Size reduction is one of most fundamental unit operation which is of prime importance in pharmacy. It helps in improving stability and bioavailability, reducing toxicity, enhancing release and providing better formulation opportunities for drug. In the recent trends, the drugs in nanometer size range have found to increase the performance in variety of dosage forms. The word 'nano’ is a Latin word, which means'dwarf’. Nano size refers to 10 9 of a particular unit thus nanometer is 10 9 of a meter. Nanotechnology is the science that deals with the processes that occurs at molecular level and of nanolength scale size. Nanotechnology has shown tremendous progress in many fields but in pharmaceutical fields are yet to be explored, although, it has powerful impact in various medical fields such as biophysics, molecular biology, bioengineering, cardiology, oncology, ophthalmology, endocrinology immunology etc. Nanotechnology provides intelligent system, devices and materials for better pharmaceutical applications. The current status of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical field includes development of Nano medicine, tissue engineering, nano robots, biosensors, biomarkers etc. Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology provides opportunities to improve materials, medical devices and help to develop new technology where existing and more conventional technologies may be reaching their limits. Thus in the coming years advancements in this field will led to the improved form of drug delivery as well as other prospects of medicine and pharmacy. Mr. Rajesh Dumpala | Mr. Chirag Patil "Current Trends of “Nanotechnology” in Pharmaceutical" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38414.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/38414/current-trends-of-“nanotechnology”-in-pharmaceutical/mr-rajesh-dumpala
Nanotechnology involves processes at the molecular and nano-length scale. It has numerous applications in pharmacy, including as drug delivery systems using liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, and nanotubes. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides nano-materials for tissue engineering and nano-devices like biosensors. Nano-materials are used for drug encapsulation, implants, and scaffolds. Nano-devices include biosensors, detectors, and potential "nano-robots". Current applications include medicine, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and imaging enhancement. Future prospects may include intelligent machines that detect, treat, and monitor disease simultaneously.
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that uses nanotechnology for medical applications such as diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention. It involves engineering materials and devices at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers to exploit their unique properties. This allows for innovations like controlled drug delivery, molecular imaging, and biosensing. Some key technologies involved include nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and liposomes. Potential applications range from molecular imaging and cancer theranostics to drug delivery, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. Nanomedicine offers opportunities for earlier disease diagnosis and more effective, safer, and personalized treatment approaches.
This document discusses various nanotechnology approaches for drug delivery, including nanoparticles for encapsulating and delivering drugs. It describes several types of nanoparticles - lipid-based, polymer-based, metallic, biological - that can be used for targeted drug delivery. It also highlights some achievements of nanotechnology in developing improved drug formulations, as well as challenges in the field and priority research areas like cancer nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology has applications in pharmaceutics including new drug delivery formulations and routes of administration. Nanoparticles can be engineered for controlled release of drugs and targeted delivery. Dendrimers are a type of synthetic nanoparticle that consists of branched monomers arranged around a core. They have potential applications for drug delivery due to their uniform size, water solubility and modifiable surface that allows drugs or targeting agents to be attached.
Nanotechnology refers to technology conducted at the nanoscale from 1 to 100 nanometers. It has many applications in pharmaceutics including as drug delivery mechanisms, biosensors, and imaging tools. Nanotechnology uses nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanotubes, dendrimers and nanostructures to target drugs intracellularly, help treat diseases like cancer and improve drug absorption. Current applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics include areas like nanomedicine, tissue engineering, biosensors and imaging.
Nanotechnology is being used in cosmetics in several ways like delivery of active ingredients using nanovesicles, improving sun protection using zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and studying hair at the nanoscale. Cosmetic products containing nanomaterials must be notified to the EU Commission and demonstrate safety. Only nanoemulsions and nanopigments are currently used in cosmetics. Regulatory reviews have found these applications to be safe when used as indicated. The cosmetics industry supports further research and regulation of nanomaterials to ensure high levels of safety.
Application of nanoparticals in drug delivery systemMalay Jivani
This document discusses nanoparticles and their applications in pharmaceuticals, with a focus on using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for cancer treatment. It defines nanoparticles and describes some common preparation methods. It then discusses several potential medical applications of nanoparticles, including using them as delivery systems for drugs, genes, and targeting cancer cells. Specifically for AuNPs, it covers their synthesis, properties, and how their surfaces can be functionalized. It describes how AuNPs may be useful for photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and inhibiting angiogenesis for cancer treatment.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
The document discusses nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NPDDSs). It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their use in drug delivery. Various types of NPDDS are explored, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes, and more. Their applications in areas like chemotherapy, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and more are then reviewed. The advantages of NPDDS include both passive and active drug targeting, increased therapeutic efficacy, controlled release profiles, and high drug loading capacity. Key factors influencing NPDDS design include particle size, drug properties, surface characteristics, biodegradability, and desired drug release. Common preparation methods are also outlined.
Nanotechnology involves processes at the molecular and nano-length scale. It has numerous applications in pharmacy, including as drug delivery systems using liposomes, dendrimers, nanoparticles, and nanotubes. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides nano-materials for tissue engineering and nano-devices like biosensors. Nano-materials are used for drug encapsulation, implants, and scaffolds. Nano-devices include biosensors, detectors, and potential "nano-robots". Current applications include medicine, tissue engineering, diagnostics, and imaging enhancement. Future prospects may include intelligent machines that detect, treat, and monitor disease simultaneously.
Nanomedicine is an emerging field that uses nanotechnology for medical applications such as diagnosis, treatment, and disease prevention. It involves engineering materials and devices at the nanoscale of 1 to 100 nanometers to exploit their unique properties. This allows for innovations like controlled drug delivery, molecular imaging, and biosensing. Some key technologies involved include nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, dendrimers, and liposomes. Potential applications range from molecular imaging and cancer theranostics to drug delivery, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. Nanomedicine offers opportunities for earlier disease diagnosis and more effective, safer, and personalized treatment approaches.
This document discusses various nanotechnology approaches for drug delivery, including nanoparticles for encapsulating and delivering drugs. It describes several types of nanoparticles - lipid-based, polymer-based, metallic, biological - that can be used for targeted drug delivery. It also highlights some achievements of nanotechnology in developing improved drug formulations, as well as challenges in the field and priority research areas like cancer nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology has applications in pharmaceutics including new drug delivery formulations and routes of administration. Nanoparticles can be engineered for controlled release of drugs and targeted delivery. Dendrimers are a type of synthetic nanoparticle that consists of branched monomers arranged around a core. They have potential applications for drug delivery due to their uniform size, water solubility and modifiable surface that allows drugs or targeting agents to be attached.
Nanotechnology refers to technology conducted at the nanoscale from 1 to 100 nanometers. It has many applications in pharmaceutics including as drug delivery mechanisms, biosensors, and imaging tools. Nanotechnology uses nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanotubes, dendrimers and nanostructures to target drugs intracellularly, help treat diseases like cancer and improve drug absorption. Current applications of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics include areas like nanomedicine, tissue engineering, biosensors and imaging.
Nanotechnology is being used in cosmetics in several ways like delivery of active ingredients using nanovesicles, improving sun protection using zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and studying hair at the nanoscale. Cosmetic products containing nanomaterials must be notified to the EU Commission and demonstrate safety. Only nanoemulsions and nanopigments are currently used in cosmetics. Regulatory reviews have found these applications to be safe when used as indicated. The cosmetics industry supports further research and regulation of nanomaterials to ensure high levels of safety.
Application of nanoparticals in drug delivery systemMalay Jivani
This document discusses nanoparticles and their applications in pharmaceuticals, with a focus on using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for cancer treatment. It defines nanoparticles and describes some common preparation methods. It then discusses several potential medical applications of nanoparticles, including using them as delivery systems for drugs, genes, and targeting cancer cells. Specifically for AuNPs, it covers their synthesis, properties, and how their surfaces can be functionalized. It describes how AuNPs may be useful for photothermal therapy, radiotherapy, and inhibiting angiogenesis for cancer treatment.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
The document discusses nanoparticulate drug delivery systems (NPDDSs). It begins by defining nanoparticles and describing their use in drug delivery. Various types of NPDDS are explored, including polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, dendrimers, liposomes, and more. Their applications in areas like chemotherapy, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and more are then reviewed. The advantages of NPDDS include both passive and active drug targeting, increased therapeutic efficacy, controlled release profiles, and high drug loading capacity. Key factors influencing NPDDS design include particle size, drug properties, surface characteristics, biodegradability, and desired drug release. Common preparation methods are also outlined.
The document discusses the promise of nanotechnology for cancer treatment and diagnosis. It outlines how nanotechnology can help with detection, drug delivery, targeted therapy, imaging, and gene delivery. Some ways nanotechnology is currently being used include nanotheranostics, which allow simultaneous diagnosis and treatment, targeting cancer stem cells, and novel nanodevices like plasmonic nanobubbles. While nanotechnology shows potential, challenges remain around toxicity, costs, and translating research findings into approved drugs. The document calls for biotechnologists to provide ideas to further advance the field of cancer nanotechnology.
Nanoparticle targeted drug delivery systemBINDIYA PATEL
This document discusses nanoparticles as subnanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 10-1000 nm in diameter. It defines nanoparticles and describes their basic concept of selectively delivering drugs to target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. The document outlines ideal characteristics of nanoparticles and various methods for their preparation, characterization, and evaluation. It provides examples of nanoparticle applications such as cancer therapy, intracellular targeting, vaccines, DNA delivery, and ocular delivery. The document concludes by listing references for further information on nanoparticles.
The document discusses various topics related to nanomedicine and nanotechnology. It defines nanotechnology as the study of matter below 100 nanometers in size, and describes how properties differ at the nanoscale compared to larger scales. It then covers various categories of nanotechnology including nanomaterials, nano-instrumentation, and nanomedicine. Specific nanomaterials discussed include fullerenes like buckyballs, carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles and liposomes. The document also briefly mentions applications of these nanomaterials in areas like drug delivery and cancer treatment.
Carbon nanotubes are hollow cylindrical tubes that are 10,000 times smaller than human hair but stronger than steel. They are good conductors of electricity and heat and have a very large surface area. There are two main types: single-walled nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have many potential applications, including using filters made of carbon nanotubes to remove pollutants from water more effectively than charcoal filters. Another potential application is using carbon nanotube-based aerogels that are as strong as steel but can also stretch in response to an electric current. However, challenges remain in controlling the size and structure of carbon nanotubes during growth and in manipulating
- Nanomedicine shows promise as a field of nanotechnology for non-invasive diagnostic imaging, tumor detection, and targeted drug delivery using unique properties of nanoparticles.
- Nanoparticles for drug delivery can be spherical vesicles like liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles, which allow drugs to be attached or incorporated for more effective administration and bioavailability than traditional methods.
- After nanoparticles transport drugs to targeted sites, the drugs are released through various mechanisms to produce therapeutic effects in a sustained and protected manner.
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body some time based on nanoparticles as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues.
This document discusses nanopharmacology and nanomedicine. It begins with definitions of nanoscience and how nanopharmacology studies drug interactions at the nanoscale level. The goals of nanopharmacology include improved drug delivery and targeting to increase safety and efficacy. Nanomedicine applies nanotechnology for medical treatment and diagnosis using nanoparticles, nanodevices, and nanorobots. Some applications highlighted include cancer treatment, contrast agents for MRI, nervous system tracking, drug dispersion, and artificial antibodies. Overall, the document outlines how nanotechnology at the molecular level can transform medical procedures to make them faster and more accurate.
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon that can be constructed as cylindrical tubes with nanometer scale diameters and millimeter lengths. They consist of graphite-like rolled graphene sheets and belong to the fullerene family of carbon structures. Carbon nanotubes exist in single-walled and multi-walled varieties and have a variety of applications due to their unique electronic, thermal, and structural properties. They show potential for use in drug delivery due to their small size and ability to penetrate cell membranes while carrying drugs. However, further research is needed to fully understand their environmental and health impacts.
Microspheres are spherical particles ranging from 1 nm to 200 μm that can be used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. They are typically made of biodegradable polymers and can be prepared using various methods like single/double emulsion, polymerization, phase separation, or spray drying. Drugs are encapsulated or absorbed onto the microspheres and released over time as the polymer degrades. Microspheres find applications in areas like vaccines, targeted drug delivery, and imaging due to their advantages of sustained release, increased drug stability and reduced toxicity.
This document discusses metallic nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical sciences and engineering. Metallic nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles have unique properties like high surface-to-volume ratio that make them useful for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. Various methods for synthesizing these nanoparticles like chemical coprecipitation and conjugating them with ligands allow them to be used as contrast agents for MRI, CT, and other imaging modalities. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles can help image and treat diseases like cancer in a non-invasive manner.
Nanomedicine- a brief introductory outlineAratrika Dutta
This document provides an introduction to nanomedicine. It defines nanomedicine as monitoring, repairing, constructing and controlling human biological systems at the molecular level using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. The document outlines that nanomedicine applies nanotechnologies in healthcare using nanoparticles. It discusses technological details like materials used for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Applications of nanomedicine include drug delivery, cancer treatment, tissue engineering, medical devices and more. Advantages are targeted treatment with fewer side effects while disadvantages include high costs and implementation challenges. The future scope of nanomedicine is described as developing accurate biomarkers and synergies between bio and nano systems.
Nanotechnology involves creating and manipulating materials at the nanoscale, between 1-100 nanometers. At this scale, materials exhibit unique properties due to increased surface area to volume ratio and quantum mechanical effects. Some examples include enhanced chemical reactivity, color changes with particle size, and size-dependent melting points and conductivity. The document provides background on nanotechnology and an overview of how properties change at the nanoscale.
This seminar presentation discusses nanopolymers, which are nanostructured polymers with modified intrinsic properties due to their small size. Nanopolymers can be prepared through methods like vapor condensation, vacuum evaporation on running liquids, and electrospinning. Electrospinning uses electrical forces to produce ultra-fine polymer fibers with diameters as small as 5nm. Nanopolymers find applications in areas like catalysis, sensors, drug delivery and more. However, properties change with size and bonding, and toxicity is a limitation.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems (NPDDSs) are being explored for the purpose of solving the challenges of drug delivery. Most carriers are less than 100 nm in diameter and provide methods for targeting and releasing therapeutic compounds in defined regions.
These vehicles have the potential to eliminate or ameliorate many problems associated with drug distribution, precipitation at high concentrations, and toxicity issues with excipients. Many NPDDSs provide both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments to facilitate drug solubility.
The document discusses various types of NPDDS like oral, pulmonary, topical, and parenteral systems. It also reviews formulation methods like emulsion, polymerization,
This document discusses nanoparticles, which are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers between 10-1000 nm in size. Nanoparticles can be nanocapsules or nanospheres depending on if the drug is confined in a cavity or dispersed in a matrix. They are classified based on their material and can be prepared through various polymerization or precipitation methods. Nanoparticles offer advantages like improved drug stability and targeting but also disadvantages like toxicity risks. The document outlines characterization techniques and applications in cancer therapy, vaccines, and crossing the blood brain barrier.
Nanocapsules a novel drug delivery systemKushal Saha
This document discusses nanocapsules, which are vesicular drug delivery systems containing an inner liquid core surrounded by a polymeric membrane between 250-500 nm in diameter. Nanocapsules offer advantages like higher drug loading, protection from degradation, and controlled drug release. They can be prepared using methods like nanoprecipitation, emulsion diffusion, double emulsification, and layer-by-layer assembly. Characterization techniques evaluate properties such as particle size, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Nanocapsules have applications for oral, parenteral, and ocular drug delivery.
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
The document discusses the potential future effects of nanomedicine on human generations. It describes how nanomedicine uses engineered nanodevices and knowledge of the human body to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease. Specifically, it outlines how nanodiamonds coated with drugs and proteins can target and destroy cancer cells without harming normal cells. The document also discusses how nanotubes may be used to deliver cancer drugs directly to diseased cells. While nanomedicine holds promise to revolutionize disease treatment, the document notes potential health risks from nanoparticle exposure that require further study.
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and discusses several potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It describes how nanomedicine technologies are being developed to provide continuous molecular diagnostics and therapeutics by developing nano-engineered systems that can seek out and repair diseased cells. It also discusses how nanotechnology is being used to develop novel drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine techniques using nanoscale scaffolds, and nanopatterned surfaces to elicit biological responses. Overall, the document outlines the promising role that nanotechnology and nanomedicine can play in revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment through applications like targeted drug delivery, artificial tissues, and medical implants.
The document discusses the promise of nanotechnology for cancer treatment and diagnosis. It outlines how nanotechnology can help with detection, drug delivery, targeted therapy, imaging, and gene delivery. Some ways nanotechnology is currently being used include nanotheranostics, which allow simultaneous diagnosis and treatment, targeting cancer stem cells, and novel nanodevices like plasmonic nanobubbles. While nanotechnology shows potential, challenges remain around toxicity, costs, and translating research findings into approved drugs. The document calls for biotechnologists to provide ideas to further advance the field of cancer nanotechnology.
Nanoparticle targeted drug delivery systemBINDIYA PATEL
This document discusses nanoparticles as subnanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 10-1000 nm in diameter. It defines nanoparticles and describes their basic concept of selectively delivering drugs to target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. The document outlines ideal characteristics of nanoparticles and various methods for their preparation, characterization, and evaluation. It provides examples of nanoparticle applications such as cancer therapy, intracellular targeting, vaccines, DNA delivery, and ocular delivery. The document concludes by listing references for further information on nanoparticles.
The document discusses various topics related to nanomedicine and nanotechnology. It defines nanotechnology as the study of matter below 100 nanometers in size, and describes how properties differ at the nanoscale compared to larger scales. It then covers various categories of nanotechnology including nanomaterials, nano-instrumentation, and nanomedicine. Specific nanomaterials discussed include fullerenes like buckyballs, carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles and liposomes. The document also briefly mentions applications of these nanomaterials in areas like drug delivery and cancer treatment.
Carbon nanotubes are hollow cylindrical tubes that are 10,000 times smaller than human hair but stronger than steel. They are good conductors of electricity and heat and have a very large surface area. There are two main types: single-walled nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes have many potential applications, including using filters made of carbon nanotubes to remove pollutants from water more effectively than charcoal filters. Another potential application is using carbon nanotube-based aerogels that are as strong as steel but can also stretch in response to an electric current. However, challenges remain in controlling the size and structure of carbon nanotubes during growth and in manipulating
- Nanomedicine shows promise as a field of nanotechnology for non-invasive diagnostic imaging, tumor detection, and targeted drug delivery using unique properties of nanoparticles.
- Nanoparticles for drug delivery can be spherical vesicles like liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles, which allow drugs to be attached or incorporated for more effective administration and bioavailability than traditional methods.
- After nanoparticles transport drugs to targeted sites, the drugs are released through various mechanisms to produce therapeutic effects in a sustained and protected manner.
Nanotechnology is science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology.
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, technologies, and systems for transporting a pharmaceutical compound in the body some time based on nanoparticles as needed to safely achieve its desired therapeutic effect.
Tissue engineering is a biomedical engineering discipline that uses a combination of cells, engineering, materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physicochemical factors to restore, maintain, improve, or replace different types of biological tissues.
This document discusses nanopharmacology and nanomedicine. It begins with definitions of nanoscience and how nanopharmacology studies drug interactions at the nanoscale level. The goals of nanopharmacology include improved drug delivery and targeting to increase safety and efficacy. Nanomedicine applies nanotechnology for medical treatment and diagnosis using nanoparticles, nanodevices, and nanorobots. Some applications highlighted include cancer treatment, contrast agents for MRI, nervous system tracking, drug dispersion, and artificial antibodies. Overall, the document outlines how nanotechnology at the molecular level can transform medical procedures to make them faster and more accurate.
Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon that can be constructed as cylindrical tubes with nanometer scale diameters and millimeter lengths. They consist of graphite-like rolled graphene sheets and belong to the fullerene family of carbon structures. Carbon nanotubes exist in single-walled and multi-walled varieties and have a variety of applications due to their unique electronic, thermal, and structural properties. They show potential for use in drug delivery due to their small size and ability to penetrate cell membranes while carrying drugs. However, further research is needed to fully understand their environmental and health impacts.
Microspheres are spherical particles ranging from 1 nm to 200 μm that can be used to deliver drugs in a sustained or controlled release manner. They are typically made of biodegradable polymers and can be prepared using various methods like single/double emulsion, polymerization, phase separation, or spray drying. Drugs are encapsulated or absorbed onto the microspheres and released over time as the polymer degrades. Microspheres find applications in areas like vaccines, targeted drug delivery, and imaging due to their advantages of sustained release, increased drug stability and reduced toxicity.
This document discusses metallic nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical sciences and engineering. Metallic nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and silver nanoparticles have unique properties like high surface-to-volume ratio that make them useful for applications in imaging, drug delivery, and therapy. Various methods for synthesizing these nanoparticles like chemical coprecipitation and conjugating them with ligands allow them to be used as contrast agents for MRI, CT, and other imaging modalities. Targeted delivery of nanoparticles can help image and treat diseases like cancer in a non-invasive manner.
Nanomedicine- a brief introductory outlineAratrika Dutta
This document provides an introduction to nanomedicine. It defines nanomedicine as monitoring, repairing, constructing and controlling human biological systems at the molecular level using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures. The document outlines that nanomedicine applies nanotechnologies in healthcare using nanoparticles. It discusses technological details like materials used for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Applications of nanomedicine include drug delivery, cancer treatment, tissue engineering, medical devices and more. Advantages are targeted treatment with fewer side effects while disadvantages include high costs and implementation challenges. The future scope of nanomedicine is described as developing accurate biomarkers and synergies between bio and nano systems.
Nanotechnology involves creating and manipulating materials at the nanoscale, between 1-100 nanometers. At this scale, materials exhibit unique properties due to increased surface area to volume ratio and quantum mechanical effects. Some examples include enhanced chemical reactivity, color changes with particle size, and size-dependent melting points and conductivity. The document provides background on nanotechnology and an overview of how properties change at the nanoscale.
This seminar presentation discusses nanopolymers, which are nanostructured polymers with modified intrinsic properties due to their small size. Nanopolymers can be prepared through methods like vapor condensation, vacuum evaporation on running liquids, and electrospinning. Electrospinning uses electrical forces to produce ultra-fine polymer fibers with diameters as small as 5nm. Nanopolymers find applications in areas like catalysis, sensors, drug delivery and more. However, properties change with size and bonding, and toxicity is a limitation.
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems (NPDDSs) are being explored for the purpose of solving the challenges of drug delivery. Most carriers are less than 100 nm in diameter and provide methods for targeting and releasing therapeutic compounds in defined regions.
These vehicles have the potential to eliminate or ameliorate many problems associated with drug distribution, precipitation at high concentrations, and toxicity issues with excipients. Many NPDDSs provide both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments to facilitate drug solubility.
The document discusses various types of NPDDS like oral, pulmonary, topical, and parenteral systems. It also reviews formulation methods like emulsion, polymerization,
This document discusses nanoparticles, which are sub-nanosized colloidal structures composed of synthetic or semi-synthetic polymers between 10-1000 nm in size. Nanoparticles can be nanocapsules or nanospheres depending on if the drug is confined in a cavity or dispersed in a matrix. They are classified based on their material and can be prepared through various polymerization or precipitation methods. Nanoparticles offer advantages like improved drug stability and targeting but also disadvantages like toxicity risks. The document outlines characterization techniques and applications in cancer therapy, vaccines, and crossing the blood brain barrier.
Nanocapsules a novel drug delivery systemKushal Saha
This document discusses nanocapsules, which are vesicular drug delivery systems containing an inner liquid core surrounded by a polymeric membrane between 250-500 nm in diameter. Nanocapsules offer advantages like higher drug loading, protection from degradation, and controlled drug release. They can be prepared using methods like nanoprecipitation, emulsion diffusion, double emulsification, and layer-by-layer assembly. Characterization techniques evaluate properties such as particle size, drug content, and in vitro drug release. Nanocapsules have applications for oral, parenteral, and ocular drug delivery.
Detailed idea on nanotechnology, nanomedicine, types, uses, pharmacotherapy, and future prospects of the nanotechnology. Drug delivery systems, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the nanoparticles are dealt in detail
The document discusses the potential future effects of nanomedicine on human generations. It describes how nanomedicine uses engineered nanodevices and knowledge of the human body to diagnose, treat, and prevent disease. Specifically, it outlines how nanodiamonds coated with drugs and proteins can target and destroy cancer cells without harming normal cells. The document also discusses how nanotubes may be used to deliver cancer drugs directly to diseased cells. While nanomedicine holds promise to revolutionize disease treatment, the document notes potential health risks from nanoparticle exposure that require further study.
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and discusses several potential applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It describes how nanomedicine technologies are being developed to provide continuous molecular diagnostics and therapeutics by developing nano-engineered systems that can seek out and repair diseased cells. It also discusses how nanotechnology is being used to develop novel drug delivery systems, regenerative medicine techniques using nanoscale scaffolds, and nanopatterned surfaces to elicit biological responses. Overall, the document outlines the promising role that nanotechnology and nanomedicine can play in revolutionizing diagnosis and treatment through applications like targeted drug delivery, artificial tissues, and medical implants.
Applications of nano technology in pharmacysaima rani
Nanotechnology is the science dealing with processes at the molecular level and nano length scale. There are numerous natural examples like DNA and viruses. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides nano-materials and nano-devices. Nano-materials include those used in implants and tissue scaffolds, and can be nano-crystalline or nano-structured. Nano-devices are miniature devices at the nano scale used for applications like biosensing and detection. Nanotechnology has many applications in pharmacy including drug delivery, molecular diagnostics, biosensing, and gene therapy by overcoming limitations of conventional systems and enabling targeted and controlled delivery.
This document summarizes applications of nanotechnology in biomedical systems for diagnostics and therapy. It discusses how nanoparticles can be used for targeted drug delivery and theranostics (combining therapy and diagnosis). Examples discussed include using microcantilevers and atomic force microscopy to detect small mass differences for applications like screening enzyme inhibitors, and using noble metal nanoparticles for label-free detection of biomarkers. The significance of understanding nanomaterials to develop safe and effective clinical tools is also noted.
This document provides an overview of nanomedicine and outlines several key areas. It begins by defining nanomedicine and its applications in areas like diagnostics, therapeutics, and future technologies. The introduction then summarizes some of the major achievements in the field over the past 15 years. The remainder of the document contains 8 articles that discuss topics like the design of nanomedicines, their interactions with the immune system, applications for diseases like cancer, diabetes, stroke and atherosclerosis, and the importance of patient stratification. It highlights how controlling properties like size, shape, surface characteristics and mechanics can improve drug delivery and addresses challenges to further clinical translation of nanomedicines.
Nanotechnology and its relevance to Aushadha - Nirman discusses several key points about nanotechnology in 3 sentences:
Nanotechnology involves working at the nanoscale of 1-100 nm to create novel materials and devices. It has many applications in medicine such as more effective drug delivery through nanocarriers that can target tissues. The document outlines various nanoscale drug delivery methods and nanotechnology applications in healthcare including cancer treatment, diagnostics, and overcoming challenges like biological degradation and improving targeting and patient compliance.
Nanobiomaterials are very effective components for several biomedical and pharmaceutical studies. Among the metallic, organic, ceramic and polymeric nanomaterials, metallic nanomaterials have shown certain prominent biomedical applications. Enormous works have been done to synthesize, analyse and administer the metallic nanoparticles for various kinds of medical and therapeutic applications, during the last forty years. In these analyses, the prominent biomedical applications of ten metallic nanobiomaterials have been reviewed from various sources and works. It has been found that almost nine of them are used in a very wide spectrum of medical and theranostic applications.
This document discusses potential applications of nanotechnology across many fields. It begins by defining nanotechnology as the study and control of matter at the atomic and molecular scale, generally 100 nanometers or smaller. It then outlines several implications and applications of nanotechnology in areas like medicine, energy, environment, information/communication, aerospace, construction, and more. The document raises some health and environmental concerns regarding nanotechnology and discusses further research needed for many applications.
Simulation of nanobot for diagnostic application development in the field of ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential use of simulated nanobots for cancer diagnosis and treatment applications in biomedical engineering. It begins with an abstract that outlines how nanobots could detect cancer cells using algorithms and parameters, then deliver high doses of anti-cancer drugs specifically to cancer cells to reduce side effects. The introduction provides more details on the challenges of early cancer detection and highlights how nanobots may help improve diagnosis and mitigate disease severity. Finally, the literature survey section summarizes several previous studies that explored using nanobots for medical applications such as targeted drug delivery, tissue repair, and cancer treatment.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It describes how nanotechnology can be used for targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment through radio therapy, and biosensors. Targeted drug delivery uses nanoparticles to deliver drugs directly to diseased cells to minimize side effects. Radio therapy employs nanoparticles less than 50nm in size that can enter and exit cells to preferentially treat cancer. Biosensors combine biological components with detectors, and nanomaterials improve biosensor sensitivity for applications like food quality monitoring and medical diagnostics. While promising, nanomedicine also faces challenges like inconsistent nanoparticle effects that could become dangerous without further research.
This document discusses applications of nanotechnology in medicine. It describes how nanotechnology can be used for targeted drug delivery, cancer treatment through radio therapy, and biosensors. Targeted drug delivery uses nanoparticles to deliver drugs directly to diseased cells to minimize side effects. Radio therapy employs nanoparticles less than 50nm in size that can enter and exit cells to preferentially treat cancer. Biosensors combine biological components with detectors, and nanomaterials improve biosensor sensitivity for applications like food quality testing and medical diagnostics. While promising, nanomedicine also faces challenges like inconsistent nanoparticle effects that could become dangerous without further research.
The effective system of targeted drug delivery has been a dream for a long time, yet it is deeply irritated by the complex chemical involved in the development of the latest systems. The advanced drug delivery system has a number of problems such as poor skin tone, skin irritation, allergies and more. The biggest problems for improved chemical companies are their poor melting of water and pharmacy problems. These water soluble drugs show few problems in combining them with a non perishable variety and therefore the main problems associated with them are their very low bioavailability. The development of nanosponges has been a major step forward in overcoming these problems. Nanosponges are a novel class of colloidal structures based on hyper crosslinked polymer consisting of solid colloidal nanoparticles and nanosized holes. These colloidal carriers with nano size were recently developed and proposed for drug delivery, as their use can dissolve soluble drugs in the water and provide long term release and improve drug availability by altering pharmacokinetic parameters of actives. . The development of nanosponges as drug delivery systems, with special reference to cyclodextrin based nanosponges, is presented in this article. In the current review, attempts have been made to show the characteristics of cyclodextrin based on nanosponges and their applications in drug formation. The main focus is on discussing preparation methods, character separation methods and the use of these novel drug delivery carriers for therapeutic purposes. Radhika Kotame | Gayatri Wagh | Ehtesham Ansari "Nanosponge: Leveraging Novel Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49469.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/49469/nanosponge-leveraging-novel-technology/radhika-kotame
Nanobiotechnology shows promise for a variety of applications in medicine, energy, and other fields. Specifically:
- It could enable early disease detection through new diagnostic tests and imaging technologies using nanoparticles, quantum dots, and DNA/protein analysis.
- Therapeutic applications include more targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, and biomolecular engineering.
- In agriculture, nanotechnology may allow for improved crop varieties, precision farming, pest management, and soil/plant monitoring with nanosensors.
- Flexible electronics and wearable devices could benefit from graphene and other nanomaterials that enable stretchable, lightweight devices.
- Wireless technologies may see advances in tiny sensors, increased data storage using nanoscale memory, and new communication possibilities.
The document discusses nanotechnology and its applications in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It provides definitions and history of nanotechnology. It describes various nanostructures used for drug delivery such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, etc. It discusses how nanotechnology can help in targeted drug delivery, overcoming drug resistance and reducing toxicity. The document also discusses use of nanotechnology in cosmetics for delivery of active ingredients to deeper skin layers and for UV protection.
Nanotechnology_20231223_114542_0000.pdf in questions type presentationManishKumar822818
This is a presentation ppt on nanotechnology. This is a short presentation on nanotechnology.
This is question type presentation.
Topics covered is :
What is nanotechnology?
What is the current state of nanoscience and nanotechnology?
What are the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles?
How are nanoparticles formed?
What are the uses of nanoparticles in consumer products?
What are potential harmful effects of nanoparticles?
How can exposure to nanoparticles be measured?
Are current risk assessment methodologies for nanoparticles adequate?
Conclusion
This document summarizes the potential applications of nanorobotics in medicine and healthcare. It discusses how nanorobots at the nanoscale could be used to cure diseases by delivering targeted drug therapies, performing microsurgery, breaking up blood clots, treating cancer and arteriosclerosis, and more. While nanorobotics is still a theoretical field, researchers are working to design microscopic robots that can safely navigate and operate within the human body to improve treatment outcomes with fewer side effects than traditional methods. Many challenges remain including developing biocompatible materials, powering nanorobots, and enabling navigation through the complex human circulatory system. If realized, nanorobots promise transformative applications across medicine.
Nano biotechnology, often referred to as nanobiotechnology, is a multidiscipl...ItsJimmy
It is a presentation related to nanobiotechnology which covered it's aspects including it's introduction, scope , uses , application and also includes nanofibers and nanotechnology.
Nanotechnology deals with manipulating and controlling matter at the nanoscale, generally from 1 to 100 nanometers. It can be used to develop new materials, devices, and systems with applications in medicine, electronics, energy, and more. Some key applications of nanotechnology include using nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer treatment, developing stronger and lighter nanocomposite materials, improving solar cells and batteries, and enabling new detection and filtration systems. While nanotechnology holds promise, research is still needed to fully understand potential health and environmental risks from nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles as a novel and promising antiviral platform in veterinary medicineAhmed Hasham
Traditional veterinary virus vaccines, such as inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines, have achieved tremendous success
in controlling many viral diseases of livestock and chickens worldwide. However, many recent viral outbreaks caused by
diferent emerging and re-emerging viruses continue to be reported annually worldwide. It is therefore necessary to develop
new control regimens. Nanoparticle research has received considerable attention in the last two decades as a promising
platform with signifcant success in veterinary medicine, replacing traditional viral vector vaccines. However, the feld of
nanoparticle applications is still in its initial phase of growth. Here, we discuss various preparation methods, characteristics,
physical properties, antiviral efects, and pharmacokinetics of well-developed nanoparticles and the potential of nanoparticles
or nano-vaccines as a promising antiviral platform for veterinary medicine.
Similar to Current Trends of “Nanotechnology” in Pharmaceutical (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38414 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 519
advances in micro technologies can be used to fabricatenano
scale structures and devices. These techniques are
collectively referred to as top down nanofabrication
technologies, include photolithography, nano molding, dip-
pen lithography and nano fluidics (Figure 1)
Fig.1. Bottom-Up and Top-Down Techniques in Manufacturing Nanoparticles
NANODEFINITIONS
‘Nanoscience’ can be defined as study of phenomenon and
manipulation of materials at atomic and molecular scales.
‘Nanotechnology’ is related to design characterization,
production and applications of structures, devices and
systems by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale.
‘Nanomedicine’ is defined as submicron size (<1um)
modules, used for treatment, diagnosis, monitoring, and
control of biological system.
‘Pharmaceutical nanotechnology’ embraces applications
of nano science to pharmacy as nano materials, and as
devices like drugdelivery,diagnostic,imagingandbiosensor.
‘Nanometrology’ is the science of measurements at the
nano scale. Four commonly used techniques are:
transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM),andscanningprobetechniques[scanning
probe microscopy(SPM)],andoptical tweezers(single-beam
gradient trap) .
‘Nanotoxicology’ refers to the study of the interactions of
nanostructures with biological systemswithanemphasis on
the relationship between the physical and chemical
properties of nanostructures with induction of toxic
biological response.
‘Bionanotechnology’ generally refers to the study of how
the goals of nanotechnology can be guided by studying how
biological “machines” work and adapting these biological
motifs into improving existing nanotechnologies or creating
new ones .
‘Nanobiomechanics’ (also bio nanomechanics) is an
emerging field in nano science and biomechanics that
combines the powerful tools of nano mechanics to explore
fundamental science of biomaterials and biomechanics. For
example, it has been shown that red blood cells infected by
malaria are 10 times stiffer than normal cells
SCOPE AND OPPORTUNITY
Applications of nanotechnology to pharmacy, that provide
intelligent and smart drug delivery systems, is expected to
emerge as most important and powerful tool as an
alternative to conventional dosage form.
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is most innovative and
highly specialized field, which will revolutionize the
pharmaceutical industry in near future. Pharmaceutical
nanotechnology presents revolutionary opportunities to
fight against many diseases. It helps in detecting the antigen
associated with diseases such as cancer, diabetes mellitus,
neurodegenerative diseases, as well as detecting the
microorganisms and viruses associated with infections. It is
expected that in next 10 yrs. market will be flooded with
nanotechnology-devised medicine .
The scope of pharmaceutical nanotechnology is very wide
from smart material for tissue engineering to intelligent
tools for delivery of drugs and diagnostics, and more
recently, artificial RBC etc. Current applications of
nanotechnology in pharmacy are development of nano
medicine, tissue engineering, nano robots, advance
diagnostic, as carrier of diagnostic and therapeutic
modalities and as biosensor, biomarker,image enhancement
device, implant technology, bioactive surfaces etc. A large
number of nano systems, which have been investigated in
pharmacy todate, are liposomes, dendrimers, metallic nano
particles, polymeric nano particles, carbon nano tubes,
quantum dots, nano fibres etc.
PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGYBASEDSYSTEMS
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology provides two basictypesof
nano tools viz. nano materials and nano devices, which play
a key role in region of pharmaceutical nanotechnology and
related fields.
Nano materials are biomaterials used, for example, in
orthopedic or dental implants or as scaffolds for tissue-
engineered products.Theirsurfacemodificationsorcoatings
might greatly enhance the biocompatibility by favoring the
interaction of living cells with the biomaterial.These
materials can be sub classified intonanocrystallineand nano
structed materials
Nanocrystalline materials are readily manufacturedandcan
substitute the less performing bulk materials. Raw
nanomaterials can be used in drug encapsulation, bone
replacements, prostheses, and implants.
Nanostructured materials are processed forms of raw
nanomaterials that provide special shapes or functionality,
for example quantum dots, dendrimers, fullerenes and
carbon nanotubes. Nanodevices are miniaturedevicesinthe
nanoscale and some of which include nano- and micro-
electromechanical systems (NEMS/ MEMS), microfluidics
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38414 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 520
(control and manipulation of micro or nanolitre of fluids),
and microarrays (different kind of biological assay e.g. DNA,
protein, cell, and antibody). Examples include biosensors
and detectors to detect trace quantities of bacteria, airborne
pathogens, biological hazards, and disease signatures and
some intelligent machines like respirocytes.
NANOPARTICULATE DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS
An ideal drug-delivery system owns two elements:
A. The ability to target
B. To control the drug release.
Targeting ensures high efficiency of the drug, reduction in
the side effects, especially when dealing with drugs that are
presumed to kill cancer cells but can also kill healthy cells
when delivered to them. The reduction or preventionofside
effects can also be achieved by controlled release of the
medicament to the target. Nano particulateprovidesa better
penetration of the particles to the body as their size allows
delivery through intravenous injection or other routes.
Lipid-Based Colloidal Nano drug-Delivery Systems
Lipid nano capsules are submicron particleswhicharemade
up of an oily liquid core surrounded by a solid or semisolid
shell. Colloidal drug carriers have a number of potential
advantages as drug delivery systems. Some advantages are
better bioavailability for poorly soluble drugs, use of
physiological lipids, the shunning of organic solvents in the
preparation process, a wide potential application spectrum
including oral, dermal, and intravenous.
The common disadvantages include: particle growth,
unpredictable gelating tendency, unexpected dynamics of
polymorphic transitions, and inherently low incorporation
capabilities because of crystalline structure of the solid-
liquid nanoparticles
Recent Trends in Solid–Lipid Nanoparticle Research
Recently, a lipid-based solvent-free formulation processhas
been developed to prepare lipid nanocapsules in the
nanometer range This process takes advantage of the
variation of the hydrophilic–lipophillic balance of an
ethoxylated hydrophilic surfactant as a function of the
temperature, leading to an inversion phase.
Polymeric Micelles as Drug Carriers Systems
Polymeric micelles have attained attention in drug delivery,
partly due to their ability to solubilize hydrophobic
molecules, their small particle size, good thermodynamic
solution stability, extended release of various drugs, and
prevention of rapid clearance by the reticuloendothelial
system (RES). Critical micelle concentration (CMC), similar
to low-molecular-weight surfactants, is the key
characterization parameter for polymeric micelles.
Furthermore, various types of drugs can be loaded into the
hydrophobic core of polymeric micelles by chemical
conjugation or physical entrapolymeric micelles by utilizing
various interactions such as hydrophobic interactions, or
ionic interactions, or hydrogen bonding. The hydrophobic
core serves as a reservoir from which the drug is released
slowly over a longer period of time.
POLYMER-BASED NANOPARTICULATE DRUGDELIVERY
SYSTEMS
1. Hydrogel-Based Nanoparticulate Drug-Delivery Systems.
2. Dendrimer-Based Drug-Delivery Systems.
3. Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles.
4. Protamine-Based Nanoparticulate Drug Carriers
(Proticles): Protamine is a nonantigenic and virtually
nontoxic peptide from the sperm, the compound derived
from salmon, the most widely used source, and has a
molecular mass around 5000 g/mol. It can be used as a
carrier system for delivery of DNA or oligonucleotidesand it
is being used as the cationic component.
5. Chitosan-Based Nanoparticulate Drug-Delivery System:
Chitosan, a polycationic polymer, consisting of d-
glucosamine and N-acetyldglucosamine linked by b-(1, 4)-
glycosidic bonds, has been widely used for NPDDSs for
delivering anticancerdrugs, genes,andvaccinesChitosan isa
natural polymer and biocompatible. Chitosan nanoparticles
also have being evaluated for ocular applications.
6. Silicone Nanopore-Membrane-Based Drug- Delivery
System.
7. Albumin and Gelatin Nanospheres.
8. Polymeric Nanocapsules as Drug Carriers.
9. Polystyrene Nanospheres.
TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTOOLS
1. Carbon Nanotubes: These are hexagonal networks of
carbon atoms, 1 nm in diameter and 1–100 nminlength,asa
layer of graphite rolled up into a cylinder. There are two
types of nanotubes: single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) and
multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), which differ in the
arrangement of their graphene cylinders.
Fig 2 Structure of Nano Carbon Tubes
(a) Single walled (SWNTs) (b) Multi walled (MWNTs)
2. Quantum Dots: Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconducting
materials that have a semiconductor core (CdSe), coated
with a shell (e.g., ZnS) to improve itsoptical properties,anda
cap that helps improving solubility in aqueous buffers.
Quantum-dots have a large impact on some important
development in different medical areas like diagnostic tools
(magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), in vitro and in vivo
detection and analysis of biomolecules etc.
3. Dendrimers: These are highly branched, treelike
structures and have different compartments of chemical
polymer. Dendrimer contain three different regions: core,
branches, and surface. They have promising properties for
delivery of bioactives ranging from drugs, vaccines, metal,
and genes to desired sites. Their hollow interior provides
space to incorporate drugs and other bioactive physicallyor
by various interactions to act as drug delivery vehicles.Most
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38414 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 521
important applications of dendrimers are solubilization,
gene therapy, dendrimer based drug delivery,immunoassay
and MRI contrast agent. (Figure 3).
Fig 3 Schematic Representation of Dendrimer
4. Liposomes: These are closed vesicles that are formed
when dry phospholipids are hydrated. Liposomes are
classified into three basic types based on their size and
number of bilayers. Multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) consist of
several lipid bilayers separated from one another by
aqueous spaces. Small unilamellar vesicles(SUVs)andLarge
unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) consist of a single bilayer
surrounding the entrapped aqueous space. (Figure 4).
Fig 4 Structure of Liposomes
5. Polymeric Micelles: Polymeric micelles are usually of
<100 nm and are amphiphilic block copolymer having
supramolecular core-shell structure.
6. Polyplexes/ Lipopolyplexes: These are assemblies,
which form spontaneously between nucleic acids and
polycations or cationic liposomes(orpolycationsconjugated
to targeting ligands or hydrophilic polymers), and are used
in transfection protocols.
ENGINEERING OF PHARMACEUTICAL NANOSYSTEMS
Since nanosystems are the chemical entity, they are not
easily accepted for bio-delivery of the drug. They need some
modifications to make them compatible for biological
delivery, by altering their size and surface by biocompatible
polymers and with some site specific ligands. Some
modifications are
1. Functional Nanosystem: The modification in the
properties of nanosystems by the incorporation, adsorption
or covalent coupling of components like polymers and/or
ligands to their surfaceisknownassurfacefunctionalization.
Some commonly employed toolsforsurfacemodificationare
polymers, carbohydrates, endogenous substances/ligands,
peptide, protein, nucleic acid and polysaccharides. These
tools make the nanosystems an intelligent tool and that
offers large varieties of properties like higher biostability,
lower aggregation and high target specificity in comparison
to conventional nanosystems.
2. Multifunctional Nanosystems: Multifunctional
nanosystems can be developed in three ways firstly
multifunctionality imparted to the core forthesimultaneous
delivery of two or more therapeutic active moieties;
secondly as multifunctionality imparted to surface for
stabilization by PEG (poly ethylene glycol) for the
modification in circulation time, and use of targeting moiety
and thirdly as multifunctionality imparted to material by
using thermal sensitive, pH and stimuli sensitive
biomaterials.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DRUG DELIVERY:
NANOPARTICLES
The ultimate goal of application of nano-drug delivery
systems is to develop clinically useful formulations for
treating diseases in patients. Clinically useful drug delivery
systems need to deliver a certain amount of a drug that can
be therapeutically effective, and often over an extended
period of time. Such requirements can be met by the micro
scale drug delivery systems manufactured by
nanotechnology. In addition, little attention has beenpaid to
the fact that the systems have to be introduced into the
human body, requiring approval from the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). The current methods of preparing
nano/micro particles are mainly based on double emulsion
methods or solvent exchange technique 14-15. Nano-design
of drugs by various techniques like milling, high pressure
homogenization, controlled precipitation etc., are explored
to produce, drug nano crystals, nano particles, nano
precipitates, nano suspensions (which for ease of
understanding commonly mentioned as nano crystals).
Controlled drug-delivery strategies have made a dramatic
impact in medicine. In general, controlled-release polymer
systems deliver drugs in the optimum dosage for long
periods, thus increasing the efficacy of the drug, maximizing
patient compliance and enhancing the ability to use highly
toxic, poorly soluble or relatively unstable drugs. Nanoscale
materials can be used as drug delivery vehicles to develop
highly selective and effective therapeutic and diagnostic
modalities.
Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or
solid particles with a size in the range of 10 -1000nm. The
drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a
nanoparticle matrix. Depending upon the method of
preparation, nano particles, nano spheres or nano capsules
can be obtained. The major goals in designing nano particles
as a delivery system are to control particle size, surface
properties and release of pharmacologically active agentsin
order to achieve the site-specific action of the drug at the
therapeutically optimal rate and dose regimen
PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES
A. Dispersion of preformed polymers by:
1. Solvent evaporation method.
2. Spontaneous emulsification/solvent diffusion method.
3. Salting-out/ emulsification diffusion method.
4. Production of nanoparticles using supercritical
technology.
5. Polymerization methods.
6. NPs prepared from hydrophilic polymers.
B. Polymerization of monomers:
Nanoparticles have been prepared most frequently by three
methods:
1. Dispersion of preformed polymers;
2. Polymerization of monomers;
3. Ionic gelation or coacervation of hydrophilic polymers.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38414 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 522
APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTOOLS
Size reductionishelpful inovercomingvariousphysiological,
biochemical and pharmaceutical barriers. Pharmaceutical
nanotechnology provides wide array of systems or device of
nanosize, which offer numerous benefits. Some important
applications areas are:
1. As nanomaterials for tissue engineering:
Nanotechnology offered numerous smart materials that are
used for tissue repair and replacement, implant coatings,
tissue regeneration scaffolds, structural implant materials,
bone repair etc.
2. Nanobased drug delivery tools: These are polymeric
nanoparticles, liposome, dendrimer, polymeric micelles,
polymer-drug conjugates, antibody- drug conjugates, which
can broadly be classify as:
A. Sustained and controlled delivery system,
B. Stimuli sensitive delivery system,
C. Functional system for delivery of bioactives,
D. Multifunctional system for combined delivery of
therapeutics, biosensing and diagnostic.
E. Site specific targeting (intracellular, cellular, tissue).
Furthermore, nanobased drug delivery tools are now being
employed in the treatment of various diseases such as in
cancer therapy etc.
a) Cancer treatment: Nanotechnology can have a
revolutionary impact on cancer diagnosis and therapy.
b) Implantable delivery systems: Nanotechnology is
opening up new opportunities in implantable delivery
systems because of its size, controlled and approximately
zero order release which otherwise maycausetoxicitywhen
compared to intravenous administration (due to first order
drug kinetics).
c) Site specific drug delivery: Several approaches are now
being tested for better site-specificdeliveryusingliposomes,
polymeric micelles, dendrimers, iron oxide, proteins using
manipulation in passive and active uptake of drug.
d) Gene therapy: In gene therapy, a normal gene is inserted
in place of an abnormal disease-causing gene using a carrier
molecule. Conventional uses of viral vectors are associated
with adverse immunologic, inflammatory reactions and
diseases in the host. Nanotechnology enabled delivery
systems have currently emerged as potential vector and are
shown to be effective and promising tool in systemic gene
treatment.
3. Molecular Diagnostics: Molecular imaging is the
nanoscience of representing, characterizing,andquantifying
subcellular biological processes in intact organisms. These
processes include gene expression, proteinprotein
interaction, signal transduction, cellular metabolism, and
both intracellular and intercellular trafficking. They have
been successfully utilized in various magnetic resonance
imaging, optical imaging, ultrasonic
imaging and nuclear imaging. (Table 3)
4. Biosensor and Biolabels: A number of analytical tools
have been developed with application of this smart and
potential technology. These tools areusedfordetermination
of various pathological proteins and physiological-
biochemical indicator associated with disease or disrupted
metabolic conditions of body.
A biosensor is generally defined as a measurement system
that consists of a probe with a sensitive biological
recognition element, or bioreceptor, a physicochemical
detector component, and a transducer inbetweentoamplify
and transduce these signals in to measurable form.
5. Drug discovery: Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is
playing crucial role in drug discovery that rely on better
understanding of mechanism of the drug action and
identification of biomarker associated with specific disease.
Nanotechnology helps identification and validationoftarget
by identifying the protein present on the cell surface or
target surface. Nanotechnology will enhance the drug
discovery process, through miniaturization, automation,
speed and reliability of assays.
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE NANOPARTICLES
A. Melamine Nanospheres: Plain Polymethyl Methacrylate
and Biodegradable Polylactide Nanospheres.
B. Magnetic Plain Dextran Nanospheres.
C. Gold Nanospheres: Gold particles are high quality
nanospheres that can be used in the production of
diagnostic tests as well as conjugation studies of
proteins and antibodies. The particles have a very
narrow size distribution and are available from 2to250
nm.
D. Silver Nanospheres: Silver nanospheresarehighquality
nanospheres that can be used in the production of
diagnostic tests as well as conjugation studies of
proteins and antibodies. The particles have a very
narrow size distribution and are available from 2to250
nm.
E. Silica Nanospheres: This mono-disperse silica particles
having a density of 2.0g/cm3 are easier to dispense and
to separate. The silica particles are stable in water and
organic solvents, produced under a new dying method.
Silica particles are easy to functionalize and availableas
fluorescent particles. They are useful for coupling of
DNA, oligonucleotides, oligopeptides, proteins, lectins,
and antibodies.
Targeted Nano-Pharmaceuticals 'Targeted nano-
pharmaceuticals' are designed to better target drugs
towards diseased cells, tissues and organs. Diseased cells
tend to have specific features on their surface named
biomarkers. The targeted nano-pharmaceuticals contain
drugs and selectively recognize and bind to the biomarkers
on the cells. The drugs are then released locally, resulting in
more effective targeting of the diseased cells. Precise
targeting of the drugs can reduce side-effects in other parts
of the body. Better targeting also allows higher doses to be
administered locally whileminimizingtheside effectsfor the
patient. Chemotherapy treatment for cancer for example is
known to have severe side effects, and the aim is to reduce
such negative consequences for the patient by using more
precisely targeted nano-pharmaceuticals.
Discovering the right biomarkers to target for a certain
disease is a key challenge for medical research. Nano
pharmaceuticals may include contrast agents that allow the
physician to see the location of the disease (e.g. tumour) on
the image of a body scan, for instance with Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), X-Ray Computed Tomography
(CT) or Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The images
can thereby show the location and extension of the disease
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD38414 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 2 | January-February 2021 Page 523
and can also be used for 'therapy monitoring',i.e.monitoring
the effectiveness of the therapy over time
CHALLENGESTOPHARMACEUTICALNANOTECHNOLOGY
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology has provided refined
diagnosis and focused treatment of disease. However some
ethical, scientific, social and regulatoryissuesposingvarious
challenges in practical realization of pharmaceutical
nanotechnology. Some major health risk associated with
such devices includes cytotoxicity, translocation to
undesired cells, acute and chronic toxicity; some unknown,
unpredictable and undefined safety issues, environmental
impacts of nanomaterials and non-biocompatibility. There
are no specific FDA directives to regulate pharmaceutical
nanotechnology based productsandrelatedissues.Although
some FDA approved nanotechnology based products,which
have entered the market are liposome, nanoparticles,
monoclonal antibody based product, polymer drug
conjugate, polymer–protein conjugate and some polymeric
drugs. All-together these challenges caused urgent need to
regulate these nanotechnology based products and delivery
devices.
REFERENCES
[1] Thassu, D., Pathak Y., and Deleers M., Nanoparticulate
Drug-Delivery Systems: An Overview, In. Thassu D.,
Pathak Y., Deleers M., Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery
Systems, Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. 1-31 (2007).
[2] Jain N. K., Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, 1- 17
(2007).
[3] Bhushan, B., Introduction to Nanotechnology, In.
Spring Handbook of Nanotechnology, 1-3 (2010).
[4] SARAF Dr. S., RecentDevelopmentsinPharmaceutical
Nanotechnology, The Pharmaceutical Magazine
Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla
University, Raipur, 1 (Dec 2006).
[5] Peppas, N. A., Intelligent Therapeutics: Biomimetic
Systems and Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery,
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 56 (11), 1529–
1531 (2004).
[6] Sahoo, S. K., and Labhasetwar. V., Nanotech
Approaches to Drug Delivery and Imaging, Drug
Discov Today, 8 (24), 1112–1120 (2003).
[7] http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Bionanotechnolo
gy
[8] Michael, F., Nanobiomechanics. Technology Review.
MIT.
http://www.technologyreview.com/biomedicine/16
4 75/. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
[9] Jain, K.K., The role of nanobiotechnology in drug
discovery, Drug Discovery Today,10(21),1435-1442
(2005).
[10] Mehnert, W., and Mader K., Solid–lipid nanocapsules
production, characterization and applications, Adv
Drug Deliv Rev., 47, 165 (2001).
[11] Rajesh Dumpala., Chirag patil., A Review on
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology for Poorly Water-
Soluble (BCS -II/IV) Compounds, Global Journal for
Pharma and Allied Sciences.,1( 5), 8-14.2020.
[12] Heurtault, B., Saulnier P., Pech B., Proust J. E., and
Benoit J. P., A novel phase inversion based processfor
the preparation of lipid nanocarriers, Pharm Res.19,
875 (2002).
[13] Kinam, P., Nanotechnology: What it can do for drug
delivery, J Control Release, 120(1-2), 1–3(2007).
[14] Dumpala, R. L., et al. Solubility and dissolution
enhancement of Erlotinib by liquisolid compact
technique. International Journal of PharmaO2, 2020;
2(4): 0271-0270.6
[15] Freitas, S., Merkle H. P., and Gander. B.
Microencapsulation by solvent
extraction/evaporation: reviewing thestateoftheart
of microsphere preparation process technology, J
Control Release. 102, 313–332 (2005).
[16] Vila A., Sanchez A., Tobio M., Calvo P., and Alonso M.J.
Design of biodegradable particlesforproteindelivery,
J Control Release, 78, 15- 24 (2002).
[17] Mu, L., and Feng S. S. A novel controlled release
formulation for the anticancer drug paclitaxel
(Taxol(R)): PLGA nanoparticles containing vitamin E
TPGS, J Control Release, 86, 33-48 (2003).