1. MYTHILI TUMMALAPALLI
2010TTZ8217
SUBMITTED TO
DR. BHUVANESH GUPTA

3.  UVA (320 to 400 nm)
 UVB (290 to 320 nm)
 UVC (200 to 290 nm)

4. UV-B irradiance at the surface based on the abundance of
ozone, as measured by NASA’s Total Ozone Mapping
Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument during the month of
November, 2000.

7. Courtesy: http://www.cushnshade.com

8. Aerospace
Aviation
Petrochemical
Electronics
Machinery
Environment
Protection..

9.  Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF)
Eλ = erythemal spectral effectiveness
Sλ = solar spectral irradiance in W/m2/nm
Tλ = spectral transmittance of fabric
Δ λ = the bandwidth in nm
λ = the wavelength in nm

10.  Solar Protection Factor (SPF)
MED = Minimum Erythrymal Dose
Higher the UPF and SPF values, better the UV
protection by the fabric

11. Courtesy: http://www.cushnshade.com

14.  Fiber chemistry
 Fabric construction, porosity, thickness and
weight;
 Moisture content
 Dye concentration, whitening agents, UV
absorbers
 Finishing chemicals

15. UV absorbers Colors
Finishes - - NANO

16.  Nanotechnology - structures sized between
1 to 100 nm in at least one dimension
 ZnO, TiO2 , ZrO - absorb the UV radiation
 ZnO, TiO2 - non-toxic, compatible with
human skin, chemically stable under both
high temp. and UVR, easily available

17.  High surface-to-volume ratio - adhere well
to the fabric
 Transparent appearance
 High surface area and high surface energy -
bound to the surface of the fibres by van der
Waals forces - wash fastness

18.  Cotton/polyester
 Higher UPF
 Woven better UPF than knitted
 Polyester/cotton blend - better UPF than pure
cotton - UV absorption of polyester
Karthivelu et al., Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 34,
September 2009, pg. 267-273

19.  Hexamethyelenetetramine and zincnitrate
 Cotton fabric - treated in hot water to obtain
1D needle-shaped nano ZnO crystallites

20. (a) before treatment, (b) after soaking in the SiO2 solution, (c) after
chemical deposition of ZnO, and (d) after hot water treatment at 100
°C for 2.5 h

21. (a) before treatment, (b) after
soaking in the SiO2 solution, (c)
after chemical deposition of ZnO,
and (d) after hotwater treatment
at 100 °C for 2.5 h.
(a) before treatment, (b) after
soaking in the SiO2 solution,
chemical deposition of ZnO, and
boiling water treatment for 3 h,
and (c) after 20 washes
Mao et al., Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, 2009, pg. 2681–2686

22.  CeO2 -excellent UV absorption - low
photocatalytic activity
 CeO2 + ZnO - reduce the catalytic and
photocatalytic activities
 Fine ZnO:CeO2 particles with very small size
- unique UV absorbing ability, high stability
at high temp., high hardness, and low activity
as catalyst
J. F. Lima et al., Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255, 2009, pg. 9006–9009

23.  Layered fabric systems with electrospun ZnO
nanocomposite fiber webs - various conc of
ZnO in a range of web area densities
 Extremely thin, Light-weight, Mechanically
flexible
 Desired functionalities imparted without
significant increases in weight or thickness

24. SEM micrographs of (a)
electrospun polyurethane
nanofiber web, (b) electrospun
polyurethane/ZnO
nanocomposite fiber web and the
cross-sectional view of a
nanocomposite fiber (inset), and
(c) cross-sectional view of a
layered fabric system

25. S. Lee, Fibers and Polymers, Vol.10, No.3, 2009, pg. 295-301

26.  Anti microbial + UV protective

27. Transmission spectra of PES fabrics loaded of with TiO2
nanoparticles
D. Mihailovic et al., Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 79, 2010, pg. 526–
532

28.  Particle-embedded acrylic coatings
transparent to visible light but absorb UVR
 UV absorption behavior of nano- and micron
size particles
 Thick coatings of 10 μm and 20 μm applied
to Kevlar fabrics

29. Absorption spectra from various size TiO2 particles
P. Katangur et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 91, 2006, pg.
2437 – 2442

30.  Cotton, Polyester, Cotton/Polyester Blend –
Coated with ZnO – Gamma Irradiation for
curing
 UPF increased with an increase in the
concentration of the UV absorber
M. H. Zohdy et al., European Polymer Journal, Vol. 45, 2009, pg. 2926–2934

31. SEM micrographs of (a) uncoated polyester fabrics (b) ZnO coated
polyester
SEM micrographs of (a) untreated Cotton fabrics (b) Alum/ZnO
coated fabric

32. UPF &UV transmittance of coated
PET fabrics
UPF & UV transmittance
of coated cotton fabrics

33.  Large surface area – better UV absorption
 Transparent appearance on coatings
 Applied using different techniques
 Reasonable wash fastness
 Can be used to produce multifunctional
components

34.  Richard A. Scott, “Textiles for Protection,” Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005.
 D. Saravanan, AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 7, No 1, March 2007.
 Hoffmann et al., Arch Dermatol, Vol. 137, August 2001.
 Karthivelu et al., Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 34, September 2009, pg.
267-273.
 Mao et al., Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, 2009, pg. 2681–2686.
 J. F. Lima et al., Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255, 2009, pg. 9006–9009.
 S. Lee, Fibers and Polymers, Vol.10, No.3, 2009, pg. 295-301.
 D. Mihailovic et al., Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 79, 2010, pg. 526–532.
 P. Katangur et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 91, 2006, pg. 2437 - 2442.
 H. Zhang et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 94, 2009, pg. 278–283.
 M. H. Zohdy et al., European Polymer Journal, Vol. 45, 2009, pg. 2926–2934.
 www.wikipedia.org
 Fernando et al., Nanotechnology Applications in Coatings, ACS Symposium Series,
American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2009.
 M. D. Newman et al., Journal of American Academy of Dermatology, October 2009.