The document analyzes the ability of various textile covers to protect artifacts from ultraviolet radiation. It finds that undyed fabrics made from cotton, linen, rayon, wool, acrylic and polyester transmitted between 6-27% of UV radiation on average. Spunbonded nylon transmitted the most at 39% while spunbonded polypropylene transmitted the least at 2%. Dyed black fabrics provided the best UV protection, transmitting between 0.1-6.1% of radiation on average. The fiber type, fabric construction, dyes and pigments were found to significantly impact a fabric's ability to block UV radiation.
Nanotechnology is the science and engineering at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers). It can be applied to textiles through several methods like integrating nanoparticles into fibers, applying nanoparticles as coatings, or producing nano-scale fibers. This allows for new functionalities in textiles for healthcare like antibacterial properties from silver nanoparticles, moisture wicking from titanium dioxide coatings, and tear resistance from carbon nanotubes. Some key applications are antibacterial fabrics, self-cleaning water repellent textiles, moisture absorbing fabrics, and drug releasing wound dressings. Nanotechnology offers potential to improve medical textiles and provide more affordable and higher quality healthcare.
This document discusses ultraviolet (UV) radiation and how textiles can provide UV protection. It begins by describing the different types of UV radiation from the sun and their wavelengths. It then explains how factors like sun angle, location, season, and clouds impact UV exposure. The document discusses the effects of UV radiation on human skin and how protection factor (PF) and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) are measured. It explores how UV radiation degrades fabrics and how UV absorbers incorporated into fibers or finishes can improve UV blocking. Common organic and inorganic UV absorber types and application methods are outlined.
Nanotechnology-Textile and nanoparticles are good friendsJelliarko Palgunadi
The document describes two studies on using one-dimensional nanostructures for energy storage and water sterilization applications. The first study incorporates single-walled carbon nanotubes into cotton and other textiles to create highly conductive and stretchable energy textiles. The second study develops a high-speed water sterilization device using silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and cotton composite materials that can effectively remove bacteria from water without membrane biofouling or clogging.
Technical Textile: Nano fiber and its applicationHasan Noman
Nanofibers are fibers with diameters less than 100 nanometers. They exhibit special properties like high surface area and pore volume that make them suitable for filtration applications. The most common production method is electrospinning, which uses an electrical charge to draw fibers from a polymer solution. Nanofibers find applications in textiles, filtration systems, energy, and medicine due to their small size and properties. They can be used for applications like filters, batteries, wound healing and tissue engineering.
This document discusses the applications of nanotechnology in modern textiles. It begins by defining nanotechnology and its potential benefits for textiles such as enhancing fiber properties. It then discusses developments in nano-fibers like carbon nanotubes that exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties. Additional sections cover applications of nanotechnology in fabric finishes that can impart properties like stain resistance and applications in various industries. The document concludes by discussing future directions and challenges for nanotechnology in textiles.
This document discusses the applications of nanoparticles in textiles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as extremely small particles between 1 to 1000nm in size. It then discusses three types of nanoparticle structures and how nanoparticles can dramatically change material properties at the nanoscale. The document outlines three types of nanotechnology used in textiles, including in fabrics and yarns, textile finishing coatings, and e-textiles. It provides examples of specific nanoparticles used for functions like antibacterial properties, UV protection, and conductivity. Nanoparticles can provide benefits such as wrinkle resistance, stain resistance, water repellency, and strength/durability to textiles. The document concludes with examples of nano-fabrics in military uniforms that
Longterm UV light exposure can cause skin damage like aging, cancer, and eye damage. UV radiation has wavelengths between infrared and UV, with UV-A and UV-B reaching Earth's surface with enough energy to cause chemical reactions and damage. The most damaging wavelengths are 305-310nm. Textiles must block this range to protect the skin. The sun protection factor (SPF) rate measures a fabric's ability to block erythema (skin reddening) from UV rays. A rating over 40 provides excellent protection. Various fiber types and dyes can increase SPF when they absorb UV radiation before it passes through the fabric. Standards organizations have developed performance tests to rate UV protection in fabrics.
This document discusses the fundamentals of textiles and classification of fibers. It covers natural, regenerated, and synthetic man-made fibers. The key fiber production processes of melt, dry, and wet spinning are compared. Melt spinning involves melting the polymer and extruding filaments. Dry spinning uses solvent evaporation. Wet spinning hardens the filaments through chemical coagulation in a bath. Viscose rayon and lyocell manufacturing processes are also outlined.
Nanotechnology is the science and engineering at the nanoscale (1-100 nanometers). It can be applied to textiles through several methods like integrating nanoparticles into fibers, applying nanoparticles as coatings, or producing nano-scale fibers. This allows for new functionalities in textiles for healthcare like antibacterial properties from silver nanoparticles, moisture wicking from titanium dioxide coatings, and tear resistance from carbon nanotubes. Some key applications are antibacterial fabrics, self-cleaning water repellent textiles, moisture absorbing fabrics, and drug releasing wound dressings. Nanotechnology offers potential to improve medical textiles and provide more affordable and higher quality healthcare.
This document discusses ultraviolet (UV) radiation and how textiles can provide UV protection. It begins by describing the different types of UV radiation from the sun and their wavelengths. It then explains how factors like sun angle, location, season, and clouds impact UV exposure. The document discusses the effects of UV radiation on human skin and how protection factor (PF) and ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) are measured. It explores how UV radiation degrades fabrics and how UV absorbers incorporated into fibers or finishes can improve UV blocking. Common organic and inorganic UV absorber types and application methods are outlined.
Nanotechnology-Textile and nanoparticles are good friendsJelliarko Palgunadi
The document describes two studies on using one-dimensional nanostructures for energy storage and water sterilization applications. The first study incorporates single-walled carbon nanotubes into cotton and other textiles to create highly conductive and stretchable energy textiles. The second study develops a high-speed water sterilization device using silver nanowires, carbon nanotubes, and cotton composite materials that can effectively remove bacteria from water without membrane biofouling or clogging.
Technical Textile: Nano fiber and its applicationHasan Noman
Nanofibers are fibers with diameters less than 100 nanometers. They exhibit special properties like high surface area and pore volume that make them suitable for filtration applications. The most common production method is electrospinning, which uses an electrical charge to draw fibers from a polymer solution. Nanofibers find applications in textiles, filtration systems, energy, and medicine due to their small size and properties. They can be used for applications like filters, batteries, wound healing and tissue engineering.
This document discusses the applications of nanotechnology in modern textiles. It begins by defining nanotechnology and its potential benefits for textiles such as enhancing fiber properties. It then discusses developments in nano-fibers like carbon nanotubes that exhibit extraordinary mechanical properties. Additional sections cover applications of nanotechnology in fabric finishes that can impart properties like stain resistance and applications in various industries. The document concludes by discussing future directions and challenges for nanotechnology in textiles.
This document discusses the applications of nanoparticles in textiles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as extremely small particles between 1 to 1000nm in size. It then discusses three types of nanoparticle structures and how nanoparticles can dramatically change material properties at the nanoscale. The document outlines three types of nanotechnology used in textiles, including in fabrics and yarns, textile finishing coatings, and e-textiles. It provides examples of specific nanoparticles used for functions like antibacterial properties, UV protection, and conductivity. Nanoparticles can provide benefits such as wrinkle resistance, stain resistance, water repellency, and strength/durability to textiles. The document concludes with examples of nano-fabrics in military uniforms that
Longterm UV light exposure can cause skin damage like aging, cancer, and eye damage. UV radiation has wavelengths between infrared and UV, with UV-A and UV-B reaching Earth's surface with enough energy to cause chemical reactions and damage. The most damaging wavelengths are 305-310nm. Textiles must block this range to protect the skin. The sun protection factor (SPF) rate measures a fabric's ability to block erythema (skin reddening) from UV rays. A rating over 40 provides excellent protection. Various fiber types and dyes can increase SPF when they absorb UV radiation before it passes through the fabric. Standards organizations have developed performance tests to rate UV protection in fabrics.
This document discusses the fundamentals of textiles and classification of fibers. It covers natural, regenerated, and synthetic man-made fibers. The key fiber production processes of melt, dry, and wet spinning are compared. Melt spinning involves melting the polymer and extruding filaments. Dry spinning uses solvent evaporation. Wet spinning hardens the filaments through chemical coagulation in a bath. Viscose rayon and lyocell manufacturing processes are also outlined.
Assignment # 2 IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF TEXTILE FIBERSAbdul Haseeb
This document summarizes various methods for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. It provides details on specific tests such as the feeling test, burning test, microscopic analysis, and chemical tests involving stains, solvents, and acid/alkali solutions. The burning test can identify fibers based on their burning characteristics and smells, but it has limitations. Microscopic analysis examines fiber structure under a microscope. Chemical tests provide accurate analysis by exploiting differences in how fibers react to chemicals.
APPLICATIONS OF NANO AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Praveen Rams
This document provides an overview of applications of nanotechnology and biotechnology in textiles. It discusses how nanotechnology involves engineering on an atomic scale to create small, cheap devices using less raw materials. Nanoparticles between 1-100 nm can be used in textile fibers, yarns, and coatings. Biotechnology uses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies that improve fiber durability. It can be used to genetically modify microorganisms, replace harsh chemicals with enzymes in processing, and develop diagnostic tools and waste management solutions for the textile industry. Both nanotechnology and biotechnology can enhance natural fibers like cotton and wool.
Nanofiber Technology & different techniques. Eliminating the use of solvent MEK. Suitable solvents with different Techniques to produce nanofiber coatings. Applications of nanofiber technology. Market analysis and startup project team build up for the same.
1. The document discusses the development of a composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of textile effluents using nanotechnology.
2. The filter is made of polyethersulfone nanofibers spread over a polyester nonwoven fabric. Testing showed the composite filter was able to remove 75% of particles from textile dyeing effluent.
3. Using this filter for pre-filtration before microfiltration could potentially increase the overall cleaning efficiency of textile wastewater treatment to 91%.
There are two main types of textile fibers: natural fibers and man-made fibers. Natural fibers include those from animals (wool, silk), plants (cotton, flax, jute), and minerals (asbestos). Man-made fibers are produced from synthetic materials like petrochemicals or natural polymers like cellulose. For a fiber to be suitable for textiles, it must have certain properties - it must be long enough to spin into yarn, strong enough to withstand mechanical forces, and flexible. Key properties include length, strength, elasticity, fineness, moisture content, and luster. Fibers are also characterized by their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties.
Principles of various fibre testing instrumentsK Kumar
This document discusses various instruments used to test properties of textile fibers, yarns and fabrics. It describes the principles and purposes of conditioning ovens, Shirley trash analyzers, moisture meters, fiber length measurement devices, micronaire testing for fiber fineness and cotton fiber cross-sectional analysis. Color matching cabinets are also covered, outlining standard light sources used for accurate color inspection. A variety of testing methods are explained, ranging from objective to subjective approaches.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1 billionth of a meter) to create new materials and devices. There are two main approaches to synthesizing nano-phase materials: top-down, which breaks down bulk materials into nano sizes, and bottom-up, which builds materials atom by atom. Electrospinning is a commonly used bottom-up technique to produce nanofibers less than 500 nm in diameter for applications such as filters, protective fabrics, and tissue scaffolds. Nanotechnology has applications in fields like electronics, energy, materials, medicine, and textiles. It promises to revolutionize industries and improve lives through targeted drug delivery, artificial organs, stronger/lighter materials, pollution cleanup, and more.
- The document discusses ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and its harmful effects on human skin like sunburn, skin aging, and skin cancer.
- It describes the different types of UV rays and how fabric construction and finishing treatments can improve a fabric's ability to block UV rays. Parameters like fiber type, weave density, dye color, and finishes with UV absorbers influence the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of textiles.
- Nano-coatings with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide particles applied to fabrics are also effective at blocking UV rays from passing through to the skin. Proper testing of clothing can determine its rated UPF level and protection against UV radiation.
The document discusses the USTER HVI 1000 system for testing cotton quality. It analyzes the key components of the system and how it determines various quality characteristics within seconds. The HVI 1000 measures fiber length, uniformity index, micronaire value, strength, elongation, color, trash count/grade and other factors. It provides a fast, objective replacement for human cotton classers and allows farmers, traders, researchers and spinners to efficiently evaluate cotton quality. The HVI 1000 has become a universal standard in the cotton industry for classifying cotton quality.
Cellulose nanofiber is made from wood fibers that have been micro-refined to the nano scale and are several hundredths of a micron in size. It is the world's most advanced biomass material due to its light weight, strength, and low environmental impact. Cellulose nanofiber has properties including high strength, stiffness, barrier properties, and renewability that make it suitable for a wide range of applications like paper products, composites, and electronics.
This document describes a method for obtaining cellulose nanofibers with a uniform width of 15 nm from wood. Key steps include solvent extraction, removal of lignin and hemicellulose, grinding the purified cellulose into a slurry, and keeping the nanofibers in a water-swollen state to prevent hydrogen bonding between bundles. SEM images showed continuous nanofibers forming a fine network without thicker fibrils. Nanocomposites made with the fibers demonstrated high light transmittance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, indicating their reinforcing properties. The method provides a way to produce environmentally friendly natural nanomaterials on a nano scale.
Nanotechnology : Nanotextile the fabric of the futureJoytu Talukder
Nanotechnology can be used to develop textiles with desired characteristics at the molecular level, including high tensile strength, durability, breathability, and antimicrobial properties. There are three main types of nanotechnology used in textiles: in fibers and yarns, in coatings, and in e-textiles. Nanofibers smaller than 100 nm can be produced through electrospinning and provide benefits such as strength, softness, and wrinkle resistance. Nanoparticles added to fibers or coatings can impart properties like water and stain resistance. E-textiles embed electronics like batteries and lights in fabrics. Overall, nanotechnology offers opportunities to economically enhance textile properties and performance but also environmental challenges if not
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
This document discusses man-made fibers, including their classification and production processes. It begins by listing reference books on textile fibers. It then defines textile fibers and their key properties. There are two main types of man-made fibers: regenerated fibers made from cellulose, such as viscose, and synthetic fibers produced through chemical reactions, like polyester and nylon. These fibers are made using processes like melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of man-made fibers compared to natural fibers, as well as various fiber properties and texturing methods.
Textile materials are manufactured from fibers either obtained from nature, or are manufactured synthetically or regenerated from naturally occurring substance. For perfect coloration of textile materials without hampering their physical properties, a thorough knowledge of the fiber is absolutely essential.
This document discusses various nano-finishing techniques for textiles, including:
1. Easy care hydrophobic finishing using fluorocarbons to impart durable water and oil repellency.
2. Anti-microbial finishing using silver nanoparticles to impart anti-bacterial properties.
3. Photocatalytic self-cleaning finishing using TiO2 which uses the photo-catalytic effect to break down and remove stains when exposed to sunlight.
The document covers the basics of nano-technology and nano-materials as well as several other nano-finishing techniques such as anti-pollen, flame retardant, odour reduction, UV protection, and self-cleaning.
Fiber is the main part of a textile material. All fabric/garments properties and process is directly depends on fiber which contain by the garment.A number of methods are available for characterization of the structural, physical, and chemical properties of fibers. Various methods are used for fiber identification like microscopic methods, solubility, heating and burning method, density and staining etc. End-use property characterization methods often involve use of laboratory techniques which are adapted to simulate actual conditions of average wear on the textile or that can predict performance in end-use.
The document discusses the fibrograph machine, which analyzes cotton fiber length and uniformity. It scans fiber samples using photoelectric cells and produces a length-frequency curve called a fibrograph. Key information included:
- The fibrograph prepares fiber samples using a comb to pick fibers randomly from a cylinder sample.
- It optically scans the fibers from base to tip to analyze fiber length parameters like mean length and uniformity index.
- These measurements provide objective and reproducible analysis of fiber length and uniformity compared to other testing methods.
- The document outlines the machine components, testing process, data analysis, and limitations of the fibrograph method.
Everything you need for your as textiles technologyAlice Spencer
This document provides an overview of the content needed for an AS Textiles Technology exam covering several key areas:
1. Fibre types including natural, manufactured, and synthetic fibres as well as their properties and how they affect end use.
2. Materials and components such as yarns, fabric construction methods, finishes, trims, and how properties influence design solutions.
3. Design and market influence including history of design, product evolution, design methodology, the designer's role, design sources, and market research.
The document outlines the various fibres, materials, manufacturing processes, and design considerations that students should understand for the exam.
The document is a presentation on textiles and man-made fibers from Southeast University in Bangladesh. It includes sections on textile fibers and their classification, properties of man-made fibers and how their chemical structure influences these properties. It also discusses various spinning processes like melt, dry, and wet spinning and manufacturing processes for specific fibers like viscose and cuprammonium rayon.
"This is a relevant text which shows how things have changed today and everything is interdisciplinary wherein just specific knowledge is incomplete. We all need to focus on diversification in all perspectives. It is extremely fascinating and interesting to realize that how the extreme seeming ends are actually interconnected." -Ashish Kapoor
Measurements Of Dielectric Constant Of Solid Material (Leather Belt) At X-Ba...IJMER
This article discusses the experimental measurement technique for dielectric constant (i.e.
permittivity ) of leather belt at X-band. This measurement play selection of dielectric constant for
antenna substrate. This leather can be used as flexible substrate of wearable microstrip antenna. This
measurement system consist of solid state klystron power supply, isolator, VSWR meter, frequency meter,
solid dielectric cell (XC-501). This data may be interested in flexibility wearable microstrip antenna
studies and design.
Assignment # 2 IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING OF TEXTILE FIBERSAbdul Haseeb
This document summarizes various methods for identifying textile fibers, including non-technical and technical tests. It provides details on specific tests such as the feeling test, burning test, microscopic analysis, and chemical tests involving stains, solvents, and acid/alkali solutions. The burning test can identify fibers based on their burning characteristics and smells, but it has limitations. Microscopic analysis examines fiber structure under a microscope. Chemical tests provide accurate analysis by exploiting differences in how fibers react to chemicals.
APPLICATIONS OF NANO AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES Praveen Rams
This document provides an overview of applications of nanotechnology and biotechnology in textiles. It discusses how nanotechnology involves engineering on an atomic scale to create small, cheap devices using less raw materials. Nanoparticles between 1-100 nm can be used in textile fibers, yarns, and coatings. Biotechnology uses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop technologies that improve fiber durability. It can be used to genetically modify microorganisms, replace harsh chemicals with enzymes in processing, and develop diagnostic tools and waste management solutions for the textile industry. Both nanotechnology and biotechnology can enhance natural fibers like cotton and wool.
Nanofiber Technology & different techniques. Eliminating the use of solvent MEK. Suitable solvents with different Techniques to produce nanofiber coatings. Applications of nanofiber technology. Market analysis and startup project team build up for the same.
1. The document discusses the development of a composite nonwoven filter for pre-filtration of textile effluents using nanotechnology.
2. The filter is made of polyethersulfone nanofibers spread over a polyester nonwoven fabric. Testing showed the composite filter was able to remove 75% of particles from textile dyeing effluent.
3. Using this filter for pre-filtration before microfiltration could potentially increase the overall cleaning efficiency of textile wastewater treatment to 91%.
There are two main types of textile fibers: natural fibers and man-made fibers. Natural fibers include those from animals (wool, silk), plants (cotton, flax, jute), and minerals (asbestos). Man-made fibers are produced from synthetic materials like petrochemicals or natural polymers like cellulose. For a fiber to be suitable for textiles, it must have certain properties - it must be long enough to spin into yarn, strong enough to withstand mechanical forces, and flexible. Key properties include length, strength, elasticity, fineness, moisture content, and luster. Fibers are also characterized by their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties.
Principles of various fibre testing instrumentsK Kumar
This document discusses various instruments used to test properties of textile fibers, yarns and fabrics. It describes the principles and purposes of conditioning ovens, Shirley trash analyzers, moisture meters, fiber length measurement devices, micronaire testing for fiber fineness and cotton fiber cross-sectional analysis. Color matching cabinets are also covered, outlining standard light sources used for accurate color inspection. A variety of testing methods are explained, ranging from objective to subjective approaches.
Nanotechnology involves manipulating matter at the nanoscale (1 billionth of a meter) to create new materials and devices. There are two main approaches to synthesizing nano-phase materials: top-down, which breaks down bulk materials into nano sizes, and bottom-up, which builds materials atom by atom. Electrospinning is a commonly used bottom-up technique to produce nanofibers less than 500 nm in diameter for applications such as filters, protective fabrics, and tissue scaffolds. Nanotechnology has applications in fields like electronics, energy, materials, medicine, and textiles. It promises to revolutionize industries and improve lives through targeted drug delivery, artificial organs, stronger/lighter materials, pollution cleanup, and more.
- The document discusses ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun and its harmful effects on human skin like sunburn, skin aging, and skin cancer.
- It describes the different types of UV rays and how fabric construction and finishing treatments can improve a fabric's ability to block UV rays. Parameters like fiber type, weave density, dye color, and finishes with UV absorbers influence the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of textiles.
- Nano-coatings with zinc oxide or titanium dioxide particles applied to fabrics are also effective at blocking UV rays from passing through to the skin. Proper testing of clothing can determine its rated UPF level and protection against UV radiation.
The document discusses the USTER HVI 1000 system for testing cotton quality. It analyzes the key components of the system and how it determines various quality characteristics within seconds. The HVI 1000 measures fiber length, uniformity index, micronaire value, strength, elongation, color, trash count/grade and other factors. It provides a fast, objective replacement for human cotton classers and allows farmers, traders, researchers and spinners to efficiently evaluate cotton quality. The HVI 1000 has become a universal standard in the cotton industry for classifying cotton quality.
Cellulose nanofiber is made from wood fibers that have been micro-refined to the nano scale and are several hundredths of a micron in size. It is the world's most advanced biomass material due to its light weight, strength, and low environmental impact. Cellulose nanofiber has properties including high strength, stiffness, barrier properties, and renewability that make it suitable for a wide range of applications like paper products, composites, and electronics.
This document describes a method for obtaining cellulose nanofibers with a uniform width of 15 nm from wood. Key steps include solvent extraction, removal of lignin and hemicellulose, grinding the purified cellulose into a slurry, and keeping the nanofibers in a water-swollen state to prevent hydrogen bonding between bundles. SEM images showed continuous nanofibers forming a fine network without thicker fibrils. Nanocomposites made with the fibers demonstrated high light transmittance and a low coefficient of thermal expansion, indicating their reinforcing properties. The method provides a way to produce environmentally friendly natural nanomaterials on a nano scale.
Nanotechnology : Nanotextile the fabric of the futureJoytu Talukder
Nanotechnology can be used to develop textiles with desired characteristics at the molecular level, including high tensile strength, durability, breathability, and antimicrobial properties. There are three main types of nanotechnology used in textiles: in fibers and yarns, in coatings, and in e-textiles. Nanofibers smaller than 100 nm can be produced through electrospinning and provide benefits such as strength, softness, and wrinkle resistance. Nanoparticles added to fibers or coatings can impart properties like water and stain resistance. E-textiles embed electronics like batteries and lights in fabrics. Overall, nanotechnology offers opportunities to economically enhance textile properties and performance but also environmental challenges if not
The document discusses the Advanced Fiber Information System (AFIS), which was developed to more accurately and precisely measure properties of raw textile materials like cotton. AFIS uses aeromechanical and electro-optical techniques to separate fibers and analyze them individually, providing distributions of properties rather than just average values. This gives more detailed information about factors like fiber length and imperfections. Specifically, AFIS can classify neps (entanglements) into fiber neps and seed coat neps, providing a more comprehensive quality assessment of ginning cotton and processed fibers.
This document discusses man-made fibers, including their classification and production processes. It begins by listing reference books on textile fibers. It then defines textile fibers and their key properties. There are two main types of man-made fibers: regenerated fibers made from cellulose, such as viscose, and synthetic fibers produced through chemical reactions, like polyester and nylon. These fibers are made using processes like melt spinning, dry spinning, and wet spinning. The document discusses the advantages and disadvantages of man-made fibers compared to natural fibers, as well as various fiber properties and texturing methods.
Textile materials are manufactured from fibers either obtained from nature, or are manufactured synthetically or regenerated from naturally occurring substance. For perfect coloration of textile materials without hampering their physical properties, a thorough knowledge of the fiber is absolutely essential.
This document discusses various nano-finishing techniques for textiles, including:
1. Easy care hydrophobic finishing using fluorocarbons to impart durable water and oil repellency.
2. Anti-microbial finishing using silver nanoparticles to impart anti-bacterial properties.
3. Photocatalytic self-cleaning finishing using TiO2 which uses the photo-catalytic effect to break down and remove stains when exposed to sunlight.
The document covers the basics of nano-technology and nano-materials as well as several other nano-finishing techniques such as anti-pollen, flame retardant, odour reduction, UV protection, and self-cleaning.
Fiber is the main part of a textile material. All fabric/garments properties and process is directly depends on fiber which contain by the garment.A number of methods are available for characterization of the structural, physical, and chemical properties of fibers. Various methods are used for fiber identification like microscopic methods, solubility, heating and burning method, density and staining etc. End-use property characterization methods often involve use of laboratory techniques which are adapted to simulate actual conditions of average wear on the textile or that can predict performance in end-use.
The document discusses the fibrograph machine, which analyzes cotton fiber length and uniformity. It scans fiber samples using photoelectric cells and produces a length-frequency curve called a fibrograph. Key information included:
- The fibrograph prepares fiber samples using a comb to pick fibers randomly from a cylinder sample.
- It optically scans the fibers from base to tip to analyze fiber length parameters like mean length and uniformity index.
- These measurements provide objective and reproducible analysis of fiber length and uniformity compared to other testing methods.
- The document outlines the machine components, testing process, data analysis, and limitations of the fibrograph method.
Everything you need for your as textiles technologyAlice Spencer
This document provides an overview of the content needed for an AS Textiles Technology exam covering several key areas:
1. Fibre types including natural, manufactured, and synthetic fibres as well as their properties and how they affect end use.
2. Materials and components such as yarns, fabric construction methods, finishes, trims, and how properties influence design solutions.
3. Design and market influence including history of design, product evolution, design methodology, the designer's role, design sources, and market research.
The document outlines the various fibres, materials, manufacturing processes, and design considerations that students should understand for the exam.
The document is a presentation on textiles and man-made fibers from Southeast University in Bangladesh. It includes sections on textile fibers and their classification, properties of man-made fibers and how their chemical structure influences these properties. It also discusses various spinning processes like melt, dry, and wet spinning and manufacturing processes for specific fibers like viscose and cuprammonium rayon.
"This is a relevant text which shows how things have changed today and everything is interdisciplinary wherein just specific knowledge is incomplete. We all need to focus on diversification in all perspectives. It is extremely fascinating and interesting to realize that how the extreme seeming ends are actually interconnected." -Ashish Kapoor
Measurements Of Dielectric Constant Of Solid Material (Leather Belt) At X-Ba...IJMER
This article discusses the experimental measurement technique for dielectric constant (i.e.
permittivity ) of leather belt at X-band. This measurement play selection of dielectric constant for
antenna substrate. This leather can be used as flexible substrate of wearable microstrip antenna. This
measurement system consist of solid state klystron power supply, isolator, VSWR meter, frequency meter,
solid dielectric cell (XC-501). This data may be interested in flexibility wearable microstrip antenna
studies and design.
This document summarizes research on using a carbon dioxide laser to fade the color of cotton/kapok indigo denim fabric. Key findings include:
1) Laser treatment successfully faded the color of the cotton/kapok fabric, reducing the K/S value, while having little impact on thickness or permeability.
2) Tensile strength of the cotton/kapok fabric decreased with laser treatment, likely because the internal air of hollow kapok fibers was squeezed out.
3) Increasing laser power or decreasing speed led to greater reductions in both K/S values and strength, but negligible changes in thickness and permeability.
This document summarizes research on using a carbon dioxide laser to fade the color of cotton/kapok indigo denim fabric. Key findings include:
1) Laser treatment successfully faded the color of the cotton/kapok fabric, reducing the K/S value, while having little impact on thickness or permeability.
2) Tensile strength of the cotton/kapok fabric decreased with laser treatment, likely because the internal air of hollow kapok fibers was squeezed out.
3) Increasing laser power or decreasing speed led to greater reductions in both K/S values and strength, but negligible changes in thickness and permeability.
This document discusses fabrics for UV protection. It begins by introducing ultraviolet (UV) radiation and its classification into UVA, UVB, and UVC wavelengths. UVB and UVA can reach the Earth's surface and cause health issues like skin cancer and sunburn. The document then examines factors that affect a fabric's UV protection properties, such as fiber type, dye used, fabric construction, and finishing treatments. It also introduces the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) scale used to rate a fabric's UV blocking ability. The higher the UPF, the better protection it provides. Overall, the document provides an overview of UV radiation and outlines key considerations for developing fabrics with UV protective properties.
Development of Ultraviolet Protective Fabric with Natural HerbDr. Amarjeet Singh
Effective textiles are a part of technical textiles
that are defined as comprising all those textile-based
products that are used principally for their performance or
functional characteristics rather than their aesthetic or
decorative characteristics. protective clothing is specially
designed for sun protection and generally produced from
the fabric rated for its level of ultraviolet (UV) protection.
Ultraviolet rays constitute a very low fraction of the solar
spectrum but influence all leaving organism. The sun is the
principal source of UV exposure for most people. Exposure
to the sun is known to be associated with various skin
diseases, skin cancers, accelerated skin aging and other eye
diseases, and probably has an adverse effect on persons
ability to resist infectious diseases. The rating system of
fabric specifies an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) value,
which can be thought as a time factor for the protection of
Caucasian skin compared to exposure without exposure
without any protection from sun's UV as a means of
protecting skin from damage. The shorter the wavelength,
the higher the energy of radiation.UVA rays account for 90
to 95% of UV radiation that reaches the earth. While UVB
makes only 5 to 10% of solar radiation, its high-energy
damages surface epidermal layers and cause sunburn.UVB
is strongest particularly between 10 AM to 4 pm from April
to October and UVA present equally throughout daylight
hours and throughout seasons both types of UV rays can
cause skin cancer because they damage skin cells and alter
their DNA, and also causes premature aging of the skin. A
novel weave structure and denier (related to thread count
per inch) may provide the sun protective properties.
nowadays textiles and fabrics used for sun protective
clothing are pre-treated with chemically modified UVinhibiting ingredients during manufacturing to enhance
their effectiveness, here in this paper author tried to use
some environment-friendly natural ingredients as an
alternative to chemically modified UV-inhibiting
ingredients. All-natural ingredients from herbs like green
tea leaf, pudina, and neem leaf extracts are used and
experimental findings related to UPF(Ultraviolet protection
factor) are discussed.
Textile fibers are the essential building blocks of fabrics and textiles, playing a pivotal role in the creation of a wide range of products, including clothing, home furnishings, and industrial materials.
The document discusses the use of nanotechnology to enhance ultraviolet protection in fabrics. It describes how nanoparticles like ZnO and TiO2 can be applied or embedded in fabrics to absorb UV radiation before it reaches the skin. Nanoparticles provide high UV absorption due to their large surface area to volume ratio. Methods for applying nanoparticles include coating, embedding during fabrication, and electrospinning. Treated fabrics have higher ultraviolet protection factor and can protect against both UVB and UVA rays. The document reviews various studies that have analyzed nanoparticle treated fabrics and demonstrated their effectiveness in UV blocking.
Longterm UV exposure can damage skin and eyes through sunburn, skin cancer, and other effects. UV radiation has wavelengths between infrared and UV, with UV-C mostly absorbed by the ozone layer but UV-A and UV-B still dangerous. The sun protection factor (SPF) rating measures a fabric's ability to block erythema (skin redness) from UV rays. Higher SPF fabrics block more UV and are more protective. Factors like fiber type, dyes, and coatings determine a fabric's SPF through absorbing, reflecting, or allowing UV to pass through. Proper testing and standards help evaluate UV protection for safe fabric selection.
This document discusses the applications of nanoparticles in textiles. It begins by defining nanoparticles as extremely small particles between 1 to 1000nm in size. It then discusses three types of nanoparticle structures and how nanoparticles can dramatically change materials' properties at the nanoscale. The document outlines three types of nanotechnology used in textiles, including in fabrics and yarns, textile finishing coatings, and e-textiles. It provides examples of specific nanoparticles used in textiles and their applications, such as silver for antibacterial properties and TiO2 for UV protection. The document also discusses how nanofibers, nanowhiskers, and nano coatings can provide properties like wrinkle resistance, strength, and water repell
Textile dyes have been reported as causing various stages of contact dermatitis. Reactive dyes are widely applied in dyeing cellulose fiber-based textiles (100% cotton), skin fibers (hemp, flax), regenerated cellulose (cellulose acetate, viscose), protein fibers (natural silk, wool). The human body comes in contact daily with such compounds. This aspect is important for elucidating their biological effects on the human body, in correlation with Physico-chemical properties. Dyes are chemical compounds containing chromophore and autochrome groups. The authors herein report results concerning the influence of UV irradiation with λ > 300 nm on the structure and properties of different colored textiles. Subjects to study were textiles painted with four azo-triazine-based dyes which were exposed to 100 h UV irradiation time and irradiation dose values up to 3500 J cm-2. The five azo dyes were: reactive orange 13, reactive red 183, reactive yellow 143, reactive blue 204, and reactive red 2. Structural modifications as a result of irradiation were undertaken by UV-Vis spectroscopy. It was observed that during UV exposure there occurred partial dyes detachment from the textiles, accompanied by glucosidic units and dye photodecomposition by C–N bond scission and degradation of aromatic entities and azo-based chromophores. Color modifications were also investigated. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose for all the studied samples.
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hampering wires), elegant solutions are explored to integrate sensors in clothing. By using the textile material itself as a sensor, the
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In this paper, a flexible fabric strain sensor with high sensitivity, good stability and large deformation is reported. It is
fabricated by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline on the fabric substrate at low temperature. Thickness and morphology of the
conducting thin film on the surface of the fibers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resistivity of the PANi
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while its good stability is indicated by a small loss of conductivity after the thermal and humidity aging tests, and supported by the
slight change in conductivity over storage of 90 days. The developed flexible strain sensor can be used in the preparation of smart
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Handle of cotton: wool knitted khadi fabriciosrjce
Hand of cotton: woolhand knitted fabrics has been reported in this study. Indian crossbred wool
(Rambouillet and Chokla) was blended with cotton (Mech I) in three different ratios (10-90%, 20-80% and 30-
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The disguise textiles (camouflage) by vignesh dhanabalanVignesh Dhanabalan
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This document discusses various methods for measuring fibre length in textile materials like cotton and wool. It describes parameters used to characterize fibre length such as staple length, mean length, upper quartile length, and dispersion percentage. Methods covered include hand stapling, Shirley photoelectric stapler, comb sorter, weighing and clamping techniques, and optical methods using fibrographs and capacitive instruments like the Almeter. The document provides detailed explanations of each parameter and measurement technique.
Investigation on physico chemical properties of 100% cotton woven fabric trea...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
This paper represents an approach to observe the physic-chemical effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) applied on 100% cotton woven fabric. Cotton fabric was treated with TiO2 by exhaustion method and followed by necessary curing and washing pro-cesses. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH and ab-sorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were examined. It was found that titanium dioxide impairs the hand feel and absorbency of 100% cotton woven fabrics, wetting time of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the tensile strength of 100% cotton woven fabrics. The treatment with titanium dioxide also kept the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
Effect of titanium dioxide treatment on the properties of 100% cotton knitted...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a white, water insoluble pigment. It is used in paints, plastics, foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Its main application on textile materials as an ultraviolet ray protecting agents. Titanium dioxide can reflect, scatter or absorb ultraviolet ray. Besides Titanium dioxide also modify the properties of fabrics. In previous research, titanium dioxide was applied mainly by padding mangle method. This paper presents an approach to observe the effect of titanium dioxide treatment 100% cotton knitted (plain jersey) fabric applied by exhaustion method followed by curing and washing. The treated fabrics were then analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the tensile strength, pH value and absorbency of the treated and untreated fabrics were checked. It is found that titanium dioxide impairs the better hand feel and absorbency (wetting time) of all treated fabrics increased gradually than untreated fabrics. The treatment increases the strength and keeps the pH of the fabric in acidic medium.
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
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1. JAIC 2000, Volume 39, Number 3, Article 3 (pp. 345 to 353)
ABILITY OF TEXTILE COVERS TO PROTECT ARTIFACTS
FROM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
NANCY KERR, LINDA CAPJACK, & ROBERT FEDOSEJEVS
1 INTRODUCTION
Among the many agents that damage museum objects, light is regarded as one of
the most pervasive and harmful. The UV region is noteworthy because many
materials absorb light within this region. The light-absorbing chromophores they
contain often enter into or stimulate undesirable reactions such as photochemical
oxidations and reductions and the cleavage and formation of bonds (Reinert et al.
1994). All organic objects are at risk when exposed to light, including objects made
from textiles, paper, wood, parchment, leather, and feathers. Because the action of
light is cumulative, reducing the illuminance and exposure time and screening out
the most harmful UV rays may slow light damage to objects. For storage areas,
Garry Thomson (1986) suggests that a good UV filter should transmit less than 1%
of the incident radiation between 320 and 380 nm. Fabric covers are sometimes
used to protect objects from UV, visible light, and dust in conservation laboratories
and museums. Black textile covers are used in the textile conservation laboratory at
the Metropolitan Museum of Art. At the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in
Boston, decorative textiles cover many glass display cases, and sheer fabrics on the
windows act as light screens. Fabric covers on display cases are moved aside by
visitors when they want to view the objects. In historic homes, textile covers protect
upholstered furniture when visitors are absent. Window blinds and draperies are
used to control the illuminance because window glass filters some but not all UV
radiation between 300 and 400 nm (Thomson 1986).
Although textile covers are routinely used for protection against damage by light,
how well various fabrics screen UV radiation has not been reported in the
conservation literature. The principal research objective of the present study was to
determine how effectively various textiles and tissues typical of those used for this
purpose in a conservation laboratory or museum block the transmission of UV
radiation. A second objective was to measure the fiber, yarn, and fabric
characteristics that contribute to the blocking of UV radiation and to determine the
relative importance of each in that regard.
2 EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 FABRICS
2. A variety of fabrics, both woven and nonwoven, was selected for this study. Most undyed
fabrics were obtained from a commercial source. Woven and knitted fabrics made of 100%
cotton, 65/35 polyester/cotton, 50/50 polyester/cotton, and 87/13 nylon spandex were
purchased locally. Nonwoven textiles included Cerex spunbonded (SB) nylon, Reemay
spunbonded polyester, and Tyvek spunbonded polypropylene. For comparison with the
synthetic nonwovens, an acid-free tissue was also included. Fabrics were tested as received
from the suppliers.
2.2 METHODS
Fabrics were characterized by fiber type, fabric mass, fabric count, thickness, level of
delustering, structure, and cover. Fiber type was confirmed through microscopic analysis
and chemical solubility tests (American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
1996). Fabric structure was identified as woven, knitted, or spunbonded. Canadian General
Standards Board test methods (1990) were used to determine fabric weight, the mass per
unit area (g/m2), fabric count (the number of yarns/cm or wales and courses/cm), and fabric
thickness (Custom Scientific thickness tester [CS-55-225], foot of 28.7 mm diameter,
pressure of 1 kPa). Level of delustering was determined qualitatively by examining the
appearance of manufactured fibers under a transmitted-light microscope at 400x and
estimating the relative amount of pigment in specimens by comparison with
photomicrographs in AATCC (1996) Test Method 20–1990 (Fiber Analysis: Qualitative).
Fibers classified as bright (B) had little or no titanium dioxide (TiO2). Semidull fibers (S-
D) were lightly pigmented (approximately 0.3% by weight TiO2) and dull (D) fibers were
highly pigmented (approximately 2% by weight TiO2) (fig. 1). Titanium dioxide is added
as a fine white powder to reduce the shine of manufactured fibers (Saunders 1988).
Fig. 1. Relative amount of TiO2 pigment in fibers (left to right): bright, semidull, and dull (after AATCC
[1996] method 20, figs. 35, 24, and 33, respectively)
2.2.1 Fabric Cover
Fabric cover, defined as the percentage of a given fabric area covered by yarns or fibers,
was determined by image analysis. A microscope with a 4x objective magnified the fabric,
and a video camera resolved the image, which was digitized and then processed by a
computer. The video image consisted of 256 x 256 pixels, each having a value between 0
3. and 255 representing the brightness of that pixel. For each fabric, the illumination was
adjusted such that the peak pixel values, corresponding to open areas in the fabric, had an
average value of approximately 250. A cutoff intensity value of 125 was used to separate
the pixels representing open areas from those representing areas covered by yarns or fibers.
The number of pixels falling above and below this cut-off value was determined and then
the percentage of covered area was calculated. Reported cover percentages are based on the
average of five images per fabric. The choice of an intensity value of 125 to define the edge
of the fibers is based on the assumption that the transmission of light through the fibers
themselves is negligible, which is not always the case. The interlaced structure of the fibers
results in only a fraction of the fibers observed in a given microscope image being in sharp
focus with clearly defined edges. Fibers that are out of focus will have blurred edges,
making it difficult to precisely determine the edge position. Based on these limitations, the
estimated accuracy of the cover measurement was on the order of several percent due to
dependence on the choice of the threshold value separating dark from light pixels.
2.2.2 UV Transmission
UV transmission through fabrics selected for the study was measured on a Varian Cary
2415 UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer fitted with an integrating sphere to collect forward-
scattered and transmitted light. The wavelength range recorded was 280–380 nm, and a
monochromator filtered radiation to a 2 nm bandwidth. Fluorescence was eliminated by
means of a 3-mm-thick UG-11 fluorescence-blocking filter adapted for the
spectrophotometer. From each sample, five random specimens were cut. Each woven
specimen had different warp and weft yarns, and each knitted specimen had different
lengthwise ribs and crosswise courses. For the UV transmission measurements, four
specimens of each fabric were glued on washers with a diameter of 5 cm and a circular
opening of 2 cm. The UV transmission was calculated by averaging the measured values
over the range of 280–380 nm. Davis (1995) determined that normally four specimens per
sample must be scanned to ensure that the estimated mean UV transmission of the sample
will have a standard error no greater than 5% of the mean.
ABILITY OF TEXTILE COVERS TO PROTECT ARTIFACTS FROM
ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
NANCY KERR, LINDA CAPJACK, & ROBERT FEDOSEJEVS
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
When incident radiation contacts a fabric (fig. 2), part of that radiation is scattered from the
surface and the remainder is absorbed by or penetrates through the fabric. A fraction of the
radiation passes through the fibers and spaces between the yarns. The absorbed radiation is
taken up by the chromophores in the fibers as well as by other materials present (dyes,
delustrants, optical brighteners, finishes). A fabric's ability to protect museum objects or
items from ultraviolet light in conservation laboratories, historic houses, storage areas, or
limited-view exhibits can be increased by selecting fibers, dyes, and finishes that have
4. excellent absorption of UV radiation. The effect of a variety of fiber types, fabric
constructions, dye, and pigment on the transmission of UV is reported in table 1. Fabrics 1
to 9 in table 1 vary in fiber content, but all are undyed, plain-weave fabrics made from spun
yarns. It should be noted that the UV transmission values represent the “worst case” or
maximum values because they are obtained by passing UV rays in a direction perpendicular
to the plane of the cloth. Incident light during use may not be perpendicular to the fabric
surface, but may contact it at an angle, thereby increasing the scattering and effective cover.
Table 1. UV Transmission and Characteristics of Fabrics, Spunbonded
Webs, Acid–free Tissue
Fiber Type
Fabric
Descriptiona
Massb
(g/m2)
Fabric
ThicknessbC
(mm)
Coverb
(%)
% UV
Transmissionb
d 280–380 nm
Undyed Plain
Wegve
Fabrics, Spun
Yarns
1. Cotton unbleached 160 0.46 98 6
2. Cotton unbleached 117 0.29 90 7
3. Cotton blsached 106 0.28 93 27
4. Linen blsached 107 0.26 77 19
5. Rayon bright 140 0.33 92 23
6. Wool unbleached 118 0.37 88 16
7. Acrylic semidull 131 0.41 89 15
8. Polyester semidull 133 0.35 90 12
9. Nylon semidull 125 0.36 86 22
Spunbonded
Webs and
Acid-Free
Tissue
10. Cerex
nylon
bright 53 0.14 83 39
11. Reemay
polyester
semidull 45 0.24 82 20
12. Tyvek
polypropylene
dull 42 0.18 98 2
13. Acid-free
tissue
N/A 19 0.05 92 19
5. Dyed Woven
and Knit
Fabrics
14. Print cloth
65/35poly/
cotton
black 91 0.20 92 6.1
15. Cotton
muslin
black 131 0.36 97 1.7
16. Double
knit 50/50
poly/cotton
black 192 0.62 99 1.1
17. Rib knit
cotton
black 234 0.76 98 0.3
18. Stretch
knit 87/13
nylon/spandex
black 210 0.60 99 0.1
a Bright, semidull, and dull refer to amount of the TiO2 delustering agent in manufactured fibers.
b Mass,cover, thickness,and UV transmission, average of five measurements
c Thickness underpressure of lkPa
d Refers to transmission through the yarns and the spaces between
Fig. 2. Process of light transmission through fabric. Radiation incident upon a fabric (Io) is either scattered (Is),
absorbed (IA), transmitted through openings (ITO) or transmitted through the fibers (ITF). The total
transmission (IT) is equal to the sumof ITF and ITO. Transmitted rays through the fibers and openings may
damage the object beneath.
3.1 EFFECT OF FABRIC PARAMETERS ON UV TRANSMISSION
The fiber composition of a fabric affects UV transmission. The poly (ethylene
terephthalate) polyester fabric (#8) listed in table 1 had an average transmission of 12%
over the 280–380 nm range and was a more effective UV blocker than all but the
6. unbleached cotton muslins. Poly (ethylene terephthalate)-type polyester contains phenyl
ester groups that are known to exhibit a very strong UV absorption below 310 nm.
Synthetic fibers spun from aliphatic polymers such as nylon, acrylic, and polypropylene
block little UV radiation unless they are delustered or dyed. The presence of titanium
dioxide delustering pigment in the acrylic, polyester, nylon, Reemay polyester, and Tyvek
polypropylene samples contributed to the blocking of UV radiation by these fabrics.
Titanium dioxide absorbs about 90% of the incident radiation uniformly across the UV
region 280–380 nm (Thomson 1986), and has an absorption maximum at approximately
350 nm (Reinert et al. 1997).
Fabric mass and cover also affect UV transmission. Among the fabrics shown in table 1,
those with the highest mass transmitted the least UV radiation; for example, black fabrics
nos. 16, 17, and 18 transmitted 1.1, 0.3, and 0.1% UV, respectively. Their low transmission
was also a function of their color, thickness, and high cover (98-99%). Other researchers
(Berne and Fischer 1980; Pailthorpe 1993) have also noted that high mass and cover
resulted in low UV transmission values. Davis (1995) found that the relationship between
UV transmission and cover is not as strong as mass. A fabric with high cover does not
necessarily block UV rays effectively because some transmission occurs through the fibers
or yarns as well as the spaces between them; for example, fabric #10, an undelustered
Cerex nonwoven, has a cover of 83% and an open area of 17%. The UV transmission of
this fabric is 39%, showing that UV radiation is not only passing through the open area but
also penetrating the fibers.
3.2 UV TRANSMISSION THROUGH TYPICAL MUSEUM FABRICS
AND ACID-FREE TISSUE
The UV transmission and other physical characteristics of fabrics frequently used as light
and dust covers are presented in table 1, entries 1–3 and 10–15. Cotton is known to be a
weak absorber of UV once the natural pigment is removed by bleaching (Pailthorpe 1993;
Reinert et al. 1997). This observation is consistent with data obtained for UV transmission
by two unbleached muslins (nos. 1 and 2), which, though they differ substantially in mass,
had almost identical transmissions of 6% and 7%, respectively. The much greater (27%)
UV transmission of fabric no. 3, a bleached cotton muslin, even though it has a cover and
mass similar to those of muslin no. 2, is also in agreement with Reinert's suggestion. Figure
3 shows the difference in transmission of UV through bleached, unbleached, and dyed-
black cotton muslin.
Fig. 3. Percent transmission of UV through unbleached cotton muslin, bleached cotton, and black cotton
7. muslin
Cerex nylon spunbonded web (no. 10) is typically used to separate textiles in storage, to
line trays, and to protect items from dust. It provides little protection from UV radiation,
however, transmitting about 40% of the incident radiation. Figure 4 shows the variation in
transmission of UV with wavelength through Cerex and Reemay fabrics, SB polyester, and
acid-free tissue. Other researchers have noted the permeability of aliphatic nylons to UV
radiation over the whole UV region (Reinert et al. 1997).
Fig. 4. Percent transmission of UV through Cerex nylon, Reemay polyester, Tyvek polypropylene, and acid -
free tissue
Among the spunbonded nonwovens made of nylon, polyester, and polypropylene, the most
effective UV screen was the Tyvek SB polypropylene (no. 12), which transmitted 2% of the
UV radiation. This spunbonded nonwoven is a water-resistant, flexible material typical of
the “synthetic paper” that is used in the conservation laboratory as a cover for rolled textiles
in storage, curtains in storage areas, and covers for objects that are undergoing conservation
treatments. The reason Tyvek blocks the transmission of UV radiation so well is its fiber
content, its high cover (98%), and the heavy pigmentation of the fibers.
3.3 DYED FABRICS
Our research (Davis 1995; Davis et al. 1997) and that of many others (Pailthorpe 1993;
Gies et al. 1994; Pailthorpe 1994; Reinert et al. 1997) has shown that fabrics dyed dark
shades or saturated colors rather than pastels are very effective at screening UV radiation.
Five black fabrics are shown in table 1 to illustrate this finding. The black fabric that
transmitted the most UV (6.1%) was a low-mass, thin 65/35 polyester/cotton fabric (no.
14), and yet it blocked as much UV as the most effective UV-blocking fabric in the undyed
group, a heavy unbleached muslin (no. 1). Three of the knitted black fabrics in this group
(nos. 16–18) transmitted only 1% of the UV, thereby meeting Thomson's criterion for an
effective UV filter (Thomson 1986). Their effectiveness is a combination of color as well
as high thickness, mass, and cover, resulting from the knit structure. If black fabrics are
used in a conservation laboratory or museum setting to protect objects from light, they
should first be tested for colorfastness to crocking and water.
4 CONCLUSIONS
If fabric is chosen carefully, textile covers are an inexpensive, reusable, and effective
means of reducing the exposure of museum objects to UV radiation. The fabric
8. characteristics that most influence UV transmission are mass, thickness, and color: the
higher the mass and thickness and darker or more saturated the color, the less UV radiation
transmitted through the fabric. Three fabrics reported in this study met Thomson's (1986)
criterion of blocking 99% UV, a black 50/50 polyester/cotton double knit and a black
stretch knit of 87% nylon and 13% spandex. Tyvek transmits 2% of the UV radiation, but
has the important advantage in the museum context of being both waterproof and much
lighter in weight than either the nylon/spandex or the double knit. The natural pigment in
unbleached cotton muslin makes it a more effective UV screen than bleached cotton.
Spunbonded webs with low cover (Cerex and Reemay) transmit 39% and 20% of the UV,
respectively, and so are not useful covers for light-sensitive objects.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was funded in part by the Endowment Fund for the Future at the University
of Alberta. The Government of Canada Summer Career Placement program also provided
support for two undergraduate students of human ecology. We recognize the significant
contributions of Jennifer Moroskat and Tannis Grant to this research project
REFERENCES
AATCC. 1996. Fiber analysis: Qualitative: Test Method 20–1990. In Technical manual of
the AATCC, vol. 69. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: American Association of the Textile
Chemists and Colorists. 47–62.
Berne, B., and T.Fischer. 1980. Protective effects of various types of clothing against UV
radiation. Acta Dermato-Venereologica60:459–60.
CGSB. 1990. Textile test methods, Can/CGSB-42. Ottawa: Canadian General Standards
Board.
Davis, S.1995. Relationship of fiber type, mass, and cover to the sun protection factor of
fabrics. Master's thesis, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Davis, S., L.Capjack, N.Kerr, and R.Fedosejevs. 1997. Clothing as protection from
ultraviolet radiation: Which fabric is most effective? International Journal of
Dermatology36:374–79.
Gies, H. P., C. R.Roy, G.Elliott, and W.Zongli. 1994. Ultraviolet radiation protection
factors for clothing. Health Physics67:131–39.
Pailthorpe, M. T.1993. Textile parameters and sun protection factors. In Proceedings of the
Textiles and Sun Protection Conference, ed. M. T. Pailthorpe. Kensington, NSW, Australia:
Society of Dyers and Colorists of Australia and New Zealand. 32–53.
Pailthorpe, M. T.1994. Textiles and sun protection: The current situation. Department of
Textiles Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW. 20–21.
Reinert, G., E.Schmidt, and R.Hilfiker. 1994. Facts about the application of UV-absorbers
on textiles. Melliand Textilberichte7–8:E151–E163.
9. Reinert, G., F. Fuso, R.Hilfiker, and E.Schmidt, E.1997. UV-protecting properties of textile
fabrics and their improvement. Textile Chemist and Colorist12:36–43.
Saunders, J. H.1988. Polyamides, fibers. In Encyclopaedia of polymer science and
engineering, ed. J. I.Kroschwitz et al.New York: Wiley. 422.
Thomson, G.1986. The museum environment 2d ed. London: Butterworths.
FURTHER READING
Capjack, L., N.Kerr, S.Davis, R.Fedosejevs, K.Hatch, and N.Markee. 1994. Protection of
humans from ultraviolet radiation through the use of textiles: A review. Family and
Consumer Sciences Research Journal23:198–218.
Hilfiker, R., W.Kaufmann, G.Reinert, and E.Schmidt. 1996. Improving sun protection
factors of fabrics by applying UV-absorbers. Textile Research Journal66:61–70.
SOURCES OF MATERIALS
In Table 1, fabrics that were purchased from
Testfabrics, Inc.
P.O. Box 420
Middlesex, N.J. 08846
are listed here with their style numbers: 3. #400 bleached cotton print cloth; 4. #L-
61 handkerchief linen; 5. #266 spun viscose rayon challis; 6. #530 worsted wool
challis; 7. #981 Spun Creslan acrylic type 31; 9. #361 spun nylon 6,6 Dupont type
200.
Cerex spunbonded nylon by Monsanto
HTC Laboratories
5575 Casgrin Ave.
Montreal, Quebec H2T 1Y1
Canada
Tyvek spunbonded polypropylene Type 1422A
Bury Media and Supplies Ltd.
B-5-4255 Arbutus St.
Vancouver, British Columbia V6J 4R1
Canada
Reemay spunbonded polyester #2014
Carr McLean Ltd.
461 Horner Ave.
Toronto, Ontario M8W 4X2
Canada
AUTHOR INFORMATION
10. NANCY KERR has a B.Sc. in home economics from the University of Guelph, an M.Sc. in
clothing and textiles from the University of California at Davis, and a Ph.D. in fiber and
polymer science from North Carolina State University. She is a professor in the Department
of Human Ecology at the University of Alberta. Her teaching and research focus on textile
science and conservation topics. Current projects include UV transmission through textile
materials, degradation and stabilization of historic textiles, and industrial hemp. Address:
Department of Human Ecology, 302 Human Ecology Building, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2N1, Canada
LINDA CAPJACK received her M.Sc. in clothing and textiles from the University of
Alberta. She is associate chair and associate professor in the Department of Human
Ecology at the University of Alberta. Her research interests include the functional design
process and environmental protective clothing, focusing recently on clothing to protect
from ultraviolet radiation. She has worked collaboratively with Dr. Nancy Kerr and Dr.
Robert Fedosejevs on identifying fabric characteristics that contribute to decreased
transmission of UV. Address as for Kerr
ROBERT FEDOSEJEVS received his B.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of
Toronto, Canada, in 1973 and 1979. He subsequently was a research associate at the Max
Planck Institute in Germany. He joined the Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering at the University of Alberta as associate professor in 1982 and currently holds
the position of C. R. James/MPBT/NSERC Senior Industrial Research Chair in the
Application of Laser and Spectroscopic Techniques to the Natural Resources Industry. His
research interests include the study of laser-plasma interactions and the application of laser
and spectroscopic techniques to the characterization of materials. Address: Department of
Electrical and Computing Engineering, 238 Civil/Electrical Engineering Building,
University of Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G7, Canada
Received for review July 25, 1999. Revised manuscript received June 1, 2000. Accepted
for publication May 16, 2000