Myoglobin Role Aquatic Mammals

Myoglobin In Aquatic Mammals
Unlike a terrestrial habitat, an aquatic habitat is surrounded by dense water that only contains a low
concentration of dissolved oxygen. This low concentration of oxygen varies in other aquatic
habitats. For example, pools have less oxygen content than riffles of streams. Even though both
terrestrial and aquatic mammals share the same gas exchange system aquatic mammals have well
adapted to the aquatic habitat so survive. Aquatic mammals possess a protein called myoglobin,
which is a protein that stores oxygen and is found in the skeletal muscles . When diving mammals
such as dolphins dive, oxygen to the important organs is limited. The myoglobin present in aquatic
mammals is different to the myoglobin present in terrestrial mammals such as ... Show more content
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This means that they are not limited to living only in an aquatic habitat or a terrestrial habitat unlike
fish. Fish can only live in an aquatic habitat and have no special adaptations to live in a terrestrial
habitat. A fish's gas exchange system requires water to support the fish's filaments and to hold the
lamellae apart so that surface area can be kept large. If a fish were to live in a terrestrial habitat they
would be permanently exposed to air. This air would then make the filaments and the lamellae stick
together which would then greatly decrease the surface area to volume ratio. As a result, the
efficiency of gases diffusing would reduce. Fish's gills would desiccate without the water to keep
them moist so the respiratory gases would not be able to dissolve so it can diffuse into the blood.
However, due to the process of counter–current flow, fish can take in more of the oxygen that is in
water. This leads to a greatly efficient gas exchange. Mammals can avoid desiccation of their gas
exchange system as the air they breathe in is warmed and moistened by the nasal passages as it
enters the nostrils and the mouth. This allows the mammals to live in terrestrial or aquatic
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Wolves: The Overpopulation Of Certain Mammals
Wolves Wolves are very interesting mammals! Without wolves, I honestly think that we would have
an overpopulation of some certain animals such as deer, caribou, and moose. Wolves do what they
can to survive and use every obstacle as an advantage! Wolves will accept any challenge that is
"thrown at them" and no matter what, they will always come out on top and do their very best to
succeed in the challenge, or challenges, they may face. Wolves are very interesting because they are
strong, magnificent creatures who know how to work together, and function as a team and family.
Wolves can live in the coldest of places to the warmest! They can live in an area with the lowest
temperature of about –70 degrees Fahrenheit! How crazy is that! ... Show more content on
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It's not just the bond that brings them together though, it's also their similarities and how they relate
with one another. Wolves can be very different from each other but something that could bring them
together is the fact that they have the same types of physical characteristic and appearances. Some
physical characteristics that wolves have in common are their fantastic vision and amazing sense of
smell! Some other physical characteristics that wolves have in common are their powerful, muscular
legs and their strong lungs that help them run and catch prey that may be a long distance away. A
physical appearance that wolves have in common is their teeth! These animals have about forty–two
dangerously sharp teeth in their massive, powerful jaws! The advantage of having these teeth is that
they can easily rip apart and chomp down on their prey! I know, doesn't sound very appealing now
does it? Another aspect that I find interesting is the way that wolves work together and bond by
communicating with each other. Wolves can communicate by using a variety of facial expressions!
Some alpha males may stare at other wolves directly in the eyes to show them that they are not
afraid and they are the leader and the one in charge. Another way the communicate with each other
is by scent! Wolves will mark their territory by leaving a scent behind to let other wolves know that
they are there. Wolves

The Extinction of Pleistocene Mammals Essay
During the late Pleistocene, a mystery occurred in which large mammals went extinct in North
America while they survived in other parts of the world. Scientists studying the late Pleistocene
extinction provided a plethora of explanations, including overkill by humans, extraterrestrial events,
and climate changes (Faith and Surovell, 2009). However, there was no unified explanation that
they all agreed upon. Taking note of this, J. Tyler Faith and Todd A. Surovell conducted tests to
discover whether the extinction was a single event or a long–term process. Their findings were
important to other scientists in the same field, as they served as a guideline for their explanations of
catalysts of the extinction.
Scientists in this field have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some scientists have attributed the extinction to an extraterrestrial event. In 2009, another group of
scientists found nanodiamonds in the sediment layer dating back to the Younger Dryas a period of
glacial dewarming. Because these nanodiamonds needed conditions similar to that of cosmic
impacts to form, they concluded that a large group of comets might have impacted the Earth,
causing the Pleistocene extinction (Kennett et. al, 2009). Although the research done on late
Pleistocene extinctions was extensive, the conclusions for these explanatory models contradicted
one another.
Amid these conclusions, Faith and Surovell derived their question from the fact that one cannot
develop explanations for this phenomenon without knowing whether the extinction was a long–term
process or a single event. They hypothesized that the extinction during the North American late
Pleistocene was a single event that occurred between 12,000 and 10,000 radiocarbon years B.P.
(Faith and Surovell, 2009).
In order to test their hypothesis, they created a statistical test. The statistical test used data of the
occurrences of the fossils of extinct Pleistocene mammals in layers of rock and terminal Pleistocene
radiocarbon dates for a given taxon, or taxon dates. These dates were all rated as reliable or of
intermediate reliability. They found a pattern in the data specific to North American Pleistocene
mammals: the last

Marine Mammals in Captivity
Marine Mammals in Captivity Imagine you are a young orca living out in the ocean, enjoying life,
and having a great time. One day you get caught in a huge net, separated from your friends and
family, and taken away from your home. You are captured in a concrete tank and forced to perform
tricks for money for the rest of your life. Except you are not the one getting paid, but the people that
captured you. There are so many anti–slavery organizations in the world today and we are all
frightened by the thought of being held in captivity. While we fight against slavery, we do not
realize that we actually support it at the same time, just a different form of slavery. Although killer
whale shows are just an enjoyable form of entertainment, keeping whales in captivity is a cruel way
of making money which risks the lives of whales and the people that work with them. Thousands of
people every day pay money to see these shows, but they just don't realize how much do these
animals really suffer behind the glass. Keeping whales in captivity is a very brutal way of making
money. Many people do not realize that whales are not just fish; even though they live in the ocean,
they are actually considered as mammals, and are part of the dolphin family (Killer Whale 1).
Unlike goldfish and turtles that we can keep in aquariums, killer whales are huge, wild animals that
are meant to live in the sea. It has been documented that "no fewer than 21 of the world total of 42
orcas held in

Mammals Research Paper
Mammals Mammals are warm–blooded vertebrates that can be distinguished by a few factors. The
first one being, they give birth instead of laying eggs. Another is that if it is a female, then she has
the ability to produce milk to feed her young. Also some other things like the internal structure of
the heart, as they only have one main artery that leaves the heart curved to left, identified as the
aortic arch. Mammals are also endothermic creatures, so can produce and regulate their own body
heat. They are classed under Mammalia. Gaseous exchange system: Mammals Gaseous exchange
for mammals occur in the organs called the lungs. The external opening (mouth and nasal passages)
is connected by a system of airways which end in thin–walled alveoli ... Show more content on
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This is essential to survive in their deep oceanic environment as water pressure increases the further
down it goes (this is known as hydrostatic pressure, which = height of the fluid (h) by the density of
liquid (p) times the gravity constant (g)). However, even after the lungs are collapsed, some air still
remains in the alveolar sacs and gas exchange persists. This could create problems with nitrogen
being produced when resurfacing which causes problems with the living tissues, so to minimise this
decompression sickness after diving at rapid speeds or great depths, the air sacs collapse and push
the remaining air back into the bronchioles where the cartilages surrounding the tube prevents from
any gas exchange from occurring before

Are Dogs And Other Mammals?
Growing up with aggressive dogs in my house has given me a negative stigma about dogs and other
mammals. I feel whenever they are around people they have the tendency to bite. This gave me a
false perspective about animals in general, whether they bite or intimidate. Coming to the United
States and seeing how friendly dogs are with their owners was definitely a change of mindset
because I couldn't allow myself to believe that dogs are friendly. Therefore, I decided to volunteer at
the pet store on High Street in Morgantown to get an idea of what and why that was. Didn't use for
English 101. My first experience working at the Animal House was wonderful because two week
old kittens were just brought to the house. They were cute, tiny, white and, grey in color. Even
though they were beautiful, I just couldn't bring myself to touch them. Kate, the founder of the
house, gave me tips on how to get rid of my stigma by caring and bonding with the animals. The
knowledge I got from the Animal House has been very useful because I got to learn animals are not
just creatures we use when we need them; rather they are companions. My experience at animal
house has also made me give special attention to animals due to an incident that occurred. On a
warm Wednesday, after my classes, I went to the animal house to volunteer, and a dog had been
rescued from an owner, who abused him by starving, neglecting, and locking the dog up in its cage
for days. The dog suffered a traumatic condition

Differences Between Mammals And Mammals
QUESTION #3
Vertebrates divide into many different groups, in particular my interest leans towards mammals,
there are many different mammals they all come in different shapes and sizes. Mammals are animals
who feed their young with milk which is produced by their mammary glands and unlike other
animal's mammals have hair and inner ear bones. Mammals are a well–known vertebrate species
which include rodents, carnivores, herbivores, sea animals, hoofed animals, humans and others.
Mammals range in size from as big as a whale or an elephant to as small as a mouse or a bat.
Understanding mammals is much easier since humans themselves are mammals, since there are
about 5000 different species of mammals it is hard to learn all of them. One of the many interesting
vertebrate species we studied was the pig who happens to share a lot of anatomy with the human.
The respiratory system for example in the pig includes the nostrils and oral cavity, pharynx, trachea,
glottis, lungs. Very similar with the human system, the pig absorbs air through the nasal openings or
the oral cavity which then passes to the pharynx as it is traveling down it enters the glottis and from
there goes to the trachea which sends it down to the lungs where it enters the bronchial tubes to the
bronchioles and then into the alveoli with the reverse process applying for the exhale. Circulatory
system in pigs includes a four chambered heart, two atria and two ventricles, blood, veins, arteries,
capillaries. The

The Marine Mammal Protection Act Essay
The Marine Mammal Protection Act
Abstract
This paper includes information a particular environmental law. Specifically, the Marine Mammal
Protection Act is discussed along with the history and background of this particular environmental
law. In addition, the reasoning behind its existence will be elaborately deliberated.
The Marine Mammal Protection Act
The Marine Mammal Protection Act was established and signed in 1972. According to Ray and
Potter (2011), this bill was "passed, despite some times–contentious testimony, without significant
opposition or debate by both the House of Representatives and the Senate and was signed into law
on 21 October 1972". This particular environmental act sought to protect whales, dolphins, ... Show
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Congress created the Marine Mammal Protection Act as a reaction to the public's concern that
human activities were threatening to extinguish certain species of marine mammals. As Dye (1993)
states, "Congress enacted the MMPA to prohibit the harassing, catching and killing of marine
mammals by U.S. citizens or within the jurisdiction of the United States".
The MMPA is managed by primarily by both the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) external and
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) external. The Marine Mammal
Commission (MMC) external was bought in also to review and amend existing policies. This group
of three members, chosen by the U.S. President, is appointed for three year terms. The FWS and
NOAA have different roles in protecting marine mammals; the first taking responsibility for sea
otters, walruses, polar bears, manatees; the latter taking responsibility for pinnipeds, including seals
and sea lions, and cetaceans such as whales and dolphins. Also, the Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service external, part of the Department of Agriculture, is accountable for the regulations
managing marine mammals in captivity.
There have been a number of amendments to the MMPA since 1972. According to Risenhoover
(2012), "these amendments have added more legislation or, in some parts, lessened the regulations".
An example is the International Dolphin Conservation Act

Mammals Gas Exchange Research
Like insects aquatic mammals originated from terrestrial mammals. Mammals are much larger than
insects so they require different adaptations to be able to survive in an aquatic environment.
Mammals gas exchange occurs in the lungs because of this, mammals are not able to live
completely underwater. They still need to surface for air. Some live in the water for all stages of life
including whales and dolphins but others including seals breed on land. Land mammals are
generally not very efficient swimmers. However those that have evolved to become aquatic
mammals have developed streamlined bodies. Their ears have shrunk and are now small holes and
they have completely lost their back limbs. Their front limbs have been replaced with fins.
Mammals that have adapted to live in the aquatic environment have many advantages. This means
that their habitat is vastly larger than that of terrestrial mammals. They are able to feed, breed and
live both in the water and on land. It helps their survival as they are able to avoid predation ... Show
They are not limited for feeding or breeding times. They are able to efficiently obtain oxygen from
the water through their gill for gas exchange so that the fish can carry out respiration. Fish are able
to constantly carry out gas exchange without any limitations using there adaptations, especially
counter current flow. Fish are able to keep the gas exchange surface moist. The lamella mean the
surface area to volume ratio is large and they have thin preamble cell walls. The distance is short
because the walls of the lamella are very thin. However fish are limited to an aquatic environment.
They are not able to survive on land because their gas exchange surface is external meaning it is
prone to desiccation from the air. Gills are unable to extract oxygen from the air so gas exchange
cannot occur. As a result respiration cannot occur and the fish

The Evolutionary Crisis Of Marine Mammals
THE EVOLUTIONARY CRISIS OF MARINE MAMMALS Heidy Noriega PORTLAND
COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYLVANIA Table of Contents Introduction pg. 3 Evolution pg. 4
Climate Change pg. 5 Fishing pg. 6 Pollution pg. 6 Summary pg. 7 References pg. 8 Introduction
Marine mammals have held a residency on this Earth for millions of years with ancestors dating
back to prehistoric times. They are not only a part of our history, but also a part of myth and legends
that have been told throughout generations and various cultures. There are three major groups of
marine mammals found around the world. "Marine mammals include at least 117 species within the
orders Carnivora, Sirenia, and Cetacea (Thurman, 2014)." Today, these often gentle and intelligent
creatures are faced with many obstacles and challenges to survive and adapt. While adaptation has
been a natural process for all species through time and evolution, these sea creatures are being
forced to adapt at a faster rate in the last century. This has been largely due to an increase of human
fishing, ocean pollution, and climate change. Sadly, for some, these adjustments in their natural
environment are creating changes faster than they can evolve or survive. Figure 1 Evolution Sea
mammals have evolved from land animals to marine animals from their former land ancestors going
back as far as the Paleocene Age which occurred 65 million years ago. "The earliest representatives
of these

Marine Mammal Bycatch Essay
Throughout the years, marine mammal bycatch has continued to be a growing concern due to a
steady increase in mammal mortality rates. Mike Gaworecki mentions in his article that during this
past month the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration initiated a rule limiting seafood
imports from different countries that do not meet the United States new bycatch standards. Bycatch
is a term that means catching unwanted species when intending to fish for a different type of
species. On a daily basis multiple dolphins, whales, and other unwanted animals are being captured
because of inappropriate or ill–suited forms of netting and traps. By implementing this rule the
United States government hopes to prevent and reduce future cases of inappropriate capture. NOAA
claims that they feel this is necessary because they want to enforce more restrictions on fishery
related marine mammal deaths, while influencing other countries to improve on their fishing
methods.
The reason for this sudden ruling was because several conservation groups joined together to sue the
American government for lack of improvement throughout the years on fishery imports from other
countries. By losing this ruling, the United States government has been forced to change their
standards in order to support a previous act they made in 1972, The Marine Mammal Protection Act.
This act originally provided protection for all marine mammals and included their protection of
population sustainability. Over the years, the government had failed to continue this protection with
countries that they imported seafood supply from and thus led to stricter regulations. A key example
used to demonstrate some effects the seafood imports had include the ... Show more content on
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Source: https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/noaa–establishes–final–rule–on–marine–mammal–
bycatch–for–seafood–imports/ Alternative Source: http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/laws/mmpa/ Photo
Source:

Personal Narrative: Feathered Mammals
A soft wind runs over calm water, creating gentle ripples which lap at the murky surface. Taking a
deep breath, an assault of fish scented pond water fills my nostrils, causing the sensitive sniffer to
crinkle in disgust. The atmosphere, while calm, does nothing to smooth the grimace forming on my
face at the swarm of gnats floating atop the algae infested water. What a pity that the once gleaming
pond was now a waste pool. Gazing toward the grimy tarn, my eyes meander over a gliding flock of
ducks swimming in the water closest to me. Dirt encrusted feathered bodies wade across the pond
toward my resting place, each mammal following the other with no mind to the possible dangers.
How funny, that even feathered mammals blindly follow one another.

Subclinical Hypothyroidism In Mammals
The thyroid gland is prone to several distinct problems, some of which are extremely common.
These problems can be broken down into those concerning the production of hormone (too much, or
too little), those due to increased growth of the thyroid, causing compression of important neck
structures or simply appearing as a mass in the neck[1]. Subclinical hypothyroidism is diagnosed
when person has: No symptoms or mild symptoms of hypothyroidism, a mildly high thyroid–
stimulating hormone (TSH) level, and a normal thyroxine (T4) level[2]. Subclinical
hyperthyroidism is defined by low or undetectable serum thyroid–stimulating hormone levels, with
normal free thyroxine and total or free triiodothyronine (T3) levels[3]. People with subclinical
hyperthyroidism may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
White fat cells secrete many proteins acting as adipokines(cytokines secreted by adipose tissue)
such as resistin, adiponectin, leptin and Apelin[5]. Adiponectin is a 244–amino–acid–long protein.
There are four distinct regions of adiponectin. The first is a short signal sequence that targets the
hormone for secretion outside the cell; next is a short region that varies between species; the third is
a 65–amino acid region with similarity to collagenous proteins; the last is a globular domain[6].
Adiponectin has divers metabolic effect such as: glucose regulation (decreased gluconeogenesis
increased glucose uptake), fatty acid oxidation(β–oxidation, triglyceride clearance)[7, 8], insulin
sensitivity, weight loss and control of energy metabolism[9]. Interleukin 6 (IL–6) is an interleukin
that acts as both a pro–inflammatory cytokine and an anti–inflammatory myokine[10]. IL–6 is
secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response[11], in muscle and fatty tissue,
IL–6 stimulates energy mobilization that leads to increased body

Transitions Of Reptiles To Mammals Essay
Transitions of Reptiles to Mammals      A long long time ago, in a
galaxy not too far away, was a little blue planet called Earth, and on this world not a single mammal
lived. However a lot of time has past since then and we now have lots of furry creatures that are
collectively called mammals. How did they get their? Where did they come from? These are the
kinds of questions that led me to my subject of choice. I will endeavor to provide examples, using
specific transitional fossils, to show that mammals have evolved from a group of reptiles and were
simply not placed here by unknown forces.      Before I begin, I
would like to define some terms so that nobody gets left in the dust. ... Show more content on
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Primitive therapsids are present as fossils in certain Middle Permian deposits; later forms are known
from every continent except Australia but are most common in the Late Permian and Early Triassic
of South Africa.      The several features that separate modern
reptiles from modern mammals doubtlessly evolved at different rates. Many attributes of mammals
are correlated with their highly active lifestyle; for example, efficient double circulation of blood
with a completely four–chambered heart, anucleate and biconcave erythrocytes (blood cells), the
diaphragm, and the secondary palate (which separates passages of food and air and allows breathing
during mastication (chewing) or suckling). Hair for insulation correlates with endothermy (being
warm–blooded), the physiological maintenance of individual temperature independent of the
environmental temperature, and endothermy allows high levels of sustained activity. the unique
characteristics of mammals thus would seem to have evolved as a complex interrelated system.
Transitions to New Higher Taxa      Transitions often result in a
new "higher taxon" (a new genus, family, order, etc.) from a species belonging to
different, older taxon. There is nothing magical about this. The first members of the new group are
not bizzare, they are simply a new, slightly different species, barely different from the parent
species. Eventually they give rise to

Cephalization In Mammals
Cephalization is the process of concentration of neural cells within a distinct structure mostly in the
anterior region of the body. In mammals this neuronal region is known as CNS which resides in the
skull and the vertebral column. Cephalization is the key milestone in the history of evolution it is the
key to success for higher animals to survive. Highly developed brains provide agility and complex
behavioral strategies which increase the fitness of animals. If we talk about mammals; they originate
about 200 million years ago and are the most advanced group of animals. They are also very
intelligent and well adaptive creature. Highly developed CNS is responsible for their success.
According to Moroz (2009) two hypotheses are given to describe the evolution of the CNS. These
are monophyly and polyphyly. According to monophyly all the neuronal cells originated from a
single ancestral cell lines. Another hypothesis known as polyphyly, complex brains originated from
multiple origins in different animal lineages. In 1830, Geoffroy suggested the homology of ventral
and dorsal sides of the vertebrates. In 1994, Arendt et al., repotedted that during the evolution of
chordates inversion of the dorso–ventral body axis took place and the ventral side of the ancestral
arthropods become the dorsal side of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2000, Braton and Dartington proposed the concept of mosaic evolution of mammalian brain
structures according to which all brain structures evolved independently. Another consideration is
that brain must fit into the skull. In this regard in 2007 Dumber and Shults suggested that if
development constrains the skull size evolution the brain evolution is accompanied by increased
growth of one region and decrease in other region rather than increased

Mammal Gas Exchange
Gas Exchange in Mammals
As majority of the mammalian population resonate on land, they get their oxygen from air. Air has a
generally high oxygen level therefore is easy to ventilate, however mammals still run the risk of
desiccation (drying out) so their respiratory system is which is why certain species have specific
adaptations designed to reduce risk of water loss.
Mammals inhale air through the nasal cavity which then travels down a passage called the larynx
and then the trachea; 2 passages that ensure strength as well as flexibility and are both lined with
cartilage ring to keep the airway open, yet allow structural support when the neck is moved (varies
in different mammals). This is a function similar to that of an insect. The trachea then splits off into
a left and right bronchus. These bronchi are the primary tracts in the respiratory airway that
conducts air in to each lung. The bronchi then split off further into finer tubes called ... Show more
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The interior of the nasal cavity has adaptations that allow respiration to occur as efficiently and
effectively as possible for the organism. For example, the humidity of the air when it enters the
nasal cavity is increased to avoid water loss and decrease the risk of desiccation of the gas exchange
surfaces as well as reducing risk of damage to lungs. This is particularly important adaptation for
terrestrial organisms that live in dry habitats. Some mammals can even seal their nostrils to further
reduce chance of water loss. These adaptations also protect against the entry of unwanted debris
such as dust to pass through into the respiratory system. Camels for example, live in hot, dry
environments. Living in a sand based environment, camels are adapted and can seal their nostrils
which protects them from sand and other debris entering their nostrils which would cause potential
internal

Role And Importance Of The Ecological Roles Of Marine Mammals
Ecological Roles of Marine Mammals In the recent past, extensive researches have been carried out
to determine the role of marine animals in the ecosystem. According to the World Ocean
Assessment Team (2017), sea mammals feed at various tropic altitudes, ranging from fresh marine
ecosystems to open–ocean ecosystems, and they are also present in almost all latitudes. This paper
seeks to examine the ecological roles and significance of the marine creatures in the aquatic
ecosystems.
Stabilizing the Ecosystem The first ecological role played by sea mammals is stabilizing the marine
ecosystem. For instance, whales assist in regulating the movement of food by supporting a stable
food chain and making it certain that some various species do not overpopulate the aquatic
ecosystem. Estes, Doak, Springer, and Williams (2009) state that the blue whale can eat
approximately 40 million krill per day and it has a big impact on the stabilization of the aquatic
ecosystem. If the marine mammals become extinct, the food chain would be destabilized, and some
animals would overpopulate the ecosystem. Overpopulation has a detrimental effect on both the
aquatic and terrestrial animals (Young & Reales, 2016). This is based on the fact that overpopulation
leads to quick depletion of resources in the aquatic environment. According to Parsons and Bauer
(2013), the ecological exchanges that involve the sea animals and their target kill can be intricate.
Based on the organization of the feeding

Sahara Desert Large Mammals Flipped Into Extinction
African Lions are well known for their majestic look, especially males: with a height of four feet, a
length up to eight feet and a weight up to 500 pounds, there is no denying their magnificent
appearance. The treatment of these impressive creatures seems to be a great topic of debate in Africa
though. According to the article "Sahara Desert's Large Mammals Slipping into Extinction" by the
Environment News Service, human interference has been one of the biggest factors in the massive
decrease of the lion population. However Maryke Van Der Merwe, a manager of a popular lion
ranch in South Africa, states in "Lions Bred for Slaughter" by Patrick Barkham that their lions are
not involved in any hunting activity, but instead they are provided with proper love and affection on
her ranch. After reading both articles, it is obvious that the treatment of African Lions is extremely
inhumane. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the article, "Estimates of the African lion population range between 16,500 and 47,000
living in the wild in 2002–2004, down from the estimates in the early 1990s as high as 100,000 and
up to 400,000 in 1950" (Environment News Service). This means that in a period of over ten years,
there has been a 53% to 83% decrease, and in about fifty years there has been an 88% to 96%
decrease in the Sahara's lion population. There is evidence as to why so many lions have
disappeared. "Habitat loss and conflicts with humans are considered the most dangerous threats to
the species [African lions]" (Environment News Service). These lions are losing their homes and
their lives due to human

The Evolution Of Monogamy In Mammals
The evolution of monogamy in mammals has been challenging to understand for ecologists for
many years, because in most cases male mammals are thought to have higher fitness through
polygamous mating. One of the principles of evolution is that animals want to maximize their
reproductive success, so two animals committing to one another kind of seems counter–intuitive.
Animals want to pass on their genes to the next generation, and having more offspring means there
's a higher chance of survival. When females have long lactation periods or gestation, they are
unable to mate during this time, so it would seem to be advantageous for the male to move on to
their next mate. In a biology context, monogamy is when one male mates to one female forming an
exclusive bond. Research shows that approximately 3–5% of mammals are considered monogamous
compared to about 90% of birds and out of a total of 4,000 mammalian species (Munshi–South).
Birds seem to be extremely monogamous because both male and female birds actively participate in
the growth of their hatchlings. The equitable division of the labor gives the male bird more of a
reason to stick around (Munshi–South).
Although most mammals are not monogamous why do some of them exhibit this behavior? We
could address this question by looking at different examples of monogamous mammals and what
genetic and environmental factors could have influenced this behavior. We can also look at what
hormones could be involved in pair–bonding

What Causes Mammals To Be Extinct?
Every year thousands of mammals are killed due to natural causes and human activity. They can be
affected by climate change, deforestation, hunting, and littering. Usually leaving them endangered
and in most cases extinct. In the world, there are many factors that cause mammals to become
extinct. Climate change is a common factor in what causes mammals to become endangered and
later extinct. Climate change mostly caused extinction for two out of every three large mammals in
the world. Some mammals that went into extinction because of global warming were: Mammoths,
Arabian gazelle, Bulldog rat Central rock rat, Columbian hutia, Corozal rat, Corsican shrew, Cuban
spider monkey, Curacao sloth, Dark flying fox, Darling Downs hopping mouse, Darwin's Galapagos
mouse, Dinosaurs... etc. Over the years climate change has increasingly been at fault for the massive
loss of mammals dying off. Huge loses of mammals are occurring all over the world, or becoming
endangered. It starts when the little mammals can't adapt to the rapid changing of the weather then it
slowly starts to affects the larger mammals. "Climate change affects the little guy first and then,
through them, the bigger guys. Today we see humans taking out the bigger animals and climate
change affecting the smaller animals. So we can expect to see some pretty dramatic changes in the
ecosystem" (Barnosky 3). Some might argue that the planet is changing at such a fast pace, that the
mammals don't even have time to adjust to

Mammal Essay
Introduced Mammals
Bovidae, Suidae and Equidae
The introduced Bovidae, Suidae and Equidae families members found at Currawinya National Park
are Bos Taurus, Capra hircus, Sus scrofa and Equus caballus (Queensland Government (c), 2017).
Or more commonly European cattle, goats, pigs and horses.
Habitat requirements
The Bovidae, Suidae and Equidae members found in the park have the capability to adapt to a wide
range of habitats. Each family being able to occupy temperate terrestrial habitats such as savanna,
grassland, forest and many more (Clement; Mileski).
Feeding requirements
The Bovidae and Equidae are herbivores feeding on primarily leaves, stem, bark, nuts and grains
while Sus scrofa from the Suidae family is an omnivore ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Vulpes vulpes lives in a varied habitat ranging from desert to forest to human populated areas
(L.Fox).
Feeding requirements
Similar to habitat requirements, the feeding requirements of Felis Catus and Oryctolagus cuniculus
differ fairly significantly being carnivorous, consuming terrestrial vertebrates such as birds and
insects and herbivorous consuming leaves, tubers, seeds, fruit and flowers respectively (Tislerics;
Birch). Again like the habitat requirements Vulpes vulpes falls in the middle being an omnivore
consuming a diet including birds, mammals, reptiles and fruit (L.Fox).
Influences
Vulpes vuples and felis catus are two of the most prominent predators with in Currawinya National
Park, predating on families such as the Dasyuridae, Muridae, Tachyglossidae and Thylacomyidae
(The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , 2017 ; Burbidge & Woinarski, 2016).
Influences at Currawinya National Park
For many of the families present at Currawinya National Park, habitat degradation is one of the
main influences on their survival across the country, while much of the habitat degradation in the
park is natural ware away and break down, some is due to high visitor usage of particular areas
(Queensland Government , 2001). However it is important to note that any degraded sites across the
park such as possible erosion, area disturbances or washouts are rehabilitated to allow

Essay about The Ancient Relatives of Mammals
The mammalian line of descent reaches back to over 300 million years. The ancient relatives of
mammals were extremely different in terms of appearance from living mammals, and are often
mistaken for reptiles (for example dinosaurs). In reality though, these relatives of mammals, called
synapsids, are more like mammals than reptiles. Synapsids are often described as "mammal–like
reptiles" because they show both reptilian and mammalian traits. They lived right before the
Mesozoic Era, during the Permian Period (286–251 mya). Synapsids derive their name from the fact
that they had only one temporal opening on each side of the skull (called laterotemporal fenestrae),
just like all mammals. Many synapsids had features that were considered ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are believed to have hunted larger herbivores in packs (similar to wolves). Lystrosaurus was
another hippo–like aquatic creature. Cistecephalus lived underground, where it most likely dug for
insects and worms. Estemmenosuchus was another Permian carnivore whose skull had many bony
outgrowths. According to Neo–Darwinian theory, all the functional diversity (the various synapsid
types) was wiped out as the reptiles of the Mesozoic Era overtook the synapsids. It is usually said
that only the basic structural plan of modern day mammals was derived from the synapsids. This
view is technically flawed because in terms of fossilized remains (the only basis by which the
structure of an extinct animal can be remade), only a small amount of traits consistently
distinguished mammals from reptiles. In damaged and fragmented fossils, these traits are practically
undetectable. So how can one tell what the basic structural plan that was derived from synapsids
was?
Regardless of this, only one thing is known for sure – Non–mammalian synapsids did not evolve
from reptiles. We know for a fact that non mammalian synapsids have something to do with the
origin of mammals, but what happened to these fascinating creatures during the Mesozoic Era and
how they gave rise to "real mammals" is unknown.
The information we have on these unique group of animals is in fact very hazy and confusing, but
perhaps with more researchers and new information, the

Informative Speech On Marine Mammals
When you think of mammals, what do you do you think of? You probably think about warm–
blooded, air breathing animals. Mammals are animals with spinal columns, which are called
vertebrates, that have warm blood, hair, and they breathe air. Yes, all mammals do indeed breathe
air; it depends on the size of the mammal for their frequency of breathing. All mammals also
provide milk through mammary glands. For example, women get pregnant and they produce breast
milk through the mammary glands of their breast to feed their babies, well if you count us humans
as mammals. Marine mammals. Marine mammals are mammals that live under water and spend
their lives in the water, such as dolphins, whales, etc. I know what you're probably thinking, how do
mammals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Killer whales are very dangerous. Sometimes you can't always trust them. The attacks happen out of
nowhere, and no one really knows why they happen. You should remember that they are very strong
and might not know their own strength. So what the attacks at "Sea World" might have been
mistakes from them trying to be playful, you never know. Let's talk about polar bears. Polar bears
are considered marine mammals because their lives really are mostly underwater. They spend time
and get food from the ocean. The white fur of a polar bear is meant for the polar bear to be
camouflaged with the snow. Under all the fur polar bears are black. Polar bears are good at
swimming, hunting, and keeping clean. Of Course, polar bears are the only bears that are marines.
The Rodent family. Rats are part of the rodent family of mammals. The rodent family includes
squirrels, mice, rats, etc. Rats may not be everyone's favorite animal, but they actually have some
cool traits. Rats are able to track things with their noses. For example, put a rat in a maze with a
piece of cheese at the end; they'll get through easily. Mice are the same too. Mice are like rats but
different in ways. Rats vs.

Comparing Mammal Species Across Different Habitats
Comparing Mammal Species Across Different Habitats In marine mammal biology a large portion
of the study is dedicated towards the study of adaptations to the marine environment. By comparing
the anatomy between marine mammals and terrestrial mammals scientists can better understand
evolutionary history of how these two categories of mammals diverged from one another. The
purpose of this lab was to study the anatomy of different marine and terrestrial mammals and
compare their similarities and differences in homologous traits and how adaptations were made
specifically for marine mammals to survive the aquatic environment. To accomplish this bones of
different species of animals were studied since these structures serve as the basis for comparison
across species as well as an indicator of each animal's individual morphology and physiology. A
standard measurement protocol for bones of particular regions of the skeleton was established with
emphasis on length versus width ratio as well as it's overall size relative to its more complex
features, i.e. humerus length versus hand length. Materials and Methods: Materials for this
laboratory included Microsoft excel to compile data, a pen and paper to record data, a 15cm ruler,
string, a caliper, and a two meter ruler. Since bones often times vary in width in certain portions of
the same bone due to the presence of joints and processes the bone was measured at the midpoint
along its length for its true width. Measurements

The Age Of Mammals
*Mammals are characterized by the presence of mammary glands, hair, neocortex region in the
brain, and three specialized middle ear bones. *They are warm–blooded and air–breathing animals.
*They are adapted for living in a wide range of environments (including the ocean, underground,
and land).
*Coenozoic era is known as the Age ofmammals which occurs 65 million years ago till today. *The
first mammal was not a primate but it was, in fact included in a group of reptiles called therapists.
They lived ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
*At birth, a panda is smaller than a mouse and weighs about four ounces. *Hooded seals have the
shortest childhood of all mammals. *A giraffe's tongue is 20 inches long which is used by them to
clean their own ears. *A hard working mole can dig a hole up to 300 feet deep over night. *The
heart of wale beats very slowly.It is as slow as that it beats once in every 6 seconds. *All polar bears
are left handed. *Beavers can hold their breath for up to 15 minutes. *Beavers' teeth never stop
growing. *Chimpanzees can go bald as they age. *Elephants normally walk about 4 mph.
*Elephants can smell water up to 3 miles away. * Killer whale the fastest mammal in water. It can
swim at speeds of 34 mph. *Among mammals the bowhead whale has the longest lifespan. It can
live for 100 years or

The Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP)
The Navy Marine Mammal Program (NMMP), located in San Diego, California, has been going on
for many years, beginning in the late 1950s, when the Navy began to study the unique attributes of
marine mammals, such as their hydrodynamics. By understanding how certain animals maneuver in
the water, perhaps the Navy could improve torpedo, ship and submarine designs (Marine Mammal
Program). The Navy soon realized that dolphins would be valuable assistants to their divers working
in the abyss of the open ocean. Unlike human divers, marine mammals are capable of making
repetitive deep dives without experiencing "the bends," or decompression sickness, a condition that
arises from dissolved gases forming into bubbles within the body as a result from diving ... Show
Thomas I. White, a professor of business at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, states
that research demonstrates that dolphins view themselves and other dolphins as "individuals," a
mind trait similar to humans. The new findings about dolphins should give them a "moral standing
as individuals, not just a group," (Clemmitt Animal Intelligence). All of the new research surfacing
about animal intelligence and rights could give these animals, such as the ones in the Navy's Marine
Mammal Program, a new standing chance towards freedom

Dentition In Carnivorous Mammals
4. The morphological trait is the dentition in carnivorous mammals. The first species is Panthera
tigris, class Mammalia, order Carnivora and family Panthera. The second species is Ursus arctos,
class Mammalia, order Carnivora and family Ursidae. The third species is Hyaena hyaena, class
Mammalia, order Carnivora and family Hyaenidae. The fourth species is Panthera uncia, class
Mammalia, order Carnivora and family Felidae. The fifth species is Canis lupis, class Mammalia,
order Carnivora and family Canidae. The dentition provides a wealth of knowledge about the diet as
well as prey capture abilities.
The hypothesis is that by having more prominent and larger canines it should provide an advantage
in grasping and capturing of prey. This is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is little evidence of studies similar to the hypothesis proposed however there is evidence
showing that large canines do propose some advantages when killing prey. The size of the canine
determines the size of the prey that could be captured thereby suggesting that a correlation is likely
to be observed. Evidence would need to be in that smaller canines show a decrease in the success of
prey capture. This alongside and advantage to having larger canines shown through increased
success in prey capture would provide good support for the hypothesis. Evidence would also need to
identify the outlying variables that could impact the successful of prey capture through careful
control of the experiment and accounting for the factors when the results are

Mammals Should Be Kept In Captivity
Can you imagine living in a cage for the rest of your life? Mammals are born to swim freely, they
are not meant to entertain an audience. TIlikum killed Dawn Brancheau, she was in the water with
him trying to train him to do more tricks, and he grabbed her, put her in his mouth and dragged her
underwater and drowned her (us.whales.org). rest of your life? Mammals do not deserve to be kept
in captivity. They are born to live in the wild, and they should be free and not kept in a small tank or
pool for the rest of their life. Tilikum was an orca who was captured and taken away from his family
at the age of 2. He recently passed away. He was kept in captivity for over 30 years. Mammals are
born to swim freely, they are not meant to entertain an audience. TIlikum killed Dawn Brancheau,
she was in the water with him trying to train him to do more tricks, and he grabbed her, put her in
his mouth and dragged her underwater and drowned her (us.whales.org). Brancheau's ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The only time he would be let out is at the end of the show or when nobody was there. Tilikum
wasn't treated right. He was treated differently than all of the other mammals there. 128 orcas are
now dead because they were kept in captivity. Some orcas that were born in captivity are now dead.
Tilikum was captured near Iceland in November 1983 (seaworldofhurt.com). After he was captured,
he was kept in a cement holding tank for almost a year in Hafnarfjörður Marine Zoo near Iceland.
All he could do was swim in small circles and float aimlessly at the surface of the water. Then
Tilikum was switched over to Sealand, which is in Canada. His cage was only 100x50 foot pool that
was only 35 feet deep. When Sealand closed at the end of the day, the 3 orcas that were there, were
kept all together and they weren't let out until the park reopened the next day. They were kept in a
small tiny metal module for more than 14 hours

Marine Mammal Bycatch Research Papers
Acoustic Pingers on Nets in order to reduce Marine Mammal Bycatch
A topic that is known for its controversy is the use of acoustic pingers on fishing nets in an attempt
to reduce marine mammal bycatch. While this idea seems appealing and has its potential benefits,
there are also drawbacks to the use of this kind of device as well. When a device such as the
acoustic pinger is invented, it is important to consider the various types of impacts it will have,
especially in terms of marine mammal species conservation.
The desired goal of installation of acoustic pingers on fishing nets is to notably reduce the amount
of marine mammal bycatch in fishing nets. While this is the immediate effect of the acoustic
pingers, potential long–term effects ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose of these devices is to reduce such bycatch, but with every tool there are pros and cons,
positive and negative effects. When an acoustic pinger is put to use, all of these effects must be
considered too when a marine mammal is exposed to the noise emitted by an acoustic pinger:
potential for habituation, the "dinner bell effect", changes in swimming behaviors and respiration
rates, potential for change in echolocation behaviors, and the ideal frequency the pinger must have
to create avoidance from fishery nets. Change in behaviors of fish not targeted by the acoustic
pingers should still be taken into account as well upon use of these pingers. In addition, issues can
lie within how the acoustic pinger is handled by fishermen: inefficient usage and the potential for
equipment failure, along with varying degrees of willingness to use such a device on fishing trips
can greatly impact the reduction rates of marine mammal bycatch, and even create the risk of further
increasing bycatch rates when the goal was to lower them in the first place. Thus, while acoustic
pingers were built with good intentions at conserving marine mammal species in attempt to reduce
their rates as bycatch in fisherman nets, careful consideration must occur when putting one of these
devices into actual use, including analysis of impacts from the perspectives of the target marine
mammal species, the non–targeted nearby fish species, and the fishermen running the fishing nets.
The conclusion can be drawn that if acoustic pingers are put into use, they must be completely be
put into use as a full and not partial set of pingers on the net, high maintenance must be kept up with
to lower the chance of equipment failure, and the pingers must be specialized for certain marine
mammal species in order to produce optimal results of reduction of marine mammal bycatch. It
seems that the

Convergence In Mammals
By comparing the DNA of each species, scientist can name which species evolved by convergence.
Convergent evolution occurs when there is two unrelated ancient or parental species can evolve to
look more and more alike. Two species may strongly resemble each other but they are completely
unrelated to one another – just like Losos found in his observation. A casual observer may assume
that two organisms that look alike are in the same species but they're actually not related at all. Take
fish and dolphins as another example; they look similar but they are very different species. They
both have fins and a tail, however, dolphins are mammals. Since these two species are subjected to
the same environmental niches, fish and dolphins independently evolved having similar morphology
since it is the most effective and efficient way of moving through the water (Convergent evolution).
The traits that they developed arose on their own, favored by natural selection ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The data they collected from these observations are similar with what the lizards are doing in their
natural environment. As expected, a trunk–ground lizard stays on the ground and on broad surfaces
to use their rapidness to catch prey and to avoid predators. By contrast, twig anoles are slower, they
usually live on narrow and irregular surfaces to capture their prey and they use this strategy to avoid
being seen by predators. The Anolis lizards provides an example of adaptive radiation – a situation
in which an ancestral species diversified to produce a set of descendant species that are adapted to
using a wide variety of different ecological niches (Into the light 82) – was repeated four times with
the same outcome on each island. In the book Into The Light by Losos, he explained

Mammal Exhalation Research Paper
A Mammal is a member of a large group of animals with warm blood, fur and the ability to produce
milk. Gas exchange in mammals occurs by the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon
dioxide. As mammals inhale oxygen it passes through the trachea which is a long tube made out of
c–shaped cartilage ring which widens and lengthens as the mammal inhales and goes back to its
normal shape when the mammal exhales. Inhalation is when the diaphragm relaxes releasing the
pressure inside the lungs which draws oxygen into the body through the mouth, down the trachea,
bronchi (tubes connecting to the trachea) and the bronchioles (small connecting tubes between the
bronchi and alveoli within the lungs). Exhalation is when it contracts and increases the pressure in
the lungs pushing carbon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that before carbon dioxide can diffuse into the capillaries through the alveolus there
must be a low carbon dioxide concentration in the alveolus so that is can diffuse out of the blood
into the capillaries and into an alveolus (since diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of
high to an area of low concentration). This is the same for oxygen but in order for oxygen to diffuse
into the capillaries and then into the blood stream there must be a high concentration of oxygen in
the alveolus, from here the oxygen rich blood flows to the many places around the body where it is
needed. A ventilation system allows this process of diffusion of both gases to occur by getting rid of
the carbon dioxide in the alveolus and bringing in more oxygen. A sustainable blood flow is crucial
for Gas Exchange as it is the process of the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the
blood stream. The vast network of capillaries surrounding the alveolus ensures a continuous supply
of blood to carry the oxygen away. Within the blood is the presence of the respiratory pigment
called haemoglobin, this pigment binds with blood to increase the oxygen carrying ability of

The Majestic Mammal
It took about five to six years for a Woolly Mammoth Calf to wean from a mother (as cited in
"Columbian Mammoth & Channel Island Mammoth"). Mammoths were interesting creatures. They
roamed the earth for thousands of years. They even survived one of the greatest ice ages in Earth's
history. There were many different kinds of mammoths that evolved, and eventually, went extinct.
When one studies the genus of mammuthus, they might want to look at interesting facts, the
different species, how they evolved with their surroundings, and the theories of their extinction.
First, mammoths were an interesting animal. They lived all over the world. At the beginning, they
lived in Eurasia and Africa, but as time went on, they moved over to North America ("About
Mammoths"). Mammoths even roamed the earth from five million to four thousand years ago
("Mammoth's Info"). During the ice age, it took the average woolly mammoth calf about five or six
years to wean, and this showed that the cold conditions were tough for the young mammals (as cited
in "Columbian Mammoth & Channel Island Mammoth"). Also, woolly mammoths weren't the only
"woolly" creatures during this time. There were also a species called the woolly rhinoceroses that
existed around the same time ("10 Fascinating Facts about Woolly Mammoths"). African elephants
aren't even that much smaller than woolly mammoths like many people are lead to believe. The
average male woolly mammoth was only about nine to eleven feet

Drinking Mammal Milk
Introduction Due to the well known health issues that are associated with drinking mammal milk,
which includes lactose intolerance, a multitude of substitutions for milk containing lactose have
been promoted to lactose intolerant individuals. Lactase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of
lactose hydrolyzing into glucose and galactose, which allows it to be digested. Humans naturally
produce this enzyme, however, for some this production ceases as they age. Given that humans
cannot digest lactose if it is not properly broken down, many intestinal issues can occur, such as
bloating, constipation, and diarrhea. There are many alternatives to animal milk for individuals who
have an insufficient quantity of lactase, such as rice, almond, and lactose free milk. These
alternative milks are essential given that "more than 70% of the world's population are lactose
intolerant, which varies by race and age" (Monakhova, et al, 2011). Our hypothesis was that if
lactose is present in mammals, then more glucose will show up in mammal milk at gastric acid pH
because the enzyme, lactase, will have more lactose to catalyze at the intestinal pH where the ...
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It could be concluded that lactose free milk is highly saturated with glucose, giving it a sweet taste
and resulting in a constant glucose level at both pH's. However, rice milk's sweetness derives from
the high concentration of brown rice present; the initial concentration of glucose would be higher
than the measurements at pH 4 and pH 1.2 due to the fact that the low pH protonated the
carbohydrates present, possibly affecting the structure and lessening the glucose present through
denature. The almond milk was not sweetened with glucose at all, resulting in zero glucose as
shown in Figure 2; the added pH and enzyme displayed no

Evolution Of A Large Mammal 's Life Cycles
Fossils are considered to be evolutionary markers that records a lineages of creatures across time –
providing a distinct way to compare different species. When Darwin set forth on a journey to the
Galapagos Islands, he discovered many aspects of evolution. During his expedition, he discovered
the fossils of creatures which closely resembled the modern armadillos. At that time, Darwin did not
possess any tools or resources to predict the phylogenetic lineages and the evolutionary history of
the armadillos. However, using modern day science and techniques like DNA and protein
sequencing, it is now possible to better understand the relationships between different organisms.
Furthermore, by observing the early developmental (embryonic) stages of a large mammal's life
cycles it is possible to indicate the relationship of the mammals with other mammals6. The
combination of these methods may lead us to determine the phylogenetic position of armadillos
Dasypodidae and other related organisms, such as anteaters and sloths.
Armadillos' evolutionary history has been a subject of many controversies and has been revised
multiple times. Nevertheless, new developments in sequencing have allowed us to better understand
the evolutionary relations using the DNA and proteins found in the fossils. By the use of these
techniques, we are able to see the points of similarities among different species of armadillos.
Furthermore, we can produce a phylogenetic tree to see the divergence of

Terrestrial Mammals: A Comparative Essay
Several lineages of terrestrial mammals evolved separately to live in marine environments.
Although there are several different lineages of marine mammals; many did not originate their
marine adaptations from a common ancestor. Different marine mammals do share similarities in
morphology and show convergent evolution. The environment has shaped these species in similar
ways. Through research, it is known that all mammals, marine or otherwise, share a common
ancestor far back in their phylogenetic tree, but some are more closely related than others. These
phylogenetic origins of marine mammals can be looked at to compare and contrast the similarities
that they share because of a common ancestor and those similarities they share because of
convergent

Chemical Contamination In Marine Mammals
Abstract Dating back to the 1970s when people began to realize the toxic effects pollutants like
PCBs and DDT were having on all kinds of organisms, marine mammals came into focus as
particularly vulnerable and at risk for adverse health effects with exposure to these contaminants.
Since then researchers have worked to determine exactly what harm these animals are succumbing
to. The chemical properties of persistent organic pollutants along with the biomagnification of
organochlorines through the trophic levels and the bioaccumulation of these chemicals in the
blubber of marine mammals, explain why these animals are significantly affected by these
hazardous chemicals. Bioaccumulation can also explain important trends in PCBs and DDT
concentrations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Marine mammals can live for decades and have large blubber layers that attract and store fat soluble
chemicals. They also feed at the top levels of long food chains and therefore act as and end point for
much of the accumulation in food webs (O'Shea, 1999). This concept encompasses two major
principles of contamination in marine mammals: bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The latter
is described as the tendency of organochlorines to concentrate as they are moved up the trophic
levels (O'Shea, 1999). An evaluation of the chemical contaminants found in marine mammals from
Washington state found that PCB concentrations in seal blubber were 110 times higher than levels
found in their fish prey in the Puget Sound, and 56 times higher than their fish prey in Hood Canal
(Calambokidis et al., 1984). Calambokidis et al. (1984) concludes there was a significant percentage
of organochlorines in fish prey being absorbed and stored by adult male seals. Biomagnification
relates to the various diets of marine mammals at different levels in a food chain. Odontocetes and
pinnipeds who feed on higher trophic levels such as fish, invertebrates, squid, and other marine
mammals, tend to have higher organochlorine concentrations than Mysticetes or low trophic level
feeders (O'Shea, 1999). A prime example of this is comparing two eco–types of Orcinus orca,
transient and resident, from the Kenai Fjords/Prince William Sound, AK region (Ylitalo et al.,
2001). Although there are many distinctions between these two groups such as habitat use, the main
one is that transient killer whales are marine mammal eaters and resident killer whales are fish
eaters. This difference causes much higher concentrations of organochlorines in transient killer
whales than in resident groups, indicating species who feed in higher trophic levels collect more
organochlorines (Ylitalo et al., 2001). O'Shea (1999) had

Seaworld: A Powerful Marine Mammals
Killer whales are SeaWorld's main attraction. The Shamu show is something children of all ages can
enjoy over and over again. Watching these big powerful marine mammals soar in the air with such
grace and easy. The magnificence of these mammals never cease to amaze mankind. Killer whales
are the largest member of the dolphin family. SeaWorld has three parks in California, Texas, and
Florida. SeaWorld is a billion–dollar corporation that will not spend the money to properly house
these large mammals. These animals have been known to lash and kill in captivity. The
mistreatment and cruelty of these orcas is unjust and needs to be stopped. "Can you imagine being
in a small concrete enclosure for your life when you're used to swimming ... Show more content on
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Some of SeaWorld's whales come from the wild. They heard them to a cove and take the calves
away and let the rest go. These animals have an additional brain structure that humans don't have.
Killer whales not only have larger brains than humans, but they have a part of the brain that we don't
have, possessing an extra lobe of tissue that lies adjacent to their limbic system and neocortex. This
lobe has something to do with thinking, of course, but also with the processing of emotions... killer
whales may have a greater capacity for emotion. That is, they may experience the same emotions in
a range and depth that are inaccessible to us. In addition, they may experience some emotions that
are unknown to us. So taking orcas away from their young in the wild or captivity cause the mothers
and calves to become depressed. They make loud noises to try to contact each other not knowing
they are thousands of miles away. The lifespan of these mammals is similar to humans. Orcas in the
wild have an average life expectancy of 30 to 50 years–their estimated maximum life span is 60 to
70 years for males and 80 to more than 100 for females. The median age of orcas in captivity is only
9. Many factors come into play when these whales are confined to close quarters. Also they usually
travel up to 100 miles a day diving into the depths of the ocean and surfacing every five to ten
minutes to retain oxygen in their

Personal Narrative-Every Mammal Has Hair
Every mammal has hair. There is no mammal that doesn't have some amount of hair, even hairless
animals are deceptively named because they all have hair, it's just much shorter and finer.
When you work at a vet clinic hair becomes an ever–present part of your life. There's really nothing
you can do about it other than relentlessly sweeping and wiping things down, but even that doesn't
get rid of the hair. No matter what, the hair will be flying.
Owners do not help this situation at all. I am not joking, in this sense, I wish owners would just drop
off their pets things would be so much cleaner. Whenever an animal comes in and its mildly
shedding, or worse completely blowing it's coat, instead of just leaving it well alone, and letting us
breathe in peace, the owner profusely apologises and proceeds to pet/stroke/brush/ripped all of the
hair off the animal and fling it about the room. What you should be apologizing for is now coating
the whole room with your animal's fur, not the natural, seasonal condition of your animal's coat. ...
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Well for one, the hair is now everywhere, and I mean everywhere. Previously it would have just
been on the pet, a little on us, and the exam table, but now it's floating in the air creating small hair
tornados, coating the floor in a slippery layer, and covering every possible instrument that was
previously relatively sterile. I don't like having to clean the scale for the cats/small animals, let alone
the ENTIRE ROOM when only a dog came in.
Once a woman came in, took our flea brush after I was done using it to check for fleas, and
proceeded to brush her entire dog. For one that's not what a flea brush is for, it's not very
comfortable for that type of brushing, and two she then took the hair she collected and flung it in the
air as if that was a better place for it than on the table where I could have easily wiped it up. To be
fair this woman was a bit off, but

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