Here a detailed gap analysis is presented for the NABL 112 document for issue number 3 and issue number 4. This presentation contain general clauses except the specific requirements for individual area in clinical laboratory
Recently ISO 15189:2022 have become available. This would help laboratories set up processes which would yield reproducible results and improve the quality of work.
Global Manager Group has prepared presentation to provide information about Medical Laboratory Accreditation Standard - ISO 15189 and about Documentation kit. All the documents like quality manual, procedures, SOPs, audit checklist, etc that required for the ISO 15189 Certification process. are described in details in this presentation.
A routine session on quality assurance practice in a medical laboratory to sensitize and provide basics to those interested in working in a medical testing laboratory.
Recently ISO 15189:2022 have become available. This would help laboratories set up processes which would yield reproducible results and improve the quality of work.
Global Manager Group has prepared presentation to provide information about Medical Laboratory Accreditation Standard - ISO 15189 and about Documentation kit. All the documents like quality manual, procedures, SOPs, audit checklist, etc that required for the ISO 15189 Certification process. are described in details in this presentation.
A routine session on quality assurance practice in a medical laboratory to sensitize and provide basics to those interested in working in a medical testing laboratory.
Laboratory Management With Constrains Iamm 2010PathKind Labs
Clinical laboratory services are a critical yet much neglected component of health systems in resource poor countries. They are crucial for public health, disease control and surveillance, and guide patient diagnosis and care, but their key role is often not recognized by governments or donors. Laboratory tests should be used to improve the outcome for individual patients or to provide public health information. However, if the quality of laboratory tests is poor, resources will be wasted on repeat tests or inappropriate management and the laboratory service will be inefficient.
The primary goal of Laboratory Medicine is to provide information that is useful to assist medical decision-making, allowing optimal health care. This can only be obtained by generating reliable analytical results on patient samples. Meaningful measurements are indeed essential for the diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and risk assessment of patients. Inadequate laboratory performance may have extensive consequences for practical medicine, healthcare system, and, in conclusion, for the patient. Poor quality results may actually lead to incorrect interpretation by the clinician, impairing the patient’s
situation.
Accreditation authorities have identified twelve quality system essentials that need to be in place for a laboratory to perform clinical tests adequately and in a quality assured manner. Along with each laboratory performing tests that are in its scope, it is essential that duplication and excess capacity is addressed by forging and operating a network of laboratories leading to consolidation and integration of clinical testing. A network would have collection centers at places convenient to the patients, supported by frequent transfer of samples in appropriate conditions to the laboratory. In the laboratory there is a need for increased automation and relevant training of personnel and the setting up of centralized accessioning, pneumontic chutes for transport of samples to the work bench and for bidirectional interphased equipment to transfer results to desk top of laboratory physicians and after validation of results for the results to be electronically transferred by SMS and/or PDF files via email and/or becoming available online for clients, supplemented by delivery of hard copies of the results.
The challenge in the next decade for laboratory medicine is to accomplish these major changes in organization to meet fiscal restraint and shortage of adequately trained laboratory personnel. Collaborative networks, constructive use of point of care devices, and the development of rapport between laboratories and their clients leading to cost effective utilization of limited resources, are some of the strategies that will maximize patient benefit
In the continuous quality journey, Controlling laboratory Errors is an integral part & focusing on analytical, post-analytical process is the first step. Developing a reporting culture followed by thorough analysis and implementation of appropriate corrective, preventive actions is required.
Slides on medical laboratory testing process and pre-analytical factors that might contribute to laboratory errors and sample rejection, and how to prevent it.
Quality in clinical laboratory is a continuous journey of improving processes through team work, innovative solutions, regulatory compliance with final objective to meet the evolving needs of clinicians & patients.
Preanalytical quality control practices in clinical laboratoryDr. Rajesh Bendre
Preanalytical variables contribute maximally to lab errors. However, these variables are most difficult to control as they include human dependency for phlebotomy skills & pretest patient conditioning. Quantifying & monitoring these variables is also more challenging. Use of checklists, continuous training, competency assessments, internal audits & clinician education for appropriate test utilization form some of the tools for improving the preanalytical processes.
Harmonization of Laboratory Indicators, 09 03-2017Ola Elgaddar
Most of Medical labs are having KPIs to monitor their performance and enhance process improvement. This presentation discusses in short the IFCC attempts to reach a consensus and harmonize medical labs quality indicators.
Laboratory Management With Constrains Iamm 2010PathKind Labs
Clinical laboratory services are a critical yet much neglected component of health systems in resource poor countries. They are crucial for public health, disease control and surveillance, and guide patient diagnosis and care, but their key role is often not recognized by governments or donors. Laboratory tests should be used to improve the outcome for individual patients or to provide public health information. However, if the quality of laboratory tests is poor, resources will be wasted on repeat tests or inappropriate management and the laboratory service will be inefficient.
The primary goal of Laboratory Medicine is to provide information that is useful to assist medical decision-making, allowing optimal health care. This can only be obtained by generating reliable analytical results on patient samples. Meaningful measurements are indeed essential for the diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, and risk assessment of patients. Inadequate laboratory performance may have extensive consequences for practical medicine, healthcare system, and, in conclusion, for the patient. Poor quality results may actually lead to incorrect interpretation by the clinician, impairing the patient’s
situation.
Accreditation authorities have identified twelve quality system essentials that need to be in place for a laboratory to perform clinical tests adequately and in a quality assured manner. Along with each laboratory performing tests that are in its scope, it is essential that duplication and excess capacity is addressed by forging and operating a network of laboratories leading to consolidation and integration of clinical testing. A network would have collection centers at places convenient to the patients, supported by frequent transfer of samples in appropriate conditions to the laboratory. In the laboratory there is a need for increased automation and relevant training of personnel and the setting up of centralized accessioning, pneumontic chutes for transport of samples to the work bench and for bidirectional interphased equipment to transfer results to desk top of laboratory physicians and after validation of results for the results to be electronically transferred by SMS and/or PDF files via email and/or becoming available online for clients, supplemented by delivery of hard copies of the results.
The challenge in the next decade for laboratory medicine is to accomplish these major changes in organization to meet fiscal restraint and shortage of adequately trained laboratory personnel. Collaborative networks, constructive use of point of care devices, and the development of rapport between laboratories and their clients leading to cost effective utilization of limited resources, are some of the strategies that will maximize patient benefit
In the continuous quality journey, Controlling laboratory Errors is an integral part & focusing on analytical, post-analytical process is the first step. Developing a reporting culture followed by thorough analysis and implementation of appropriate corrective, preventive actions is required.
Slides on medical laboratory testing process and pre-analytical factors that might contribute to laboratory errors and sample rejection, and how to prevent it.
Quality in clinical laboratory is a continuous journey of improving processes through team work, innovative solutions, regulatory compliance with final objective to meet the evolving needs of clinicians & patients.
Preanalytical quality control practices in clinical laboratoryDr. Rajesh Bendre
Preanalytical variables contribute maximally to lab errors. However, these variables are most difficult to control as they include human dependency for phlebotomy skills & pretest patient conditioning. Quantifying & monitoring these variables is also more challenging. Use of checklists, continuous training, competency assessments, internal audits & clinician education for appropriate test utilization form some of the tools for improving the preanalytical processes.
Harmonization of Laboratory Indicators, 09 03-2017Ola Elgaddar
Most of Medical labs are having KPIs to monitor their performance and enhance process improvement. This presentation discusses in short the IFCC attempts to reach a consensus and harmonize medical labs quality indicators.
This presentation is for the pharmacy, nursing and medical students. this presentation is about brief discussion on good laboratory practice (GLP) for the exam point of view.
recently the fourth edition of ISO 15189 2022 have been released. It has aligned itself to its parent document ISO 17025 and focused on risk assessment
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Welcome to Secret Tantric, London’s finest VIP Massage agency. Since we first opened our doors, we have provided the ultimate erotic massage experience to innumerable clients, each one searching for the very best sensual massage in London. We come by this reputation honestly with a dynamic team of the city’s most beautiful masseuses.
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
QA Paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka 2020Azreen Aj
QA study - To improve the 6th monthly recall rate post-comprehensive dental treatment under general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry department, Hospital Melaka
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...
Nabl 112 gap analysis general
1. NABL 112 - GAP ANALYSIS
2008 - 2019
Dr. Jayesh Warade
2. SCOPE
• i. Clinical Biochemistry
• ii. Clinical Pathology
• iii. Haematology and
Immunohaematology
• iv. Microbiology and
Serology
• v. Histopathology
• vi. Cytopathology
• vii. Genetics
• viii. Nuclear Medicine
(in-vitro tests only)
• i. Clinical Biochemistry
• ii. Haematology
• iii. Clinical Pathology
• iv. Microbiology &
Infectious disease
serology
• v. Histopathology
• vi. Cytopathology
• vii. Flow Cytometry
• viii. Cytogenetics
• ix. Molecular Testing
3. SCOPE
• For POCT, - respective disciplines of Medical testing.
• Nuclear Medicine - Cl. Biochemistry
• Immunological and serological tests are common to many disciplines -
under respective disciplines
• Criteria for 300 samples per year does not apply Nephropathology,
Neuropathology, where the number of samples received may be fewer.
• Haematology- at least 100 bone marrow aspiration samples per year.
4. SCOPE
• It is unethical for a laboratory accredited for a particular discipline to
continue to perform tests that do not meet the expected quality
requirements
• It is desirable that those tests which do not fulfill the requirements of
the standard are removed from the laboratory's services - Not
Mandatory
• the laboratory shall provide a complete list of tests being performed in
the laboratory along with the scope for which accreditation is sought.
• The laboratory applying for limited scope in any discipline(s) shall be
required to submit a plan for covering the entire scope of testing in all
disciplines.
• to encourage laboratory to cover the entire menu of tests performed
within the premises.
5. SCOPE
• Histopathology - laboratory may use the services of
another NABL-accredited laboratory for tissue
processing (block making, sectioning and staining).
• The reporting laboratory itself nonetheless, shall
perform gross examination and tissue sampling.(NABL
112, 2008)
6. SCOPE
A self declaration shall be submitted by the laboratory
on the basis of the internal audit conducted by them, to
confirm to NABL that their
• collection centers /
• facilities
are complying with NABL norms and relevant clauses of
ISO 15189
7. DESCRIPTION AND TYPE OF LABORATORY
• Small Laboratory: A
laboratory receiving
up to 100 patients
per day
• Medium Laboratory:
A laboratory
receiving up to 101-
400 patients per day
• Large Laboratory: A
laboratory receiving
above 400 patients
per day
• Small sized: A laboratory receiving samples
of up to 100 subjects per day
• Medium sized: A laboratory receiving
samples of up to 101- 400 subjects per day
• Large sized: A laboratory receiving samples
of more than 401-1000 subjects per day
• Very large sized: A laboratory receiving
more than 1000 subjects per day
• Multiple location: A Medical laboratory
with more than one location in the same
• district, with same legal identity.
8. Legal Identity
• A Medical laboratory must produce relevant evidence of legal
identification which can be any of the following:
– Registration under the Indian Companies Act,
– Limited Liability Act,
– Partnership Act,
– Registration of Business as Sole Proprietor,
– Indian Trust Act, S
– ocieties Registration Act,
– Any Government notification in support of establishment of institution /
laboratory or any approval from local or regulatory bodies.
• Laboratory shall also comply with local / regional / national requirements.
9. Multiple location laboratory
• A laboratory operating at more than one location within a district having
the same legal identity will be considered as a single laboratory, provided
the analytes measured at different sites do not overlap and the
laboratory will be issued a single certificate. For example, facility for
cytogenetics could be at another site.
• However, if a laboratory requires separate certificates for individual
location, separate application for accreditation should be submitted for
each location.
• For Multiple location laboratory, a single certificate will be issued with
main laboratory's address on the accreditation certificate and details of
all locations in the annexure (i.e. scope of accreditation).
10. Multiple location laboratory
• Laboratories operating at more than one location
having separate legal identities will be treated as
independent laboratories even though they may be
part of same organization.
• Laboratories having one legal identity but operating in
different districts will be treated as independent
laboratories even though they are part of the same
organization.
• The accreditation certificate for a laboratory cannot
be transferred and shall be valid only for premises for
which it is issued.
11. Service agreements
• The users of laboratory shall be explicitly informed
about the non accredited status of tests requested
while entering into contract.
• This may be done by providing separate lists of
accredited and non accredited test parameters to
users.
• A copy of accredited scope shall also be made
available for reference.
12. Examination by referral laboratories
• NABL allows referral for second opinion for the tests of
Histopathology, Cytopathology, Bone Marrow examination,
Genetic tests and also for supplementary tests.
• Referral may also be required for confirmation of Biochemical,
Microbiological and Haematological tests. The referral
laboratory has to be NABL accredited.
• NABL also allows referral to experts of good professional
standing, some central laboratories (NCDC New Delhi, NIV
Pune, CCMB Hyderabad etc.) or other reputed institutions.
• A test in any discipline may be referred to another accredited
laboratory at the time of temporary incapacity of testing due
to unforeseen circumstances such as breakdown of equipment,
disasters, strikes etc.
13. Examination by referral laboratories
The laboratory produce:
• 1. Records of evaluation of the referral laboratories and a
copy of the NABL certificate along with the scope of each
laboratory.
• 2. MOU which may be maintained in a simple form.
14. Examination by referral laboratories
• Laboratory shall maintain records pertaining to lists of
tests and the names & addresses of the referral
laboratories from which services are obtained
preferably with details of the signatory responsible
for the report.
• The information is kept both in the „referral file and
the patient file.
• The referring laboratory shall give prior intimation to
the users about the tests being referred.
15. Advisory services
• Stand-alone laboratory shall communicate with their clients
(patients / clinicians) with regard to the choice of tests under
different clinical conditions, whenever required or sought.
• Communication may be through direct contact, email and / or
documentation.
• Hospital-attached laboratory personnel are encouraged to
participate in clinical rounds and meetings.
• The records of the above shall be maintained.
16. Control of records
• Particle Cell counter data – one week
• Molecular diagnostic gel pictures – 5
years
• Flow cytometry/ Immunophenotyping
data – 6 months (values only)
• Electrophoretogram – 1 year
• Haemoglobin HPLC data – 1 year
• Coagulation calibration/ standard
graph – 1 week
• Table/ chart of daily values of
internal quality control – 1 year
• The minimum period for retention of
test reports issued shall be 5 years
f o r H i s t o p a t h o l o g y a n d
Cytopathology and 1 year for other
disciplines.
17. 5.1 Personnel
• As per the latest Notification issued by Ministry of Health &
Family Welfare (MoHFW) dated 18th May, 2018 notifying
Clinical Establishment (Central Government) Amendment Rules,
2018, all laboratories are required to comply with it as
applicable.
18. 5.2. Accommodation and environmental
conditions
• adequate uninterrupted power supply is available so that there is no
compromise of stored data.
• All computers, peripherals, equipment and communication devices
shall be supported in such a way that service is not likely to be
interrupted.
• ensure the integrity of refrigerated and frozen samples / reagents
/ consumables in the event of a power failure.
• sample processing area should be segregated / separated from the
testing area. In particular, centrifuges should not occupy the same
working bench as testing instruments where vibration may
interfere with the results e.g. centrifuges & balances / analytical
instruments like automated analyzers.
• Gas cylinders shall be kept secure to prevent unintended movement
19. 5.3. Laboratory equipment, reagents and
consumables
• Verification of all automated / semi-automated systems is also
required and includes precision, accuracy, carryover and
wherever applicable, linearity.
• The laboratory shall check each lot of control and reagent
against an earlier tested in-use control / reagent lot. The
laboratory can follow guidelines mentioned in Annexure III.
Records of comparative data shall be maintained.
20. 5.3. Laboratory equipment, reagents and
consumables
• The label shall contain information like: content and
quantity, concentration or titer, date received /
prepared, date of opening, storage requirements and
expiry dates wherever applicable.
• Similarly, reagents prepared in-house shall have the
name & signature of individual who prepared the
reagent, storage requirements, date of preparation &
expiry.
21. Equipment Caliberation
• Centrifuge - Every six
months (where operating
speed is specified) -
Tachometer (mechanical
stroboscope or light cell
type) calibration of the
timing device and, where
ppropriate, the
temperature measurement
device will be required.
• In addition, performance
testing is recommended
for specific applications.
• Centrifuge - One
year - Tachometer
(contact / non-
contact type) or
Stroboscope.
• Calibrate
temperature using
PRT (Platinum
resistance
thermometer) with
digital indicator
22. Equipment Caliberation
• Masses - One year -
ASTM E617
• Mass - Two years
and can be extended
up to five years if
the mass is E1 Class
(stainless steel) -
OIML R111
Calibrated weight
shall be kept in
proper storage
condition to avoid
abnormal drift.
23. Equipment Caliberation
• Piston-operated volumetric
apparatus pipettes and
dispensers
• Initial and every six months
AS 4163 For gravimetric
checks, Volume delivery and
weighing under specified
conditions must be repeated
at least ten times.
• For adjustable devices check
volume delivered at several
settings. Delivery of volumes
less than 100 microlitre may
be verified by spectrometry
using a dye solution.
• Piston-operated volumetric apparatus,
pipettes and dispensers - Initial
manufacturer‟s certificate at the time
of purchase and calibration checks
every one year thereafter i)In-house
gravimetric checks: Repeat at least 10
times volume delivery and weighing.
(The laboratory may refer ISO 8655-
6:2002 for guidance).
• ii)Adjustable devices: take readings at
several settings of volume.
• iii)In-house verification of pipette
calibration: Volumes less than 100μl
should be checked with balances of
appropriate sensitivity / resolution.
24. Equipment Caliberation
• Thermometers Working
• (Liquid in glass,
resistance, electronic)
• One year Check against
a calibrated reference *
Initial check at
sufficient points to
cover the expected
working range followed
by six monthly checks
at ice-point within the
working range
• Thermometers - One
year- Calibration of
master thermometer
at required
temperature for
other thermometers
in laboratory
verification by using
calibrated
thermometer at 2-3
points covering
entire range.
25. Equipment Caliberation
• Laboratory may seek a compliance report for the equipment from the
accredited calibration laboratory.
• new equipment - Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational
Qualification (OQ) and Performance Qualification (PQ) should be
performed and documented.
• Periodic calibration verification should be carried out to ensure
continued stable performance of the equipment
• Cell counters, Clinical Biochemistry automated analysers, automated
coagulometers and ELISA readers shall be calibrated by manufacturer
at least once a year and be verified for calibration after preventive
maintenance.
• The calibration certificate shall contain raw data; just a certificate that
the apparatus has been calibrated is not sufficient. All raw data or
machine printout / screen shots should be captured and documented for
future use. The calibration should be as per manufacturer's
recommendations and criteria for acceptance of verification.
26. Equipment Caliberation
• During calibration of autoanalysers verification of power supply,
photometer / illuminometer / fluorimeter / LED that may / may not be
dye based, filter or emission light source lamps, pipettor assembly
inclusive of metering pump and syringe, pressure checks wherever
applicable, probe alignment and their carry over checks, temperature of
temperature-controlled chambers, cuvette calibration (wherever
applicable) and system checks should be carried out.
• In addition to the verification, analyte calibration may be performed and
appended. In case of semi-automated photometers, sipper calibration is
also required wherever applicable.
27. Equipment Caliberation
• Certain items of equipment (listed below) may be
calibrated by the laboratory itself without the service
of an external calibration body, provided the
laboratory has necessary reference standards and
materials (with traceability) and such calibration
procedures do not demand special techniques which
are outside the capability and experience of the
laboratory staff.
• The calibration status, date of calibration and due
date shall be exhibited on the equipment.
28. Equipment Caliberation
• ISE analyzers & ABG analyzers - Calibration
verification is in the form of self calibration.
• However, the electrode slope should be recorded to
ensure that there is no deviation. Thereby
requirement for change of electrodes is not missed.
29. Equipment Caliberation
• Refrigerators and deep freezers requiring critical and
continuous temperature control shall be fitted with
24x7 temperature recorders / data loggers.
• Deep freezers shall not have an automated defrosting
system without a manual override.
30. Pre-examination processes
• For venipuncture, an evacuated tube system is
preferred.
• Syringes should be avoided for safety reasons.
• If it is necessary to use a syringe, a safety device for
transferring blood to the tubes should be used viz.
Luer Adapter
31. Measurement uncertainty of measured quantity
values
• One of the components of measurement uncertainty (MU) is
precision / imprecision. This is obtained from running stable
controls.
• The laboratory shall run controls for each analyte where
measurements are in metric values with frequency described under
each discipline
• For practical purposes, imprecision data obtained from the routine
application of internal quality control is recommended as the
quantitative estimate of the uncertainty of measurement.
• With the caveat that quality control materials may not totally
reflect the analytical behavior of patient specimens, this
imprecision is most easily derived from long term internal quality
control (IQC) data, calculated as standard deviation (SD) or
32. Measurement uncertainty of measured quantity
values
• For the purpose of recording estimates of uncertainty of
measurement imprecision should be documented as k X
%CV.
• k is the coverage factor and at 95% confidence interval it
equals to ±1.96 approximated to ±2, so the uncertainty
of measurement could be set as:
a. Coefficient of Variation (%CV)
b. The uncertainty of measurement would be: ± 1.96 x %CV
approximated to ± 2 X %CV
33. Measurement uncertainty of measured quantity
values
• non quantitative set of tests, the laboratory shall
enlist the factors which could contribute to the
uncertainty of the results and also ensure that they
were given due attention while performing the test.
34. 5.6. Ensuring quality of examination results
• Alternative approaches
• For those tests where a formal EQA is not available, the
laboratory shall adopt alternative approaches to validate
performance. Such alternative approaches are:
Replicate testing
Examination of split samples (within the laboratory)
Use of reference methods & materials, where available
Exchange of samples with other accredited laboratories
35. 5.6. Ensuring quality of examination results
• When the laboratory exchanges samples with other
laboratories as an alternative approach to EQA participation,
following needs to be addressed:
In the case of comparison between 2 laboratories, one will
function as the “reference laboratory” against which the other
will be compared. This is to be documented as an MoU
When there are several laboratories, compare the result
against the “reference laboratory”-
36. 5.6. Ensuring quality of examination results
• The results obtained shall be compared statistically and for guidance,
the laboratory may refer to the most current edition of CLSI document
EP9 - Measurement Procedure Comparison and Bias Estimation Using
Patient Samples.
• Other quality assurance procedures which are useful in addition to IQC
but do not replace split sample analysis are:
Review of daily mean
Delta check
Clinical correlation
Correlation with other laboratory results
37. 5.6. Ensuring quality of examination results
Comparability of results
• If the laboratory uses more than one measuring system where the
measurements are not traceable to the same reference material /
reference method, or the biological reference interval are different, it
is essential to perform a comparability study between the systems and
prove that there is agreement in performance throughout appropriate
clinical intervals at least twice in a year using suitable statistical
procedures such as Bland - Altman plot and / or regression analysis.
• A written procedure and complete record of all such data shall be
retained till the next assessment.
38. 5.7 Post-examination processes
Treatment outside laboratory premises:
• The laboratory shall have a documented contract with a
licensed BMW Management Contractor or common waste
management facility as per the local, regional or national
guidelines.
• The laboratory shall follow the protocols laid by the
contractor regarding segregation of waste. This shall also be
displayed in colored posters at different sites of BMW
generation for ready reference of the staff. Evacuated tubes
may be treated as per the contractor’s requirement.
39. 5.7 Post-examination processes
Treatment inside laboratory
• Infectious microbiology waste – All infectious waste shall be
autoclaved before disposal. The laboratory shall have a
separate autoclave for waste treatment
• Other samples shall be treated with 1% fresh hypochlorite
solution for 30 mins. This can then be poured down the drain
in running water
• An effluent treatment plant may be placed as per local
requirements
40. 5.8. Release of results
• The laboratory shall establish and display critical
limits for tests which require immediate attention for
patient management.
• Test results within the critical limits shall be
communicated to the concerned clinician after proper
documentation.
41. Interim report
• Practically all hospital laboratories and a few stand-alone
laboratories operate round the clock (24X7). After routine
working hours the laboratory may not have an authorised
personnel on duty.
• The laboratory shall have the following arrangements in place.
• If feasible an authorised personnel should be posted to
supervise and authorise release of urgent tests in the
disciplines of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Pathology,
Haematology and Microbiology that are required for
immediate management of the patient. If there is no
authorized personnel on duty, the report will be "Interim".
42. • The laboratory shall ensure that:
Daily IQC shows no violation of the documented policy and
procedure.
The technical personnel posted during this period shall be
well trained and of proven competence to apply IQC rules.
The regular authorised personnel shall go through the
records on the next working day and issues a final report
after verifying that the results of these tests showed no
trend and that the IQC was valid. The records of these
shall be available till the next assessment.
43. Automated selection and reporting of results
• Many results on test samples may not require any further
interpretations, recommendations or further review by
authorized personnel.
• These results would automatically qualify to be released as such.
• Further, these could qualify as having been verified by an
authorized person if he or she has established the criteria for
results to qualify as not requiring further review.
• For establishing these criteria the authorized person shall make
use of available standards (e.g., CLSI Auto 10) or Guidelines
(e.g., ICSH for haematology - Laboratory Hematology 2005;
11:83-90. The International Consensus Group for Hematology
Review: Suggested Criteria for Action Following Automated CBC
and WBC Differential Analysis).
44. • Besides rule based verification, this could bring in the concept
of delta check
• the laboratory shall validate the impact of these rules / criteria
and its ability to automatically select the results for release.
• Once validated all the staff will be made aware of the same and
this process will be introduced under supervision.
• All these criteria and validation of rules are to be part of an
SOP.
• The review of criteria will be required if analytic principle or
platform undergoes a significant change.
45. Revised reports
• If a report is revised, a hard or soft copy of the
original and revised reports together with the reason
for revision shall be recorded and maintained.
46. 5.9. Laboratory Information Management
• Results generated by manual tests or by an automated
analyzer shall be communicated to the customers /
users through a computerized or paper based
information system which manages workflow, quality
and audit trail for the samples processed in the
laboratory.
• The laboratory shall have a documented procedure to
ensure that the confidentiality of patient information
is maintained at all times.
47. Information system management
a. When there is a comprehensive computerized information
system, all functions from accession to reporting shall be
verified after installation.
b. The general process should involve:
i. Input patient data and save demographics and clinical
information.
ii. retrieve the same data
iii. capture screen print
iv. compare with data on paper form or in a paperless system
v. sign and file with date
48. Information system management
c. There shall be a half-yearly review during which the above process
is repeated for a minimum of 10 different types of samples / tests.
d. Interfaces: Interfaces between hardware (analyzer) and LIS or
between software systems (LIS-HIS) shall be verified to ensure that
the interface transmits data in the intended manner and that there
is no misfiling of results in the database or in- appropriate formatting
of the report.
e. Rule based systems for automated selection and reporting of
results, shall be verified.
49. Information system management
f. If there is major change in any of the components of the
information system, the effect on the entire workflow for a selected
sample shall be demonstrated to have no deleterious effect.
g. Security and confidentiality: There shall be role based
authenticated access into the information system and there shall be
procedures to inactivate users who are no longer authorized to access
these systems. There shall be a facility to demonstrate an audit trail
to link the activity undertaken by a user with relation to patient data
or software change.
h. Redundancy (Back-up), manual procedures for down times and
disaster recovery systems along with SOPs should be in place and
certified by appropriate (local) information technology authority.