Nanoparticles consists of organic and inorganic materials. Nanocrystals are aggregates of atoms that combine into a “cluster” and are pure drug crystals with sizes in the nanometer range stabilized or surrounded by a thin coating of surfactant. Todays nanocrystal formulation preparation method characterised as “bottom up” “top down” and “bottom up” spray drying methods. The majority of nanocrystal medicinal products are presently approved for oral ingestion and treatment of disorders other than cancer. Smurti Magar | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Nanocrystals-As Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/49563/nanocrystalsas-drug-delivery-system/smurti-magar
A Nanosuspension is a submicron colloidal dispersion of drug particles. A pharmaceutical nanosuspension is defined as very finely colloid, Biphasic, dispersed, solid drug particles in an aqeous vehicle , size below 1µm ,without any matrix material, stabilized by surfactants and polymers , prepared by suitable methods for Drug Delivery applications, through various routes of administration like oral ,topical ,parenteral ,ocular and pulmanary routes.
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles below 1 micron in size, stabilized by surfactants. They can improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs compared to conventional formulations. The document discusses the definition, advantages, preparation techniques including high pressure homogenization and media milling, characterization, and applications of nanosuspensions through various routes of administration such as oral, intravenous, and ocular. Nanosuspensions reduce issues associated with poorly soluble drugs like low bioavailability and lack of dose proportionality.
Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000nm and consist of macromolecular materials with an active ingredient dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, absorbed, or attached. They can be formulated using natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic polymers, with semisynthetic polymers including pseudo latexes of polymers like ethylcellulose that are used to prepare nanocapsules. Nanoparticles are evaluated based on properties like size, surface charge, drug incorporation efficiency, and in-vitro drug release behavior.
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were presented as a topical drug delivery system. NLCs consist of a blend of solid and liquid lipids which can incorporate drugs at high loading capacities. They were summarized to have advantages over solid lipid nanoparticles including avoidance of drug expulsion and unpredictable gelation. Methods for producing NLCs like high pressure homogenization were described. NLCs were said to increase skin permeation of drugs while providing occlusive and moisturizing properties beneficial for skin care. Several drug-loaded NLC formulations were presented including ones for flurbiprofen, minoxidil, and tacrolimus to improve their topical delivery and stability.
Formulation and evaluation of nanoparticles as a drug delivery systems Tarun Kumar Reddy
Nanomaterials fall into a size range similar to proteins and other macromolecular structures found inside living cells. As such, nanomaterials are poised to take advantage of existing cellular machinery to facilitate the delivery of drugs. Nanoparticles containing encapsulated, dispersed, absorbed or conjugated drugs have unique characteristics that can lead to enhanced performance in a variety of dosage forms.
Three layered self assembled structures, containing the particle core composed of nanocrystalline calcium phosphate or ceramic diamond, and is covered by a polyhydroxyl oligomeric film to which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed.
A Nanosuspension is a submicron colloidal dispersion of drug particles. A pharmaceutical nanosuspension is defined as very finely colloid, Biphasic, dispersed, solid drug particles in an aqeous vehicle , size below 1µm ,without any matrix material, stabilized by surfactants and polymers , prepared by suitable methods for Drug Delivery applications, through various routes of administration like oral ,topical ,parenteral ,ocular and pulmanary routes.
Introduction
Need of Nanosuspension
Advantages of Nanosuspension
Disadvantages of Nanosuspension
Method Of Preparation
Formulation Considerations
Characterization of Nanosuspension
Current Marketed Formulations
Pharmaceutical Applications
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles below 1 micron in size, stabilized by surfactants. They can improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs compared to conventional formulations. The document discusses the definition, advantages, preparation techniques including high pressure homogenization and media milling, characterization, and applications of nanosuspensions through various routes of administration such as oral, intravenous, and ocular. Nanosuspensions reduce issues associated with poorly soluble drugs like low bioavailability and lack of dose proportionality.
Nanoparticles range in size from 10-1000nm and consist of macromolecular materials with an active ingredient dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, absorbed, or attached. They can be formulated using natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic polymers, with semisynthetic polymers including pseudo latexes of polymers like ethylcellulose that are used to prepare nanocapsules. Nanoparticles are evaluated based on properties like size, surface charge, drug incorporation efficiency, and in-vitro drug release behavior.
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) were presented as a topical drug delivery system. NLCs consist of a blend of solid and liquid lipids which can incorporate drugs at high loading capacities. They were summarized to have advantages over solid lipid nanoparticles including avoidance of drug expulsion and unpredictable gelation. Methods for producing NLCs like high pressure homogenization were described. NLCs were said to increase skin permeation of drugs while providing occlusive and moisturizing properties beneficial for skin care. Several drug-loaded NLC formulations were presented including ones for flurbiprofen, minoxidil, and tacrolimus to improve their topical delivery and stability.
Formulation and evaluation of nanoparticles as a drug delivery systems Tarun Kumar Reddy
Nanomaterials fall into a size range similar to proteins and other macromolecular structures found inside living cells. As such, nanomaterials are poised to take advantage of existing cellular machinery to facilitate the delivery of drugs. Nanoparticles containing encapsulated, dispersed, absorbed or conjugated drugs have unique characteristics that can lead to enhanced performance in a variety of dosage forms.
Three layered self assembled structures, containing the particle core composed of nanocrystalline calcium phosphate or ceramic diamond, and is covered by a polyhydroxyl oligomeric film to which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed.
Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant and drug that can solubilize both water-soluble and oil-soluble drugs. Upon dilution, microemulsions spontaneously form droplets less than 100 nm in size. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams can be used to optimize microemulsion formulations for drug delivery and increase oral bioavailability. Key properties of microemulsions include thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilize compounds due to their low interfacial tension.
The document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It describes various methods for preparing nanoparticles, including cross-linking of polymers, emulsion polymerization, and solvent evaporation. Nanoparticles can be engineered using these methods to encapsulate drugs and release them in a targeted manner in the body.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles made of polymers that can encapsulate drugs. They range in size from 1-1000μm. There are various methods for producing microspheres, including single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization methods, coacervation, spray drying, and solvent extraction. Microspheres offer advantages like controlled drug release, protection of unstable drugs, and targeting of specific tissues. They have various pharmaceutical applications including vaccine and drug delivery, with the ability to control release kinetics and target specific sites.
Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, and microfluidization. Key factors that affect niosome formation include the surfactant used, addition of cholesterol, and hydration temperature. Niosomes offer advantages over liposomes like improved stability and the ability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Niosomes find applications in targeted drug delivery through routes like transdermal, parenteral, oral and for ophthalmic and radiopharmaceutical uses.
This document provides an introduction to targeted drug delivery and summarizes key points about nanoparticles and liposomes. It discusses advantages of targeted delivery including reducing toxicity and maximizing therapeutic effects. Nanoparticles and liposomes are described as methods for targeted delivery. Key preparation techniques for nanoparticles include solvent evaporation, double emulsification, and nano precipitation. Evaluation parameters like particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release are also summarized. The document concludes with describing applications of liposomes for drug and gene delivery.
Nanoparticle targeted drug delivery systemBINDIYA PATEL
This document discusses nanoparticles as subnanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 10-1000 nm in diameter. It defines nanoparticles and describes their basic concept of selectively delivering drugs to target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. The document outlines ideal characteristics of nanoparticles and various methods for their preparation, characterization, and evaluation. It provides examples of nanoparticle applications such as cancer therapy, intracellular targeting, vaccines, DNA delivery, and ocular delivery. The document concludes by listing references for further information on nanoparticles.
The document discusses niosomes, a novel drug delivery system. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar in structure to liposomes but with advantages like being more stable and requiring no special storage conditions. The document outlines factors that affect niosome preparation such as the surfactant type and ratio, drug properties, and addition of cholesterol. Several methods for preparing niosomes are also described, including film hydration, ether injection, sonication, and microfluidization. Niosomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and offer benefits like controlled release, increased drug stability and bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery.
The document summarizes a presentation on nanoparticles. It begins with an introduction defining nanoparticles as particulate dispersions between 10-1000nm in size. It then discusses the ideal properties of nanoparticles for drug delivery including stability and non-toxicity. Some advantages are increased therapeutic efficacy and targeted drug delivery. Potential disadvantages include limited targeting abilities and toxicity. Different types of nanoparticles are described such as nanocapsules, nanospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles. Methods of preparation include polymerization, ionic gelation and use of preformed polymers. Evaluation methods are also summarized such as assessing particle size, drug content and in vitro drug release.
coacervation-phase separation technique in micro encapsulation Tejaswini Naredla
This document discusses the coacervation-phase separation technique for microencapsulation. It begins by introducing microencapsulation and listing several techniques. It then describes coacervation-phase separation in more detail, explaining that it involves separating a solution into three immiscible phases to deposit a coating material onto a core material. The document outlines the three main steps of this process: forming the three phases, depositing the coating material, and rigidizing the coating. It provides examples of techniques used in coacervation-phase separation like temperature change, incompatible polymer addition, and salt addition. In conclusion, it states this technique is used to sustain drug release and stabilize oxidation among other purposes.
Polymeric nanoparticles A Novel Approachshivamthakore
This document provides an overview of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs). It defines PNPs and explains that drugs can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to the nanoparticles. The advantages of PNPs for drug delivery are described, such as increased drug stability and targeting. Methods for preparing PNPs are outlined, including polymerization, precipitation, and cross-linking techniques. Characterization methods and applications of PNPs are also summarized briefly.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on liposomes and niosomes. It discusses various types of liposomes and methods for preparing liposomes, including solvent dispersion methods like ethanol injection, ether injection, and reverse phase evaporation. Characterization techniques for liposomes like size, shape, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release are also outlined. Finally, the document notes therapeutic applications of liposomes for drug delivery and discusses characterization of liposomes through parameters like vesicle shape, size, surface charge, and drug entrapment efficiency.
“Microparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with a size in the range of 1-1000 μm.”
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a microparticle matrix.
Microencapsulation is a process where core materials are surrounded by a coating to form microparticles or microcapsules between 3-800 μm in size. It can be used to increase bioavailability, alter drug release, improve compliance, enable targeted delivery, and mask tastes. Various techniques like coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and pan coating can be used. Polymers are common coating materials and microencapsulation can protect core materials, control reactivity, and convert liquids to solids. The microparticles are evaluated based on morphology, drug content, particle size, and dissolution studies.
Parenteral controlled drug delivery system sushmithaDanish Kurien
This document provides an overview of parenteral controlled drug delivery systems, including their objectives, advantages, types of formulations, approaches for formulation, routes of administration, additives used, and recent developments. The key types of formulations discussed are dissolution-controlled depots, adsorption-type depots, encapsulation-type depots, and esterification-type depots. Various approaches for implants and infusion devices are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery, including liposomes, solid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanospheres, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocrystals. It also describes several methods for preparing nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, emulsions-diffusion, nanoprecipitation, salting out, and dialysis. Evaluation methods for prepared nanoparticles are discussed, including measuring yield, drug content, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, polydispersity index, in-vitro release studies, and kinetic studies.
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are a promising drug delivery system. SLNs consist of nanoparticles made of physiological lipids that can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The document outlines several preparation methods for SLNs, including high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. It also discusses the advantages of SLNs, such as their small size, high drug loading capacity, and avoidance of organic solvents, as well as some limitations. Overall, the document presents an overview of SLNs for use as a versatile drug delivery system.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMMakrani Shaharukh
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in developing drug delivery systems. It begins with defining nanotechnology and describing some of its benefits, including more targeted drug delivery and reduced drug degradation. The document then discusses several specific nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, and nanosuspensions. It provides details on the composition and preparation methods for these various systems. The overall goal of using nanotechnology in drug delivery is to develop clinically useful formulations for treating diseases.
Microemulsion is an isotropic mixture of oil, surfactant, cosurfactant and drug that can solubilize both water-soluble and oil-soluble drugs. Upon dilution, microemulsions spontaneously form droplets less than 100 nm in size. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams can be used to optimize microemulsion formulations for drug delivery and increase oral bioavailability. Key properties of microemulsions include thermodynamic stability and the ability to solubilize compounds due to their low interfacial tension.
The document discusses targeted drug delivery using nanoparticles. It describes various methods for preparing nanoparticles, including cross-linking of polymers, emulsion polymerization, and solvent evaporation. Nanoparticles can be engineered using these methods to encapsulate drugs and release them in a targeted manner in the body.
Microspheres are solid spherical particles made of polymers that can encapsulate drugs. They range in size from 1-1000μm. There are various methods for producing microspheres, including single and double emulsion techniques, polymerization methods, coacervation, spray drying, and solvent extraction. Microspheres offer advantages like controlled drug release, protection of unstable drugs, and targeting of specific tissues. They have various pharmaceutical applications including vaccine and drug delivery, with the ability to control release kinetics and target specific sites.
Niosomes are novel drug delivery systems composed of non-ionic surfactants and cholesterol. They can encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are prepared using methods like ether injection, film hydration, sonication, and microfluidization. Key factors that affect niosome formation include the surfactant used, addition of cholesterol, and hydration temperature. Niosomes offer advantages over liposomes like improved stability and the ability to entrap both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Niosomes find applications in targeted drug delivery through routes like transdermal, parenteral, oral and for ophthalmic and radiopharmaceutical uses.
This document provides an introduction to targeted drug delivery and summarizes key points about nanoparticles and liposomes. It discusses advantages of targeted delivery including reducing toxicity and maximizing therapeutic effects. Nanoparticles and liposomes are described as methods for targeted delivery. Key preparation techniques for nanoparticles include solvent evaporation, double emulsification, and nano precipitation. Evaluation parameters like particle size, zeta potential, and in vitro drug release are also summarized. The document concludes with describing applications of liposomes for drug and gene delivery.
Nanoparticle targeted drug delivery systemBINDIYA PATEL
This document discusses nanoparticles as subnanosized colloidal drug delivery systems ranging from 10-1000 nm in diameter. It defines nanoparticles and describes their basic concept of selectively delivering drugs to target tissues while restricting access to non-target tissues. The document outlines ideal characteristics of nanoparticles and various methods for their preparation, characterization, and evaluation. It provides examples of nanoparticle applications such as cancer therapy, intracellular targeting, vaccines, DNA delivery, and ocular delivery. The document concludes by listing references for further information on nanoparticles.
The document discusses niosomes, a novel drug delivery system. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant vesicles similar in structure to liposomes but with advantages like being more stable and requiring no special storage conditions. The document outlines factors that affect niosome preparation such as the surfactant type and ratio, drug properties, and addition of cholesterol. Several methods for preparing niosomes are also described, including film hydration, ether injection, sonication, and microfluidization. Niosomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs and offer benefits like controlled release, increased drug stability and bioavailability, and targeted drug delivery.
The document summarizes a presentation on nanoparticles. It begins with an introduction defining nanoparticles as particulate dispersions between 10-1000nm in size. It then discusses the ideal properties of nanoparticles for drug delivery including stability and non-toxicity. Some advantages are increased therapeutic efficacy and targeted drug delivery. Potential disadvantages include limited targeting abilities and toxicity. Different types of nanoparticles are described such as nanocapsules, nanospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles and polymeric nanoparticles. Methods of preparation include polymerization, ionic gelation and use of preformed polymers. Evaluation methods are also summarized such as assessing particle size, drug content and in vitro drug release.
coacervation-phase separation technique in micro encapsulation Tejaswini Naredla
This document discusses the coacervation-phase separation technique for microencapsulation. It begins by introducing microencapsulation and listing several techniques. It then describes coacervation-phase separation in more detail, explaining that it involves separating a solution into three immiscible phases to deposit a coating material onto a core material. The document outlines the three main steps of this process: forming the three phases, depositing the coating material, and rigidizing the coating. It provides examples of techniques used in coacervation-phase separation like temperature change, incompatible polymer addition, and salt addition. In conclusion, it states this technique is used to sustain drug release and stabilize oxidation among other purposes.
Polymeric nanoparticles A Novel Approachshivamthakore
This document provides an overview of polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs). It defines PNPs and explains that drugs can be dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated, or attached to the nanoparticles. The advantages of PNPs for drug delivery are described, such as increased drug stability and targeting. Methods for preparing PNPs are outlined, including polymerization, precipitation, and cross-linking techniques. Characterization methods and applications of PNPs are also summarized briefly.
NIOSOMES , GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NIOSOME , TYPES OF NIOSOMES , OTHERS TYPES OF NIOSOMES , NIOSOMES VS LIPOSOMES , COMPONENTS OF NIOSOMES , Non-ionic surfactant , Cholesterol , Charge inducing molecule , METHOD OF PREPARATION , preparation of small unilamellar vesicles , Sonication , Micro fluidization , preparation of large unilamellar vesicles , Reverse Phase Evaporation , Ether Injection , preparation of Multilamellar vesicles , Hand shaking method , Trans membrane pH gradient drug uptake process (remote loading) , Miscellaneous method :Multiple membrane extrusion method , The “Bubble” Method , Formation of Niosomes From Proniosomes , SEPARATION OF UNENTRAPPED DRUGS , Gel Filtration , Dialysis , Centrifugation , FACTORS AFFECTING THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NIOSOMES , Membrane Additives , Temperature of Hydration , PROPERTIES OF DRUGS , AMOUNT AND TYPE OF SURFACTANT
Structure of Surfactants , Resistance to Osmotic Stress , Characterization of niosomes ,Therapeutic applications of Niosomes , For Controlled Release of Drugs , To Improve the Stability and Physical Properties of the Drugs , For Targeting and Retention of Drug in Blood Circulation , Proniosomes , Aspasomes , Vesicles in Water and Oil System (v/w/o) ,Bola - niosomes , Discomes , Deformable niosomes or elastic niosomes , According to the nature of lamellarity ,Small Unilamellar vesicles (SUV) 25 – 500 nm in size.,Large Unilamellar vesicles (LUV) 0.1 – 1μm in size , Multilamellar vesicles (MLV) 1-5 μm in size , According to the size:Small Niosomes (100 nm – 200 nm) , Large Niosomes (800 nm – 900 nm),Big Niosomes (2 μm – 4 μm)
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on liposomes and niosomes. It discusses various types of liposomes and methods for preparing liposomes, including solvent dispersion methods like ethanol injection, ether injection, and reverse phase evaporation. Characterization techniques for liposomes like size, shape, encapsulation efficiency, and drug release are also outlined. Finally, the document notes therapeutic applications of liposomes for drug delivery and discusses characterization of liposomes through parameters like vesicle shape, size, surface charge, and drug entrapment efficiency.
“Microparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with a size in the range of 1-1000 μm.”
The drug is dissolved, entrapped, encapsulated or attached to a microparticle matrix.
Microencapsulation is a process where core materials are surrounded by a coating to form microparticles or microcapsules between 3-800 μm in size. It can be used to increase bioavailability, alter drug release, improve compliance, enable targeted delivery, and mask tastes. Various techniques like coacervation, spray drying, solvent evaporation, and pan coating can be used. Polymers are common coating materials and microencapsulation can protect core materials, control reactivity, and convert liquids to solids. The microparticles are evaluated based on morphology, drug content, particle size, and dissolution studies.
Parenteral controlled drug delivery system sushmithaDanish Kurien
This document provides an overview of parenteral controlled drug delivery systems, including their objectives, advantages, types of formulations, approaches for formulation, routes of administration, additives used, and recent developments. The key types of formulations discussed are dissolution-controlled depots, adsorption-type depots, encapsulation-type depots, and esterification-type depots. Various approaches for implants and infusion devices are also summarized.
The document discusses different types of nanoparticles used in drug delivery, including liposomes, solid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nanospheres, dendrimers, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocrystals. It also describes several methods for preparing nanoparticles, such as solvent evaporation, emulsions-diffusion, nanoprecipitation, salting out, and dialysis. Evaluation methods for prepared nanoparticles are discussed, including measuring yield, drug content, particle size, zeta potential, surface morphology, polydispersity index, in-vitro release studies, and kinetic studies.
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are a promising drug delivery system. SLNs consist of nanoparticles made of physiological lipids that can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The document outlines several preparation methods for SLNs, including high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. It also discusses the advantages of SLNs, such as their small size, high drug loading capacity, and avoidance of organic solvents, as well as some limitations. Overall, the document presents an overview of SLNs for use as a versatile drug delivery system.
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DEVELOPMENT OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMMakrani Shaharukh
This document discusses the use of nanotechnology in developing drug delivery systems. It begins with defining nanotechnology and describing some of its benefits, including more targeted drug delivery and reduced drug degradation. The document then discusses several specific nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, including nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanocrystals, nanoemulsions, and nanosuspensions. It provides details on the composition and preparation methods for these various systems. The overall goal of using nanotechnology in drug delivery is to develop clinically useful formulations for treating diseases.
The document discusses the liquisolid technique for enhancing drug dissolution and delivery. Liquisolid systems convert liquid drugs or drug suspensions into dry, flowable powders by mixing the liquid with select carrier and coating materials. This improves drug release characteristics and oral bioavailability. The key steps are: (1) dissolving the drug in a non-volatile solvent, (2) mixing this liquid medication with carrier material to absorb the liquid internally and externally, (3) adding a coating material to produce a dry, free-flowing powder, and (4) compressing the powder into tablets or filling capsules. Evaluation studies showed the liquisolid tablets had higher drug release and bioavailability compared to commercial formulations.
The effective system of targeted drug delivery has been a dream for a long time, yet it is deeply irritated by the complex chemical involved in the development of the latest systems. The advanced drug delivery system has a number of problems such as poor skin tone, skin irritation, allergies and more. The biggest problems for improved chemical companies are their poor melting of water and pharmacy problems. These water soluble drugs show few problems in combining them with a non perishable variety and therefore the main problems associated with them are their very low bioavailability. The development of nanosponges has been a major step forward in overcoming these problems. Nanosponges are a novel class of colloidal structures based on hyper crosslinked polymer consisting of solid colloidal nanoparticles and nanosized holes. These colloidal carriers with nano size were recently developed and proposed for drug delivery, as their use can dissolve soluble drugs in the water and provide long term release and improve drug availability by altering pharmacokinetic parameters of actives. . The development of nanosponges as drug delivery systems, with special reference to cyclodextrin based nanosponges, is presented in this article. In the current review, attempts have been made to show the characteristics of cyclodextrin based on nanosponges and their applications in drug formation. The main focus is on discussing preparation methods, character separation methods and the use of these novel drug delivery carriers for therapeutic purposes. Radhika Kotame | Gayatri Wagh | Ehtesham Ansari "Nanosponge: Leveraging Novel Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49469.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/49469/nanosponge-leveraging-novel-technology/radhika-kotame
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system : recent advancesGayatriTiwaskar
Nanoparticulate drug-delivery systems (NPDDSs) are being explored for the purpose of solving the challenges of drug delivery. Most carriers are less than 100 nm in diameter and provide methods for targeting and releasing therapeutic compounds in defined regions.
These vehicles have the potential to eliminate or ameliorate many problems associated with drug distribution, precipitation at high concentrations, and toxicity issues with excipients. Many NPDDSs provide both hydrophobic and hydrophilic environments to facilitate drug solubility.
The document discusses various types of NPDDS like oral, pulmonary, topical, and parenteral systems. It also reviews formulation methods like emulsion, polymerization,
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
Formulation and Development of Modified Release Biphasic Compressed Tablet of...ijtsrd
Quick slow drug delivery system involves the use of compressed core, consisting of sustained release tablet, which is coated by compression over the whole surface with fast dispersible formulation. Propranolol hydrochloride, a non selective beta adrenergic blocker has widely used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris with frequent administration. Aim of present study was to develop press coated tablet system to achieve quick slow release of the drug are the main purposes of biphasic drug delivery system to avoid frequent administration with increasing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. In this study immediate layer which was prepared using croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone and sodium starch glycol ate which was compressed on core tablet prepared by using HPMC and Ethyl cellulose. Results showed that the immediate layer dissolved within four minutes and core tablet releases drug for 12 hrs in controlled manner with zero order release kinetics. Mrs. Poonam Jaykar Patil | Dr. Durgacharan A. Bhagwat | Ms. Rutuja Rajendra Shah | Dr. Jhon I. D’souza "Formulation and Development of Modified Release Biphasic Compressed Tablet of Propranolol Hydrochloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38190.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/38190/formulation-and-development-of-modified-release-biphasic-compressed-tablet-of-propranolol-hydrochloride/mrs-poonam-jaykar-patil
The drug delivery technology has become vastly competitive and rapidly evolving. More and more developments in delivery systems are being assimilated to elevate the efficacy and cost effectiveness of the therapy. To govern the delivery rate of active pharmaceutical agents to a predetermined site inside the body has been one of the biggest challenges faced by the drug industry. Microsponge releases its active pharmaceutical ingredient in a time mode and also in response to other stimuli rubbing, temperature, pH, etc. . Microsponge drug delivery technology offers entrapment of active pharmaceutical ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, increased elegance, and enhanced formulation flexibility. In addition, number of studies have confirmed that microsponges systems are non irritating, non mutagenic, non allergenic, and non toxic. Microsponge technology is being used currently in a wide range of formulations. Prajakta Shinde | Nilesh Bhosle | Vijay Munde "Microsponge: An Aeon in Therapeutics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5 , August 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31840.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacoinformatics/31840/microsponge-an-aeon-in-therapeutics/prajakta-shinde
A Review on Microspheres Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and A...ijtsrd
What you want altered should go here. then press the One innovative drug delivery method that offers a therapeutic improvement over traditional or immediate release single unit dose forms is the use of microspheres. Microspheres are solid objects with diameters ranging from 1 to 1000 m. The various varieties of microsphere are described. These microspheres are manufactured and either directly compressed or filled with firm gelatin. When compared to conventional dosage forms, the microspheres that are made using different techniques have varying efficacy and methods of administration. Different techniques that analyse the microspheres quality will be used to evaluate the microsphere. The microspheres that will play a key role in future innovative medicine delivery. click the button below. Its that simple Navnath Jagtap | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "A Review on Microspheres: Types, Method of Preparation, Characterization and Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52299.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/52299/a-review-on-microspheres-types-method-of-preparation-characterization-and-application/navnath-jagtap
This document provides an overview of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), including their structure, composition, formulation methods, and characterization. NLCs are a second generation of lipid nanoparticles that contain both solid and liquid lipids, creating an imperfect crystalline structure that can better incorporate drugs compared to solid lipid nanoparticles. The document discusses the different types of NLC structures, key excipients used such as lipids and surfactants, and formulation techniques. NLCs show potential for drug delivery due to their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs and provide controlled release.
This document provides an introduction to polymeric nanoparticles, including their definition, types, preparation methods, advantages, and applications. Polymeric nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles between 10-1000 nm that can be prepared using biodegradable polymers. They exist as nanocapsules or nanospheres depending on whether the drug is confined in a cavity or dispersed within the matrix. Common preparation methods include solvent evaporation, nanoprecipitation, salting out, and dialysis. Polymeric nanoparticles provide benefits such as improved drug bioavailability and targeted drug delivery. They have applications in cancer therapy, brain delivery, and as vaccine adjuvants.
This document discusses nanoparticles, which are solid colloidal particles between 1-100 nm in size that can be used for drug delivery. Some key points discussed include:
- Nanoparticles offer advantages over microparticles for drug delivery due to their small size and ability to cross biological barriers.
- Common preparation methods include solvent evaporation, salting out, and nanoprecipitation.
- Particle size, surface charge, drug entrapment efficiency, and release kinetics are important characteristics to evaluate.
- Applications include cancer therapy, vaccines, and treatments requiring sustained or targeted drug delivery.
Nanocrystals for BCS class II and class IV drugsDheeraj Kumar
This document discusses drug nanocrystals, which are nanosized crystals of drug compounds less than 1 μm in size. They can enhance the bioavailability of BCS class II and IV drugs with poor water solubility. The key methods discussed for preparing nanocrystals are top-down and bottom-up approaches, as well as combination methods. Characterization techniques include measuring particle size, zeta potential, and performing XRD, DSC, and drug content analysis. Several marketed products containing drug nanocrystals are mentioned. In conclusion, drug nanocrystals show promise for improving solubility and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
Nanosuspension: Way to Enhance the Bioavailibility of Poorly Soluble DrugVIJAY SINGH
Nanosuspensions are colloidal dispersions of drug particles in a liquid where the drug particles are smaller than 1 micron in size. This small size increases the dissolution rate and saturation solubility of poorly water soluble drugs, enhancing their bioavailability. There are two main methods to produce nanosuspensions - top-down methods that break down larger drug particles, such as high pressure homogenization, and bottom-up methods such as precipitation that build nanoparticles up from the molecular level. Stabilizers are needed to prevent particle agglomeration and ensure physical stability. Nanosuspensions show promise for improving delivery of many poorly soluble drug candidates.
Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Piro...ijtsrd
The solubility behavior of drugs remains one of the most exigent aspects in formulation development. With the advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening, the number of poorly water soluble compounds has dramatically increased. Among all the newly discovered chemical entities, about 40 45 drugs fail to reach market due to their poor water solubility. Because of solubility problem, bioavailability of drugs gets affected and hence solubility enhancement becomes necessary. In present study the attempts have been made to increase the dissolution of BCS class 2 drug Piroxicam using hydrophilic polymers namely polyethylene glycol PEG 6000 and sodium lauryl sulphate as a surfactant by using solid dispersion technique. In solid dispersion microwave induced solid dispersion and conventional fusion method is compared. Drug polymer complex was prepared using batch method. Maximum dissolution rate was obtained of the complex prepared from Piroxicam PEG6000 SLS . A successful solubility enhancement of drug complex was confirmed by taking drug release in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The drug was characterized according to different compendial methods, on the basis of identification by UV spectroscopy, organoleptic properties and other tests. After that among the all formulation batches, solid dispersion F16 was selected for further tablet formulation batches, nine formulations were developed and studied. The values of pre compression parameters was evaluated, results were within prescribed limits and indicated good free flowing properties. The data obtained of post compression parameters such as weight variation, hardness, friability, wetting time, water absorption ratio, content uniformity, disintegration time and dissolution was found to superior over conventional formulation. The F9 batch with disintegrating time 10 ± 0.52 second and dissolution 93.20 ± 0.61 was selected as optimized formulation and was found superior over other formulation. Batch F9 was also subjected to stability studies for three months and was tested for its disintegrating time, drug contents and dissolution behavior monthly. F9 formulation after stability study was found to be stable. Mr. Yennuwar Dhiresh Pramod | Mr. Sujit Kakade | Mrs. Trusha Shangrapawar | Dr. Ashok Bhosale "Formulation, Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablet of Piroxicam using Solid Dispersion Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50422.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/50422/formulation-development-and-evaluation-of-fast-disintegrating-tablet-of-piroxicam-using-solid-dispersion-technique/mr-yennuwar-dhiresh-pramod
This document provides an overview of microspheres, including their types, methods of preparation, characterization, and applications. Microspheres are solid particles between 1-1000 μm in diameter that can be used to deliver drugs in a controlled manner. There are different types of microspheres including bioadhesive, magnetic, floating, and radioactive microspheres. Microspheres are prepared using various techniques and characterized through methods like particle size analysis. Microspheres offer benefits like controlled drug release and targeting specific sites in the body, making them useful for various pharmaceutical and medical applications.
Formulation and evaluation of rosiglitazone nanosuspensionSriramNagarajan19
The main aim of this study is to formulate and evaluate Rosiglitazone Nano suspension. Nano suspensions are colloidal dispersion of Nano sized drug particles stabilized by surfactants. They can also be defined as a biphasic system consisting of pure drug particles dispersed in an aqueous vehicle in which the diameter of the suspended particle is less than 1micro meter in size. Rosiglitazone is an oral rapid and short –acting anti-diabetic drug from the sulfonylurea class. It is classified as a second generation sulfonylurea, which means that it undergoes enter hepatic circulation. Rosiglitazone Nano suspension was prepared by precipitation technique. After preparation of Nano suspension various characterization studies were done such as drug content, %yield, FTIR, DSC, TEM, and Invitro drug release.PVPK30,polaxomer are used as stabilizers. From the dissolution study F4 formulation which containts PVPK30 as stabilizer was considered as optimized formulation. It showed maximum drug release at 30min.FTIR and DSC studies revealed that good stability in dispersion.
This document summarizes a presentation on novel solid oral drug formulations. It discusses advances in controlled drug delivery including oros and matrix/reservoir systems. It also discusses bioavailability enhancement techniques for poorly soluble drugs such as nanocrystals and solid dispersions. Nanocrystals are defined as nanoparticles composed entirely of drug with improved dissolution and saturation solubility. Methods for preparing nanocrystals include milling, homogenization and precipitation. Solid dispersions involve dispersing a drug in a carrier to improve solubility and can be classified as eutectic mixtures, solid solutions, or amorphous precipitations.
Similar to Nanocrystals As Drug Delivery System (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Because of the higher surface area to volume ratio and better dissolving rates (i.e., dissolution velocity)
associated with nanosizing, nanocrystalline drug technology enhances the solubility of hydrophobic medicines.
[8] Drug crystals are particularly well suited to the rehabilitation of previously ineffective BCS Class II and IV
medicines (low solubility drugs). [9] The BCS classification system is an experimental approach for determining
permeability and solubility under certain conditions. The medications are divided into four categories by the
system. Class I medications have high solubility and permeability, Class II molecules have low solubility and
high permeability, Class III pharmaceuticals have high solubility but low permeability, and Class IV drugs have
low solubility but high permeability.
Nanocrystal medication formulations, also known as nanocrystal colloidal dispersions (NCDs), have been
demonstrated to be stable in suspensions. The dispersions serve as a foundation for rapid scale-up and
production of extremely stable and commercial products. Their synthesis and scale-up considerations have
already been discussed in detail. [10,11] The utilisation of microfluidic-based platforms or the milling process,
which is both flexible and programmable, are two often utilised synthesis strategies. [7],[12],[13], [14], [15],
[16], [17]
The nanocrystal formulation technology has been used to save a number of hydrophobic medications. In the
clinic, the medications were successfully developed and FDA approved for a variety of indications ranging from
dental diseases to cancer. [14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,28] The approved formulations can be
administered in a variety of ways, including oral, cutaneous, and parenteral, depending on the illness. This
demonstrates how versatile a nanocrystal drug platform may be. Pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, and
bioavailability data for organs implicated in nanocrystal-based delivery pathways have already been discussed
extensively. [10, 13, 18, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34] Lu et al. 2016 and 2017 reviews, in particular, look into
the biodistribution pattern of nanocrystal medicines in the blood, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, tumor, and
thymus (i.e., the organs involved in clearance/circulation and host immune responses).[24, 35]
Several studies have been published that address the processes used to produce nanocrystal medicines, the types
of stabilisers or surfactants utilised, and the physicochemical and biological characterization methods used. [10,
19, 36, 37] However, there is a significant translational gap between this extremely promising platform and
clinical approval. From a translational standpoint, we address nanocrystal drug technology and its evolution in
this review. Despite the platform's evident strengths, we discuss the lack of FDA-approved goods. We talk about
the difficulties that come with bringing them to the doctor.
2. NANOCRYSTAL PREPARATION METHODS:
Several techniques of preparation are available. Today's nanocrystal formulation preparation methods can be
characterised as "bottom up," "top down," "top down and bottom up," and "spray drying." The molecule is the
starting point for "bottom up" technology; the active therapeutic material is dissolved by adding an organic
solvent, and the solvent is then removed by precipitation. Different types of milling and homogenization
techniques are used in "top down" technology to apply dispersion strategies. "Nanosizing" is a term for "top
down" technology that is more popular than "bottom up" technology. To put it another way, it's a method for
breaking down huge crystalline particles into small fragments. Both strategies are combined in "top down and
bottom up" technology. Spray drying is another approach for making drug nanocrystals that is quicker and more
practical than other methods.[ 40,41,42]
1. Bottom up
A. Nano precipitation
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2. Top down
A. Milling
B. Homogenization
3. Top down and Bottom up
4. Spray drying
5. Other Techniques used for the Production of Drug Nanocrystals
A. Rapid expansion from a liquefied-gas solution (RESS)
B. Nanopure® XP technology
C. Spray Freezing into Liquid (SFL) technology.
2.1. BOTTOM UP TECHNOLOGY:
The principle of this approach is to dissolve the active drug material in an organic solvent before adding it to a
non-solvent medium (miscible with the organic solvent). The nanocrystals are then precipitated in the presence
of stabilisers. The primary benefit of the precipitation technique is that it is easy and inexpensive. Scaling up is
also straightforward with this strategy. In order to create homogeneous nano crystals using this process,
numerous parameters such as stirring rate, temperature, solvent/nonsolvent rate, drug concentration, viscosity,
type of solvent, and stabiliser should be regulated [38].
2.2. PRECIPITATION METHODS:
The drug is dissolved in a solvent and then added to a nonsolvent, resulting in finely distributed drug
nanocrystals precipitating. It's important to remember that when nanocrystals aren't allowed to develop to the
micrometre range, they must be stabilised. Furthermore, the medication must be soluble in at least one solvent,
which is a challenge for recently created medicines that are insoluble in both aqueous and organic mediums.
This technology has yet to be applied to a product due to some of the aforementioned issues. At a specified
temperature, a carotenoid solution with a surfactant in digestible oil is mixed with a suitable solvent. A
protective colloid is used to obtain the solution. This results in a two-phase O/W system. The colloid-stabilized
carotenoid settles in the oily phase. X-ray examination of the carotenoid after lyophilization reveals that roughly
90% of it is amorphous [39].
2.3. TOP DOWN AND BOTTOM UP TECHNOLOGY:
Both strategies are employed in "top down and bottom up" technologies. Nano-Edge is a product made possible
by combining these technologies. The formulation approach for poorly water-soluble pharmaceuticals was
described using nano-edge technology. It's a good option for active compounds with high melting temperatures
and noctanol-water partition coefficients. Direct homogenization, micro precipitation, and lipid emulsions are
used. The medication is first dissolved in a water-miscible solvent to generate a solution in micro precipitation.
The solution is then mixed with a second solvent to generate a pre suspension, after which energy is applied to
form particles with an average effective particle size of 400 nm to 2 nm.
2.4. SPRAY DRYING:
Spray drying is one of the procedures for preparing nanocrystals. This technique is commonlyused to dry liquids
and suspensions. Solution droplets are sprayed from top to bottom in a conical or cylindrical cyclone, dried in
the same direction by hot air, and spherical particles are formed. Spraying is done with an atomizer that spins
quickly and scatters the solution due to the centrifugal force. A peristaltic pump delivers the solution to the inner
tube at a set flow rate, while nitrogen or air at a constant pressure is delivered to the outer tube. A nozzle is used
to spray the product. Because spraying reduces the size of solution droplets, the surface area of the drying matter
increases, resulting in rapid drying. The solution's concentration, viscosity, temperature, and spray rate can all be
tweaked, as well as particle size, fluidity, and drying speed. This approach enhanced the solubility rate and
bioavailability of numerous medicines, including hydrocortisone and COX-2 Inhibitor (BMS-347070).
3. NANOCRYSTAL‐DRUG PRODUCTS:
Nanocrystals have sparked a lot of research and development because of their high drug loading efficiency,
consistent dissolution rates, improved structural stability, and longer circulation durations. Several medications
are already on the market, and clinical trials are underway for a number of other formulations.
3.1. NANOCRYSTAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS FABRICATION TECHNIQUES:
A sonicator, homogenizer, mortar and pestle, or jet mill is used to turn raw or surfactant-dispersed drug particles
into micronized suspensions during HPH. [43,44,45,46,47] After passing through a narrow gap, the suspensions
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are subjected to a sequence of collisions, intense cavitation, and significant shear forces. As a result of the
pressure changes, it begins to boil. Precipitation is the most typical strategy for a bottom-up approach.
Nanosuspensions are created by mixing totally dissolved tiny molecules with their antisolvent. Nucleation and
crystal formation are the two steps involved. An acid–base neutralisation step is one of the other techniques.
Nanosuspensions are made by dissolving a medication in an acidorganic solvent mix and progressively adding a
base until the solution is neutralised. Techniques such as microfluidic nanoprecipitation, spray drying, electros
praying, and aerosol flow reactor have also been used to make nanosuspensions. [49,50,51,52,53] [Table1]
summarises the benefits and drawbacks of both topdown and bottomup techniques.
Table1 TOP -DOWN VERSUS BOTTOM UP APPROACHES FOR NANOCRYSTALS DRUG
PRODUCTS:
Technique Merits Limitations
Top‐down
approaches
Media milling
(MM)
1. Works for drugs that are insoluble
in both aqueous and non‐aqueous
solvent.
2. no organic solvents are used
3. ease of scale‐up
4. minimal batch to batch variation
5. narrow size distribution of
particles
6. high drug loading efficiency
1. Costly manufacturing process
2. high energy requirements with
long durations for milling
3. could destabilize the drugs due
to high shear forces and
temperature
4. risks for contamination from the
dispersion media
5. unwanted drug loss
High‐pressure
homogenization
(HPH)
‐ Same as MM ‐
1. Particles need to be micronized
and form suspensions
2. risk of contamination including
machine debris
3. high energy requirements
Bottom‐up
approach
Precipitation
1. Simple and less expensive
2. minimal energy requirements
3. ease of scale‐up
4. possible non‐stop production
1. Extensive optimization required
selecting solvent/antisolvent
2. possible growth of particles
with time
3. inadequate purification process
or removal of toxic solvents
3.2. NANOCRYSTAL DRUGS PRODUCTS IN THE MARKET:
Since 1995, the FDA has approved 50 nanodrugs for diverse reasons, most of which are based on liposomes,
polymers, and nanocrystals. [54,55] Nanocrystallization is a good approach to create and produce medications
that aren't very soluble. The technology's economic value is boosted even further by the short time it takes to get
clinical approval. While liposomes took nearly 25 years to market, Emend® took only ten years. Emend
originally filed a patent application in 1990, and the product was released in 2000. [56] In comparison to other
nanosized platforms, a substantial number of nanocrystal medicinal products have been successfully produced
and released in a short period of time. [56]
In the year 2000, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (Madison, NJ) developed Rapamune®, a poorly soluble
immunosuppressant called Sirolimus (SRL), as the first marketed nanocrystal medication. Rapamune was
developed using pearl mill technology, and its oral bioavailability was shown to be 21% higher than SRL in its
standard oral solution form. Merck released Emend (Aprepitant) in 2003, which was followed by the launch of
Emend (Aprepitant) in 2004. (Winehouse Station, NJ). Aprepitant, a weakly water soluble antiemetic drug that
can only be absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract and has a small absorption window, was used to create
Emend. Aprepitant was nanoionized using pearl mill technology, which enhanced its oral bioavailability by
making it more water soluble Tricor® was developed utilising the pearl mill technology process from
fenofibrate, a lipophilic medicine for hypercholesterolemia, and introduced by Abbott Laboratories in 2003.
Fenofibrate was made into nanocrystals, which boosted its adhesiveness to the gut wall and improved its oral
bioavailability by 9%, regardless of whether it was fed or fasted. This allowed patients to have a more
straightforward and flexible dosing plan. Triglide®, a nanocrystal medicine developed from fenofibrate that was
introduced by Skyepharma in 2005, is another fenofibrate-derived nanocrystal drug. Triglide nanocrystals were
made using the HPH technique and have comparable properties as Tricor. Triglide boosted gut wall
adhesiveness and improved bioavailability regardless of whether the patient was fed or fasted. Sciele Pharma
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Inc. now markets Triglide (Atlanta, GA). Megace ES®, a nanocrystal product, was introduced in 2005 by Par
Pharmaceutical Companies, Inc. (Spring Valley, NY). Using the pearl mill method, Megace ES was
manufactured into nanocrystals from megestrol acetate, an appetite stimulant. When compared to the highly
viscous megestrol acetate oral suspension, this improved its dissolving rate and reduced the single dose volume
by four times, boosting oral bioavailability and patient compliance. [Table 2] lists other approved nanocrystal
drug items, and media milling is the most widely acknowledged process for producing the majority of the
marketed medicines.
Table 2 NANOCRYSTAL DRUGS PRODUCTS IN THE MARKET:
Trade
name
Compan
y
Drug Indication Technology
Delivery
route
Approval
year
Rapamune Wyeth
Rapamycin/siroli
mus
Immunosuppre
ssive
Coprecipitation Oral 2000
Emend Merck Aprepitant Anti‐emetic Media milling Oral 2003
Tricor Abbott Fenofibrate
Hypercholester
olemia
Media milling Oral 2004
Triglide
Skye
Pharma
Fenofibrate
Hypercholester
olemia
High pressure
homogenization
Oral 2005
Megace®
ES
Par
Pharma
Megestrol acetate
Appetite
stimulant
Media milling Oral 2005
Invega
Sustenna®
Johnson
&
Johnson
Paliperidone
palmitate
Antidepressant
High pressure
homogenization
Parenteral 2009
Cesamet® Lilly Nabilone Anti‐emetic Coprecipitation Oral 2009
Avinza®
King
Pharma
Morphine sulfate
Anti‐chronic
pain
Media milling Oral 2002
Naprelan
®
Wyeth Naproxen sodium
Anti‐inflamma
tion
Media milling Oral 2006
Ritalin
LA®
Novartis
Methylphenidate
hydrochloride
Anti‐psychotic Media milling Oral 2002
3.3. CLINICAL TRIALS OF NANOCRYSTAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS:
The majority of nanocrystal medicinal products are presently approved for oral ingestion and treatment of
disorders other than cancer, as shown in [Table2]. Oral administration has a huge market, and the path to
commercialization is more easier than injectables. The regulatory approval process for nanocrystal drug products
is simplified because the product is mostly made up of the medicine and can include GRAS authorised stabilisers
and excipients. As a result of the practicality of quick development and commercialization, various nanocrystal
therapeutic items are currently being tested in clinical studies, as shown in [Table3]. During a Phase I research in
cancer patients, Semapimod nanocrystals from Cytokine Pharamsciences (CPSI) were discovered to operate as
an immunomodulator, reducing the generation of TNF, a proinflammatory cytokine involved in inflammation-
associated carcinogenesis. [57] During an early clinical trial, CPSI discovered that the medicine was helpful in
treating psoriasis and moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease. PAXCEEDTM, a nanocrystal medication developed
by Angiotech Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is currently in clinical testing. [58] PAXCEED is a cremophor EL-free
systemic formulation that is made from paclitaxel. This could help individuals who are being treated for cancer
or chronic inflammation to have less hypersensitivity. Celmed BioSciences Inc. (Saint-Laurent, QC) has
developed TheraluxTM, a photodynamic therapy-based treatment system based on thymectacin, which is poorly
soluble and has low bioavailability. [59] It's currently being tested in autoimmune illnesses, non-lymphoma,
Hodgkin's colon cancer, and graft versus host disease prevention. Nucryst Pharmaceuticals (Wakefield, MA) has
created a cream formulation based on NPI 32101, a patented material predominantly made up of silver
nanocrystals. [60,61] The medication has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects that were promising. [62]
For atopic dermatitis, NPI 32101 is now in Phase II clinical studies. [63] 2Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a natural
metabolite of estradiol, was used to create Panzem® NCDs (EntreMed, Inc.). During preclinical testing, 2ME2
demonstrated promising antiproliferative and antiangiogenic capabilities. Following that, Entremed decided to
evaluate Panzem's activity against ovarian cancer and other solid carcinomas. However, it did not go past Phase
II, and Panzem's clinical research was halted. [64]
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Table 3
Trade name Company Drug Indication Technology
Delivery
route
Clinica
l status
Semapimod
Cytokine
Phamasciences
Guanylhy
drazone
TNF‐α
Inhibitor
Self‐developed Intravenous II
Paxceed® Angiotech Paclitaxel
Anti‐inflamma
tory
Unknown Intravenous III
Theralux Celmed
Themectac
in
Autoimmune
diseases and
cancer
Media milling Intravenous II
Nucryst®
Nucryst
Pharmaceuticals
Silver
Atopic
dermatitis
Self‐developed Topical II
PanzemNCD EntreMed
2‐methoxy
estradiol
Ovarian cancer Media milling Oral II
3.4. CHALLENGES AND CRITERIA IN THE
CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
NANOCRYSTAL-DRUG PRODUCTS:
The development of nanocrystal drug technology has
progressed dramatically during the last two decades.
The bulk of the active pharmaceutical ingredients
(API) utilised in these formulations are insoluble in
water. As a result, the medications' systemic
bioavailability after administration is affected,
resulting in difficult dosing regimes for patients.
Nanoionization of such APIs can lead to smaller
particles, a higher surface/volume ratio, and a faster
rate of dissolution. As a result, when compared to its
original composition, this could increase dosage
proportionality, linear pharmacokinetics, and
bioavailability. Physicians might then estimate
therapeutic response and tailor dose regimes to the
specific needs of each patient. During scale-up and
development, however, concerns with quality,
chemistry, manufacturing, and controls, or
bioequivalence (BE), of nanocrystal medicinal
products still exist. This could stymie the
development of promising nanocrystal therapeutic
formulations for a range of diseases in the clinic.
Determining the best settings for assessing in vitro
dissolution rates of freshly designed goods is one
such difficulty. The drug molecules are released from
the crystal surface into the surrounding dissolution
media to create a saturated layer close to its surface,
and then the released molecules diffuse through the
solvent from a region of high concentration (i.e., the
saturated layer) to a region of low concentration.
During the development and manufacture of a newly
designed nanocrystal medicinal product, determining
the dissolution rate is critical. It would meet all of the
requirements for international regulatory standards
while also ensuring safety, efficacy, and quality
Dissolution studies must be performed in vivo or in
settings that imitate in vivo, depending on the
administration method. If given orally, for example,
the medications must be released from the crystal,
absorbed by the GI system, and circulated in the
bloodstream before reaching the site of action. The
study design should account for the difficult gastric
conditions, such as the acidic pH (1–3), continual
churning, the pH (5–7) of the intestinal compartment,
and so on.
The Noyes–Whitney equation is frequently used to
describe the rate of medication dissolution at a given
period. [65]
Dx/dt=A.D/∂.Cs−(Xd/V)
Dx/dt is the dissolution rate, A is the dissolving
particle's surface area, D is the diffusion rate constant,
is the thickness of the stagnant layer surrounding the
particle, Cs is the drug's saturation solubility, X d is
the amount of drug dissolved at time t, and V is the
volume of the dissolution media.
As a result, if the dissolution media enhances drug
solubility, it should also increase the rate at which the
crystal dissolves. As a result, it's critical to use in
vitro conditions that closely resemble the
physiological milieu. Dissolution procedures now in
use, such as the paddle method paired with UV
spectroscopy or HPLC, do not accurately imitate
physiological circumstances. As a result, there is a lot
of variation between in vitro dissolution and in vivo
bioavailability data. The use of microfluidic coculture
technologies that account for physiological concerns
could make the transition to the clinic go more
smoothly. [66],[67],[68] It would be beneficial to
evaluate the product's quality and predict its in-vivo
performance. As a result, the number of BE studies
conducted in people during clinical development,
scale-up, and post-approval adjustments will be
reduced.
Other obstacles encountered during product
development include: (a) drug substance control, (b)
drug product control, (c) manufacturing process, and
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(d) drug substance/drug product stability. Drug
material is referred to as the API without excipients
depending on purity and achieves the final therapeutic
effect. The effect is determined by physical
characteristics like size and crystallinity. This could
have an impact on the production process and the
final product's quality. Because particle size and
distribution are influenced by the dispersion media
and stabilisers used during the formulation process,
values are expressed as particle size distributions (D
values). During submissions, the D values represent
the midpoint and range of values. Specifications are
expressed using histograms as intensity weighted
harmonic mean (Zaverage) and polydispersity index
where appropriate. Another issue would be
determining the best method for validating particle
size. To maintain consistency, determine particle size
and dispersion using at least two analytical
approaches that complement each other. Because the
pH of the dispersion media commonly affects
nanocrystal size and stability, it may be taken into
account. Changes in crystallinity, such as amorphous
or polymorphic variations, may have an impact on
solubility, stability, and bioavailability. As a result,
it's critical to ensure that the finished product's
crystalline structure is monitored and managed
throughout its manufacturing and shelf life. [69] [70]
[71][72][73] [74] [75][76]
The prototype or marketed dosage form of a drug
ingredient prepared with excipients is referred to as a
drug product. Its control refers to the aspects that
influence the final product's quality and in-vivo
performance. Changes in viscosity, dissolving rate,
specific gravity, content homogeneity, and redispers
ability can all effect this. The presence of
contaminants created during production also has an
impact on the variables. As a result, assays that assess
purity and continuously monitor degradation products
created during manufacturing or shelf life of the
finished product must be given careful consideration.
Determining the most appropriate tests or controls to
monitor particle size distribution, agglomeration, and
the presence of pollutants at various stages of the
manufacturing process are key factors. As a result, it's
critical to keep track of any contaminants that arise
during the process. [78],[79] Impurities in a topdown
technique, such as wet milling, are determined by the
milling media utilised, the milling material that comes
into contact with the medication, the milling
mechanism, and the number of milling cycles used.
Other elements that may affect the process and
particle size distribution include product and chiller
temperature as a function of time, drive motor speed,
shape, aspect ratio, viscosity of product dispersion,
and so on. [77] [78][79] In the case of a bottom-up
approach, care should be taken to ensure that (a)
uniform dispersion of the drug is maintained and
agglomeration is avoided while slowly adding the
drug into the melt, (b) optimal viscosity for the
molten material is maintained, (c) consistency is
maintained during sampling and the
solidification/cooling procedure, and (d) solvent
residues and other impurities in the drug
substance/product are tracked and isolated on a
regular basis. Deviations in any of the foregoing steps
could have a major influence on product quality and
performance in vivo.
Because the finished product's crystallinity can have a
substantial impact on its quality and in vivo
performance, it's critical to maintain structural
stability after manufacture and throughout its shelf
life. Techniques like X-ray powder diffraction,
differential scanning calorimetry, and spectroscopic
methods, among others, can be used to investigate
and compare the structure of the starting molecule
with the final product and at the end of its shelf life,
as previously indicated. Because particles tend to
clump due to sedimentation, redispersion, or caking,
and other factors, additional research on short or long
term stability, as well as dosage form, may be
designed.
CONCLUSION:
Nanocrystals can be adopted by all poorly soluble
drugs to defeat their solubility and bioavailability
issues. The reduction in particle size to nanometer
range adds to the enhanced particle surface,
curvature, saturation solubility, dissolution velocity
and further reasonable bioavailability.
Nanosuspensions are specific and economically
conceivable way to deal with tackle the issues of
hydrophobic drug, for example, poor solubility and
poor bioavailability. For excessive large scale
nanosuspensions production, high pressure
homogenization and media milling technology have
been viably used. Striking characteristics, similar to
progress of dissolution velocity, enhanced saturation
solubility, upgraded bioadhesivity, versatility in
surface modification, and burden less postproduction
processing have expanded the uses of
nanosuspensions for different routes of
administration.
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