devices and materials for better pharmaceutical applications. The current status of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical field includes development of Nano medicine, tissue engineering, nano robots, biosensors, biomarkers etc. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology provides opportunities to improve materials, medical devices and help to develop new technology where existing and more conventional technologies may be reaching their limits. Thus in the coming years advancements in this field will led to the improved form of drug delivery as well as other prospects of medicine and pharmacy. Mr. Rajesh Dumpala | Mr. Chirag Patil "Current Trends of “Nanotechnology” in Pharmaceutical" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38414.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/38414/current-trends-of-“nanotechnology”-in-pharmaceutical/mr-rajesh-dumpala
In Depth Review on Nanogel and its Applicationsijtsrd
Nanogel have emerged as a versatile drug delivery system for encapsulation of guest molecules. A nanoparticle which is composed of hydrophilic polymer network known as Nanogel having range from 100 1000 nm. With a high drug loading capacity, high stability, sustained and targetable approach, and huge surface area, nanogel has swell able and degradation characteristics. Therefore, nanogel are more productive than conventional and micro sized delivery. Recent years have seen a significant increase in the use of nanogel in the fields of genetics, enzyme fixation, and protein synthesis. Moreover, it has productive asset for the development of novel therapeutic system in medicine. These soft materials can contain therapeutics, inorganic nanoparticles, and small molecular biomacromolecules within their crosslinked networks, enabling them to be used for imaging as well as therapy for a range of disease conditions. This review aims to highlight the distinct and unique capabilities of nanogels as carrier system, Types of Physical and chemical crosslinked nanogels, the applications of nanogels in various diseases diabetes, auto immune diseases, local anaesthesia, nasal drug delivery and anticancer treatment for specially targeting the cancer cells, thereby reducing uptake into healthy cells. This phenomenal drug delivery method using nanogels needs more in depth research to better understand how cells and molecules interact with them and how to overcome limitations. Pallavi S. Borase | Dr. V. U. Barge "In Depth Review on Nanogel and its Applications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd55172.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/55172/in-depth-review-on-nanogel-and-its-applications/pallavi-s-borase
The drug delivery technology has become vastly competitive and rapidly evolving. More and more developments in delivery systems are being assimilated to elevate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of the therapy. To govern the delivery rate of active pharmaceutical agents to a predetermined site inside the body has been one of the biggest challenges faced by the drug industry. Microsponge releases its active pharmaceutical ingredient in a time mode and also in response to other stimuli rubbing, temperature, pH, etc. . Microsponge drug delivery technology offers entrapment of active pharmaceutical ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, increased elegance, and enhanced formulation flexibility. In addition, number of studies have confirmed that microsponges systems are non irritating, non mutagenic, non allergenic, and non toxic. Microsponge technology is being used currently in a wide range of formulations. Prajakta Shinde | Nilesh Bhosle | Vijay Munde "Microsponge: An Aeon in Therapeutics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31840.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacoinformatics/31840/microsponge-an-aeon-in-therapeutics/prajakta-shinde
The document discusses nanotechnology and its applications in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It provides definitions and history of nanotechnology. It describes various nanostructures used for drug delivery such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, etc. It discusses how nanotechnology can help in targeted drug delivery, overcoming drug resistance and reducing toxicity. The document also discusses use of nanotechnology in cosmetics for delivery of active ingredients to deeper skin layers and for UV protection.
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining areas where nanotechnology is being used, including improving drug solubility and bioavailability. It then discusses ideal characteristics of drug delivery carriers and challenges in developing effective systems. Various types of drug delivery carriers are described, including liposomes, niosomes, micelles, nanoparticles, and nanopowders. Controlled release systems, targeting ligands, and applications for cancer treatment are also summarized. The document concludes by stating that nanotechnology has significant potential to improve drug delivery but more research is still needed to understand biological interactions and ensure safety.
This document summarizes the key concepts and applications of nanotechnology. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the manipulation of materials at the nanoscale, between 1 to 100 nm. It then describes various nanocarriers that can be used for drug delivery, such as liposomes, nanocapsules, niosomes, and solid lipid nanoparticles. The document also outlines several applications of nanotechnology in agriculture, medicine, and cosmetics. Some benefits include more targeted drug delivery and increased bioavailability, while potential risks like nanotoxicity are also mentioned. Overall, the document provides an overview of nanotechnology concepts and highlights its wide-ranging uses and importance.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems (NPDDSs) are being explored for the purpose of solving the challenges of drug delivery. Most carriers are less than 100 nm in diameter and provide methods for targeting and releasing therapeutic compounds in defined regions.
These vehicles have the potential to eliminate or ameliorate many problems associated with drug distribution, precipitation at high concentrations, and toxicity issues with excipients. Many NPDDSs provide both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments to facilitate drug solubility.
The document discusses various types of NPDDS like oral, pulmonary, topical, and parenteral systems. It also reviews formulation methods like emulsion, polymerization,
A General Overview of Nano Medicine-Efficacy in Therapeutic Science and Curre...ceijjournals
Nanotechnology’s introduction has dramatically improved a number of scientific fields, one of which is
medicinal research. Nanomedicine is aimed to offer healthcare medications and chemicals a new
dimension. The small size of nanoparticles, permits them to circulate in the body without interrupting
oxygenation and escape filtration by both the renal and gastrointestinal networks. These are the few
properties that distinguish them apart from traditional therapeutic procedures. The increased permeability
and durability effect result in successful penetration inside the tumor tissues, providing cancer treatment a
new lease on life. Efficient transportation pathways, on the other hand, produce genotoxicity and
mutagenicity by interacting with genes that are essential for smooth functioning. As the specific
interactions of nanomedicines with biological systems are still unknown, comprehending nanomedicines'
toxicological effects is tough. The lack of regulatory direction in this field remains a research gap that we
would want to examine in this study.
A General Overview of Nano Medicine-Efficacy in Therapeutic Science and Curre...Berklin
Nanotechnology’s introduction has dramatically improved a number of scientific fields, one of which is medicinal research. Nanomedicine is aimed to offer healthcare medications and chemicals a new dimension. The small size of nanoparticles, permits them to circulate in the body without interrupting oxygenation and escape filtration by both the renal and gastrointestinal networks. These are the few properties that distinguish them apart from traditional therapeutic procedures. The increased permeability and durability effect result in successful penetration inside the tumor tissues, providing cancer treatment a new lease on life. Efficient transportation pathways, on the other hand, produce genotoxicity and mutagenicity by interacting with genes that are essential for smooth functioning. As the specific interactions of nanomedicines with biological systems are still unknown, comprehending nanomedicines' toxicological effects is tough. The lack of regulatory direction in this field remains a research gap that we would want to examine in this study.
MICROSPONGE: A NOVEL APPROACH IN GASTRO-RETENTION DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (GRDDS)Snehal Patel
Oral controlled release dosage forms face several physiological restriction like inability to retain and position the controlled drug delivery system within the targeted region of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) due to fluctuation in gastric emptying. This results in non‑uniform absorption pattern, inadequate medication release and shorter residence time of the dosage form in the stomach. As the fallout of this episode there is inadequate absorption of the drug having absorption window predominantly, in the upper area of GIT. These contemplations have provoked to the development of oral controlled release dosage forms with gastroretentive properties. Microsponge hold certification as one of the potential approaches for gastric retention. Microsponge are porous spherical empty particles without core and can remain in the gastric region for delayed periods. They significantly increase the gastric residence time of medication, thereby enhance bioavailability, improves patient compliance by reducing dosing frequency, lessen the medication waste, enhance retention of medication which solubilize only in stomach, enhance solubility for medications that are less soluble at a higher pH environment. In the present review method of preparation, characterization, advantages, disadvantages and applications of floating microsponge are discussed. Please cite
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are a promising drug delivery system. SLNs consist of nanoparticles made of physiological lipids that can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The document outlines several preparation methods for SLNs, including high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. It also discusses the advantages of SLNs, such as their small size, high drug loading capacity, and avoidance of organic solvents, as well as some limitations. Overall, the document presents an overview of SLNs for use as a versatile drug delivery system.
This document summarizes the role of nanotechnology in cosmetics. It discusses several nanotechnologies used in cosmetics including liposomes, niosomes, nanoemulsions, microemulsions, nanocrystals, and dendrimers. It describes the advantages these technologies provide, such as deeper skin penetration and controlled release of active ingredients. The document also discusses some safety concerns regarding the penetration of nanoparticles into skin layers and potential health impacts. Overall, the document provides an overview of how nanotechnology is transforming the cosmetics industry by improving product formulations and delivery of active ingredients.
The document summarizes novel drug delivery systems (NDDS). It defines NDDS as a new approach combining development, formulations, technologies, and methodologies to safely deliver pharmaceutical compounds as needed. NDDS aim to increase bioavailability, provide controlled delivery, transport drugs intact to target sites, and be stable under physiological conditions. Various approaches under development include micelles, liposomes, dendrimers, liquid crystals, nanoparticles, and hydrogels. These systems aim to minimize drug degradation and loss, prevent side effects, and increase drug levels at target sites. Microencapsulation is also discussed as a process to incorporate materials on a microscale and provide benefits like protecting actives, separating incompatible components, and enabling targeted release.
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
The document discusses nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NPDDSs). It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their use in drug delivery. Various types of NPDDS are explored, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes, and more. Their applications in areas like chemotherapy, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and more are then reviewed. The advantages of NPDDS include both passive and active drug targeting, increased therapeutic efficacy, controlled release profiles, and high drug loading capacity. Key factors influencing NPDDS design include particle size, drug properties, surface characteristics, biodegradability, and desired drug release. Common preparation methods are also outlined.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMMakrani Shaharukh
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in developing drug delivery systems. It begins with defining nanotechnology and describing some of its benefits, including more targeted drug delivery and reduced drug degradation. The document then discusses several specific nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, and nanosuspensions. It provides details on the composition and preparation methods for these various systems. The overall goal of using nanotechnology in drug delivery is to develop clinically useful formulations for treating diseases.
Similar to Nanosponge Leveraging Novel Technology (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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absorbed by the macrophage system (11-15). Coats
made of nanoparticles help to overcome the reticulo-
endothelial detection of nanoparticles and thus bring
the drug to various body systems such as BBB (16).
Therefore, the benefits of nano-particulate drug
delivery systems include bound drug protection,
improved performance, reduced side effects,
controlled release and drug identification.
Nanoparticles come in the form of polymeric
nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles,
nanoemulsions, nanosponges, carbon nanotubes,
micellar systems, dendrimers, etc. Among these,
nanosponge (NS) looks like a three-dimensional
scaffold with a long polymer. spine. The polymer in
the solution state is made up of small molecules
called crosslinkers that act as small holding hooks to
hold different parts of the polymer together. The
result is the formation of circular particles with
hydrophobic holes in which drug molecules can be
trapped (17). A single nanosponge system contains a
large number of voids connected within a fixed
structure that can hold a variety of objects. The
surface is usually porous, allowing for continuous
flow of particles without particles (18). These nano-
colloidal carriers were recently proposed for drug
delivery, as their use can dissolve soluble drugs in the
water and provide long-term release, as well as
improve drug drug availability by altering
pharmacokinetic parameters of active ingredients
(19).
Identifying drug delivery has long been a study
therapy - how to put them in the right place within the
body and how to control drug delivery to eliminate
the intended drug overdose of drug delivery programs
has been a dream for a very long time. yet however it
is very irritated by the complex chemistry connected
[20 - 23]. The development of nanosponges is a
chemical with holes integrated delivery systems are
small circular particles with large porous surfaces.
This is used for the flexible administration of
cosmetic agents on the skin where by obtaining large
edges such as a reduction in total volume, the
maintenance of a permanent volume in the skin and
the prevention of normal absorption. These
nanosponges are often successfully included in the
program for long-term non-binding and skin care
topics thus reducing the variability of drug
absorption, toxicity and increasing patient compliance
by increasing the frequency intervals.
The .nanosponge is a new layer of fabric and is
composed of tiny particles with a few wide holes in
the nanometer, where a type of material is usually
covered. These particles are able to carry each
oleophilic and deliquescent material and increase the
dissolution of water-soluble molecules. (24,25)
Fig1. Structure of Nanosponges
Nanosponges include a variety of Nanoparticles that
incorporate drug molecules within their spinal cord
through the process of coagulation, Nanoparticles are
often divided into synthetic Nanoparticles and
synthetic Nanoparticles. The primary type is
represented by a nanosponge-like nanoparticles that
contain a few holes that carry drug molecules. Poly
nanocapsules (isobutyl-cyanoacrylate) (IBCA) also
include Nanoparticles. They will attach to the drug
molecules in their aquous environment. The second
class consists of Nanoparticles, which bind to drugs
with covakent bonds [4]. Nanosponges are able to
provide solutions to many problems connected to the
mold. Due to their small size and hollow environment
they will bind the insoluble drug within the matrix
and improve their bioavailability. They can bind
drugs that do not dissolve within the matrix and
improve their bioavailability. (26) They will be
designed to direct drugs to specific areas, prevent
drug and supermolecule deterioration and increase
drug resistance in a highly controlled manner.
Nanosponge is found in an efficient way of co-
ordinating and interacting with living and non-living
things. (27)
Advantages of nanosponge based drug delivery
systems
This technology offers entrapment of ingredients
and reduces side effects;
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Improved stability, increased elegance and
enhanced formulation flexibility;
Extended release with continuous action up to
12–24 hours;
Incorporation of immiscible liquids is possible;
Improved material processing since liquids may
be converted to powders.
Disadvantages
Nanosponges comprise only small molecules [28]
Rely only on uploads.
Characteristic features of nanosponges
Nanosponges (1 µm or less) have a flexible
polarity of holes. Nanosponges of a certain size
and adjustable polarity can be assembled by
alternating a crosslinker with a polymer
component (29).
They can be para-crystalline or crystalline form,
depending on the process. The crystal formation
of nanosponges plays a very important role in
their synthesis with the drug. The drug loading
capacity of nanosponges depends largely on the
degree of polishing. Para-crystalline nanosponges
have shown a wide range of drug loading
properties (30).
They are non-toxic, particles with insoluble holes
in many natural solvents and are stable at
temperatures up to 300 ° C (31).
Nanosponges as a structure are stable over a pH
range of 1 to 11 and a temperature of up to 130 °
C (36).
They form a clear and opalescent suspension in
water and can be reconstituted by dissolving heat,
dissolving solvents, using microwaves and
ultrasounds (32).
Sabo Their 3D architecture allows for the capture,
transport and release of a wide variety of objects.
They can be redirected to different sites due to their
ability to connect with different working groups.
Chemical bonds enable nanosponges to bind to the
target surface. They form complex and implanted
complexes with different drugs (22). Magnetic
properties can be transferred to nanosponges (by
adding magnetic particles to the reaction mixture).
Chemical used for synthesis of Nanosponges:-
Polymers
Hyper cross linked Polystyrenes, Cyclodextrins and its derivatives like Methyl β-
Cyclodextrin, Alkyloxycarbonyl-Cyclodextrins, 2- Hydroxy Propyl β-
Cyclodextrins and Copolymers like Poly (valerolactone -allylvalerolactone), Poly
(valerolactone- allylvalerolactoneoxepane-dione), Ethyl Cellulose and PVA
Apolar
solvents
Ethanol, Dimethylacetamide, Dimethyl formamide
Cross-linkers
Diphenyl Carbonate, Diarylcarbonates, Di-Isocyanates, Pyromellitic anhydride,
Carbonyl-di-Imidazoles, Epichloridrine, Glutarldehyde, Carboxylic acid
dianhydrides, 2,2-bis(acrylamido) Acetic acid and Dichloromethan.
Factors influencing the formation of nanosponges
(33)
1) Polymers and crosslinkers. - The type of polymer
used can affect the formation and performance of
nanosponges. Effective crosslinkers convert nano-
cavities molecules into three-dimensional,
nanoporous structures. By adjusting the crosslinking
rate, hydrophilic or hydrophobic components that can
hold the target compounds are formed. Depending on
the nature of the crosslinkers, nano-sponge structures
that are soluble or insoluble are formed.
Hydrophilic nanosponges are formed when
epichlorohydrin (24) is used as a crosslinker.
Hydrophilic nanosponges can change the rate of drug
release, and can be used to improve drug absorption
across all biological barriers, acting as a potent drug
carrier even in fast-release products. Hydrophobic
nanosponges can be synthesized using
diphenylcarbonate (4, 19, 20, 28, 29, 34) or
pyromellitic anhydride (32), disocyanates (31, 55),
carbonyldiimidazoles (19, 30, 35) and may serve as
crosslinkers. - Storage carriers of water-soluble drugs
including peptide and protein drugs (20). A list of
polymers with their applications is given in Table I.
In addition to the nature of the polymer and
crosslinker, the type of solvent and solvent medium
used in the preparation process affects the formation
of nanosponges.
2) Types of drugs and location used for
communication. - Drug molecules to be combined
with nanosponges must have certain characteristics in
order to be effectively absorbed into nanosponges.
Molecules with a molecular weight of between 100
and 400 Da and a ring of less than five can easily be
trapped in the nanocavity of sponges. Also, these
molecules should be less than 10 mg mL – 1
dissolved in water and the melting point should be
below 250 ° C (23). Compounds with high melting
points do not have high fixed values when loaded
with nanosponges. Therefore, stable complexes
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between drugs and nanosponges are not available
when loaded into a tree. Drug loading is also affected
if the drug has a high melting point. Low load of the
tree can be seen with compounds dissolving at high
temperatures. These low loading rates may be
calculated due to the strength of the composite
structure. The interaction between NS pits and target
compounds depends largely on the content; that is,
the hydrophilic medium will drive molecules of living
visitors into hydrophobic holes, while the organic
solvent tends to release organic molecules trapped in
nanosponges. This strong attraction between host and
visitor molecules depends on improved chemical and
physical interactions such as matching polarity, size,
hydrophobic environment and structural properties
(34).
3) Complex temperature. - The stability of the
complex depends on the temperature change.
Consistent stability and temperature rise are
associated with the opposite.In increasing
temperatures, the apparent magnitude of the constant
decrease decreases due to the reduction of drug /
nanosponge interactions (35,36). Therefore, complete
temperature control should be maintained when
preparing nanosponges.
4) Replacement qualifications. - The type, number
and position of the substitute in the polymeric
molecule affects the complex ability of nanosponges
(26). The type of replacement is important because
the b-CD output is available in a variety of different
ways to the active groups present on the surface of the
cyclodextrin output. When compiled with the help of
crosslinker, different functional groups can produce
different types of complex substances (b-CD
nanosponges, CD-carbamate nanosponges, CD-
carbonate nanosponges, etc.)
There is a direct relationship between the available
exchange rate and the link level. The higher the
number of substitutes, the greater the likelihood that
there will be a high affinity. A higher degree of
bonding will produce more perforated nanosponges
due to the increased interaction between the polymers
forming a mesh-type network.
The position of the switch depends on the production
conditions. A change in the production process will
produce elements with different physicochemical
properties due to the localization of a different
functional group in the parent combination. For
example, when produced under different conditions,
the physicochemical properties of HP-b-CD samples
with the same rate of conversion may differ due to the
possible residence of hydroxypropyl groups in
different positions in the parent CD molecule.
Material purity can therefore have a significant
impact on the final quality of nanosponges, indicating
the importance of the polymer transformation rate.
As mentioned above, the type of polymer determines
the type of nanosponges that can be synthesized.
Thus, based on the polymer used, different types of
nanosponges can be developed. The above factors
should be considered during the production of
nanosponges. A few well-known examples of
nanosponges are titanium-based nanosponges (1),
silicon nanosponge particles (2), hyper-crosslinked
polystyrene nanosponges (3) and cyclodextrin-based
nanosponges (4). Among the various types of
nanosponges, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges have
received extensive attention and are widely studied.
In addition, this review focuses on cyclodextrin-based
nanosponges for therapeutic use.
Classification of Nanosponge
Nanosponge is a type of Nanoparticles that binds
molecules of drugs within their nucleus. By way of
drug synthesis, Nanoparticles can be classified as
follows:
1. Ecapsulating Nanoparticles: - This type is
represented by nanosponge and nanopartilces.
Nanosponges are similar to alginate nanosponges,
which are sponges like nano particles with
multiple holes that carry drug molecules in their
aqueous root (37,38)
2. Complex Nanoparticles: - This type of
Nanoparticles pulls molecules by charging
electrostatics.
3. Conjugating Nanoparticles: - This type of
Nanoparticles binds to drugs through binding
bonds. Unlike other Nanoparticles, they are
insoluble in water and organic solvent, thin, non-
toxic and stable at high temperatures up to 300ºC.
METHODOLOGY FOR PREPARATION OF
THE NANOSPONGES:
The various methods used for the preparation of
Nanosponges are given below:
1. SOLVENT DIFFUSION METHODS.
2. ULTRASOUND ASSISTED SYNTHESIS.
3. NANOSPONGES PREPARED FROM HYPER
CROSS LINKED CYCLODEXTRIN.
4. SOLVENT METHOD.
5. LOADING OF DRUG INTO NANOSPONGE.
1. SOLVENT DIFFUSION METHODS [39-41]
A. Distribution of Quassi emulsion solvent:
The polymer is soluble in a suitable solvent (internal
phase). The drug can be added to the solution and
dispersed under ultrasonication at 35ºC. The inner
layer is poured into a polyvinyl alcohol solution in
water after 60 minutes of stirring, the mixture is
filtered. Then the prepared nanosponges will be dried
in an oven heated at 40ºC for 12 hours.
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B. Emulsion solvent dispersion method:
for the preparation of the aqueous phase and the
organic phase, the aqueous phase contains the
copolymer and the organic phase contains the drug
and the polymer. The Organic phase is gradually
added to the liquid phase and is stirred for 2-3 hours
at 1000rpm. Prepared nanosponge is filtered, washed,
and then dried in air at room temperature or in a
vacant oven for 40ºC for 24 hours.
2. ULTRASOUND ASSISTED SYNTHESIS[42-
43]
The polymer is mixed with a cross linker with a
balanced ratio on the flask. The flask is then placed in
a water-filled ultrasound tub and the temperature is
maintained at 90ºC. Sonicate the mixture for 5 hours.
To remove the unresponsive polymer, the product is
washed with water. Then the product is diluted with
ethanol by removing the soxhlet .Allow the product to
dry under a vacuum of 25ºC.
3. NANOSPONGES PREPARED FROM
HYPER CROSS LINKED CYCLODEXTRIN
In this process cyclodextrin reacts with cross linkers
such as di-isocianate, diaryl carbonates, carbonyl di-
imidazoles etc. The size of the sponges is controlled
according to the body, the congestion of excess
charge attached to completely different molecules.
Depending on the connector the nanosponges are
assembled in a neutral or acidic manner. The ability
of nanosponges to combine drugs with completely
different properties and solubility. They are
accustomed to the development of the soluble
combination of a water soluble substance mainly BCS
tree phase II [44].
4. SOLVENT METHOD
In this chemical reaction the mixture was mixed with
an acceptable solvent, especiallyin the solvent aprotic
solvent such as dimethylformamide,
dimethylsulfoxide. This combination would add to
the excess crosslinker value, ideally in a crosslinker /
polymer molar quantitative relation of 4 to 16. The
reaction is from a dole without temperatures ranging
from 10ºC to solvent reflux temperature, a period that
starts at 1-40 hours. , the most popular cross linkers
are carbonyl compounds (dimethyl carbonate and
carbonyl diimidazole) [28]. for sale. by filtering under
vaccum and later in the sublimate by extracting the
soxhlet for a long time with ethyl alcohol.
Commodities are dried under vaccum and ground in a
mortar to obtain a fine powder [45].
5. LOADING OF DRUG INTO NANOSPONGE
Nanosponges for drug delivery should be made in
advance to obtain a particle size of less than 500nm.
Nanosponges are suspended in water and sonicated to
prevent the formation of aggregates and then
centrifused suspension to obtain a fraction of the
mixture. The supernatant was separated and dried by
freezing of the sample [31]. The suspension of the
nanosponge binary mixture was fine and distributed
the remaining mass of the drug and ended up being
suspended under constant motion for some time to
become more complex. Once complex, the soluble
(non-soluble) drug was separated from the complex
drug by natural process. Solid crystals of
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nanosponges are then obtained by evaporation of
solvent or by freezing [30,31]. The crystalline
structure of nanosponges plays a very important role
in drug synthesis. Anecdotal evidence that
paracrystalline nanosponges have shown a completely
different loading capacity compared to pure
nanosponges. Drug loading is larger with pure
nanosponges and then single paracrystalline. In
nanosponges with the wrong crystal, drug loading
occurs as a mixture rather than a complex infusion
[46].
MECHANISM OF DRUG RELEASE FROM
NANOSPONGES
Since nanosponges have an open structure
(surrounding nanosponges do not have a continuous
membrane), an active element is added to the car by
an associate-type type. The integrated component is
ready to move freely from the particles into the car
until the vehicle is fully loaded and thus equates. As
soon as the product is applied to the skin, the vehicle
containing the active ingredient receives impurities
causing a disturbance within the balance. Thus, the
flow of active substances from nanosponge particles
to vehicles begins to coagulate until the vehile is
absorbed or dried. Even when the retention of
nanosponge particles on the surface of the skin i.e. the
horn layer, the removal of the active substance
persists on the skin for a long time.
CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSPONGES:
1) Melting phase. - The impact of NSs on drug
solubility is investigated by a phase solubilityprocess
(48). To determine the soluble components of the
phase, the excess solvent is added to the appropriate
solvents to obtain complete solutions. Fully drug
overdose is treated with various concentrations of
empty nanosponges, 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3, etc. As their
concentration increases, more and more trees interact
with NS. Research is done until equity is found.
Drawing episode of NS concentration vs. drug
concentration and type of structure is defined with the
help of the Higuchi and Connors subdivision (49).
Fixed fixed values give an idea of the degree of
interaction between nanosponges and wood. Drug
interactions with nanosponges can increase the
solubility of solvents in the water and thus the degree
of solubility. Such a study was performed with
itraconazole loaded with cyclodextrin nanosponges
prepared by Shankar et al. Therefore, nanosponges
can significantly increase the solubility of molecules
with very low water solubility such as anti-cancer
drugs, steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs (47,48).
2) Interaction with the water level. - UV spectroscopy
is used as a tool for researching the interaction of
complete solutions. Increasing concentrations of
nanosponge solutions (1– 80 ppm) are added to the
concentrated concentrate of the tree. Samples were
kept overnight to work and finally filtered solutions
were screened for lmax and absorption was measured.
Drug loading is interpreted by taking synthetic scans
at UV radiation and analyzing changes in the
maximum absorption rate in the spectra compared to
pure drug (49).
3) Porosity - Porosity research is performed to test the
quality of nanochannels and nanocavities formed.
Porosity of nanosponges is tested with a helium
pycnometer, as helium gas can penetrate into the
internal and external channels of objects. The actual
volume of the material is determined by the removal
of helium (50). Due to their hollow nature,
nanosponges show a higher smoothness compared to
the parent polymer used to build the system.
Percentage of porosity is given by equation (1).
% Porosity (E) = Bulk Volume - Actual Volume ´
100 (1)
Bulk volume
4) Average diameter and polydispersity indices of
nanosponges - This is usually determined using
particle size analysis using a dynamic light scattering
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system (DLS) (also known as photon correlation
spectroscopy, PCS) (51–59). With the help of the
autocorrelation function, PCS correlates the variation
in light intensity dispersed to component size (60).
PCS / DLS measures hydrodynamic diameter, that is,
it considers all subcutaneous particles to be circular.
DLS / PCS provides particle size by taking into
account the effective viscosity, temperature and
refractive index of the dispersing medium. Therefore,
the measured particle size will be the parameter
obtained after considering all the factors. It is always
preferred to have quality results as well. Particle
quality analysis can be performed by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron
microscopy (TEM) or natural electron microscopy
scanning (ESEM) sample analysis. Particle size and
shape can be determined by dissolving the sample in
water or other suitable solvents and further testing
using techniques such as SEM / TEM / ESEM. For
example, paclitaxel-loaded nanosponges were
detected showing a distribution of mononodal
particles of 350 ± 25 nm, with a small distribution
(polydispersity index, p <0.2) (51).
5) Zeta Power - The Zeta strength of any system
under investigation is a measure of local billing. Extra
charging is a parameter that affects body distribution
and interaction with the biological environment. Zeta-
strength ratio includes consideration of electrical
potential, i.e., diffusion coefficient and
electrophoretic mobility (61). These values are
converted to zeta power after calculations from the
Smolu-chowski or Stokes equation calculations. PH
and electrolyte concentration (62, 63) need to be
considered when measuring zeta power. The stability
of synthetic nanopa- ticles can be measured by the
possible testing of zeta. Zeta power in water should
be ± 30 mV, high enough to provide a stable nano
suspension that does not mix over time. Cavalli et al.
measure electrophoretic flow as well zeta power
using 90 PLUS steel. To obtain zeta power, samples
of nanosponge dispersions were diluted with KCl
solution (0.1 mmol L – 1) and placed in an
electrophoretic cell, where an electrical field of about
15 V / cm (52) was used.
6) SEM and TEM. - These tools are used to test
particle size and size as described above (4) and to
obtain morphological information related to the drug
delivery system under investigation (64-72). SEM
involves the transfer of flexibility in particles formed
under a vacuum by a concentrated electron beam.
Whenever wet samples are to be investigated, ESEM
may be hired. TEM involves investigating the
morphology of fixed particles in a liquid. TEM and
SEM studies conducted by Ansari et al. prepared
nanosponges. A TEM study conducted by these
authors (53) revealed a typical circular shape and size
of NS. The shape and size of the developed nano-
sponges remained unaffected even after drug injection
into the nanosponges.
7) Trans-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. - It serves as
a great tool for determining the existence of working
groups. After polymer synthesis, the appearance of
active clusters in the FT-IR spectrum is an indication
of the formation of bonds between the two monomer
units of the polymer. In the FTIR crystal structure,
vibration spectrum is obtained (54). The FT-IR
spectra of dried nanosponges, pure drugs and drug-
laden nanosponges are taken to understand
interactions. The spectra is found in the wavenumber
range of 4000 to 650 cm-1. FT-IR also helps in
determining the hydrophobic and hydrophilic
components in the advanced system. Ansari et al. (35)
performed a FTIR spectra comparison of resveratrol
and complex and showed significant changes in the
region of fingerprints, i.e., 900 to 1400 cm-1 showing
drug loading on nanosponges.
8) Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) - Thermo-
analytical methods determine whether a drug object
undergoes a certain change before the temperature
drop of the improved delivery system. Changes in a
substance may be in the form of melting, evaporation,
decomposition, oxidation or polymorphic
modification showing complex formation. The
thermogram obtained by DTA and DSC can be
monitored to expand, relocate and detect new peaks
or the disappearance of certain peaks. The absence of
a high melting point of the crystalline structure drug
in the DSC thermogram is a sign of a dispersed
molecule within the polymer. Changes in weight loss
can also provide supporting evidence
Applications of nanosponges in pharmaceuticals
1) Development of drug stability- b-CD units bonded
with polymer, where the number of b-CD units bound
to the same polymer series. Several b-CD units
increase the stability of the drug complex (64-66). In
addition, the polymer may interact with b-CD
components in strengthening structures. Such studies
have been developed for proteins and peptides due to
their insufficiency, high production capacity, immune
system and immune response and poor bioavailability
and sensitivity to protease (4). Bovine serum albumin
(BSA) soluble proteins are unstable, stored in a
lyophilized state. However, proteins can be mutated
at random in lyophilization and take on a completely
different fusion in the native structure. A major factor
in the formation and development of proteins is the
need to maintain their natural composition during
processing and long-term storage. In the nanosponge-
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based system, BSA-like proteins are well
incorporated into swellable cyclodextrin based poly
(amidoamine) and nano sponges and increase their
stability (67).
2) Nanosponges as carriers of biocatalysts in the
delivery and release of enzymes, proteins, vaccines
and antibodies. - Proteins, peptides, enzymes and
their derivatives are used in the biomedical and
therapeutic field. Proteolytic enzymes are used to
treat cancer or a type of mucopolysaccharidosis,
while DNA and oligonucleotides are used in gene
therapy. The administration of these molecules
presents various problems and limitations (79).
Similar to protein protection and fitness concerns,
there are concerns about the enzyme, the vaccine and
the stability of the immune system. Proteins and other
macromolecules can be transported and transported
throughout the biological barrier, targeted at the site
by advertising or incorporating them into cyclodextrin
nanosponges.
3) Changing drug release. - Regular management is
an important part of many common, available service
delivery programs. However, the drug loaded on the
nanosponge structure can be stored and released
slowly over time. Hydrophilic CD NS can change the
rate of drug release, which can be used to improve
drug absorption across all biological barriers, acting
as a potent drug carrier in the formation of rapid
release. Hydrophobic CD NS may serve as a
continuous carrier of water-soluble drugs, including
peptide and protein-containing drugs (23).
Nanosponges can also be used as carriers of drugs
such as doxorubicin (an anti-cancer drug), and may
protect the drug in the stomach. The drug is released
very slowly at pH 1.1, and release is faster when the
pH is raised to 7.4.
4) Successful delivery carriers. - Cyclodextrin
nanosponges have been used as antitumor drugs such
as paclitaxel, camptothecin and tamoxifen which
present bioavailability problems because their
solubility in water is low or nonexistent. The drugs
were incorporated into nanosponges and experiments
were performed on various cell lines to investigate
their anti-inflammatory effect. Complications have
shown a greater effect than that of the drug alone
(19). The total bioavailability of paclitaxel increased
after its loading on nanosponges and was found to be
2.5 times higher than in the empty drug (34).
Econazole nitrate, an antifungal agent used topically
to relieve symptoms of candidasis, dermatophytosis,
versicolor and skin diseases, is available in creams,
ointments, ointments and solutions. The incorporation
of adsorption is not important when econazole nitrate
is applied to the skin and therefore a high
concentration of active agents is required for effective
treatment. To overcome this problem, econazole
nitrate nanosponges are synthesized in the form of an
emulsion solvent and are loaded with hydrogels to
form a local depot for continuous drug extraction
(68,69).
5) Development of melting. - The presence of
connecting holes and cyclodextrin in the structure
tends to interact with active molecules. These
elements cause a number of substances to be absorbed
and dissolved in the built-up holes. Blending
compounds or solid dispersion with CDs can improve
drug solubility or the rate of dissolution of drugs that
do not dissolve in water due to the reduction of drug
crystals. The effect obscures most of the hydrophobic
activity in the inner surface of the CD while the
hydrophilic hydroxyl groups in the outer surface are
always exposed to the surface; the complete effect is
that a melt-based melt is formed (82). Among the
various CDs available for sale, methylated CDs with
the lowest molar substitution are the most potent
solvents. CD nanosponges can greatly improve drug
elimination even when they are not complicated. CD
nanosponges may act as release enhancements; for
example, b-CDs have been reported to improve the
release rate of soluble drugs such as naproxen and
ketoprofen (70).
CDs also increase hydrophobic drug penetration by
increasing drug solubility and dissolution and thus
making them available at the top of the biological
barrier, where they break down into membranes
without interfering with the lipid barriers of the
barrier. The effect of CD nanosponges on drug-
soluble dexa-methasone, flurbiprofen and
doxorubicin hydrochloride, which have different
properties and solubilities was investigated by Trotta
et al. Dexamethasone and flurbiprofen are lipophilic
drugs with P logs 1.9 and 4.1, respectively, while
doxorubicin hydro-chloride is a hydrophilic drug with
a P value of 0.25. The improved aqueous solubility of
lipophilic drugs was compared with the hydrophilic
drug doxorubicin after the drugs were loaded into
nanosponges. This behavior may be attributed to the
higher number of lipophilic sites available for
lipophilic drug combinations compared to the
hydrophilic sites on cyclodextrin. Marketed
Formulations:
CONCLUSION:-
In addition to the points, it will be concluded that
Nanosponges have a wide range of useful properties,
can use a promising drug delivery tool economically,
and may be considered a brand new carrier for skin
delivery drugs and medical features. They provide a
combination of individual lipotropic and deliquescent
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drugs, as well as regulated patents in addition to the
drug binding in the targeted area. Theeby increases
bioavailability and performance. The level of particle
size and the degree of non-corrosion required may be
achieved by a combination of strong chemicals to
exceed the bond size. In addition, Nanosponges are
based primarily on the delivery system and protect the
active moiety from damage. The small size and round
shape of the delivery system allows for the formation
of completely different value forms such as parerral,
aerosol, topical and moreover as endless oral
quantities as needed and advanced methods.
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