Instrumentation Project Made by
Group 7
Ahmad Zaenudin (151611002)
Jonathan Messakh (151611014)
Nur Fita Widiastuti (151611018)
Refrigeration and Air Coditioing Engineering
Polytechnic State of Bandung
This document describes a remote home appliance control project. It includes the objective to help elderly or disabled people control appliances remotely. The block diagram shows the transmitter uses an HT12E encoder, 555 timer, AND gate and IR LED to transmit switch states via infrared signals. The receiver uses an IR receiver, HT12D decoder, ULN2003 relay driver and relays to control loads based on the received signals. Circuit diagrams and component explanations are provided for the transmitter and receiver. The project also includes a PCB layout and photos of the completed project.
Thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are three common types of temperature sensors. Thermocouples generate voltage based on the temperature difference between two dissimilar metals and can measure up to 1800°C, but have lower accuracy than other sensors. Thermistors use the change in resistance of semiconductor materials with temperature; negative temperature coefficient thermistors are often used for temperature sensing. RTDs measure temperature by correlating the resistance of a platinum coil with temperature; they offer high accuracy over a wide range. The presentation provides details on the construction, operation, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each sensor type.
This document describes single-phase and three-phase half-wave and full-wave controlled rectifier circuits. It discusses the operation of these circuits, including which thyristors are conducting during different periods of the input voltage cycle. Key waveforms like input voltage, output voltage, and load current are shown. Equations are provided for calculating average and RMS output voltage and current values for different circuit configurations. Examples are given to demonstrate how to determine performance metrics like efficiency and voltage/current ratings for a single-phase full-wave converter with an RL load.
The document discusses key dimensions of effective business communication:
1) Messages should be complete, concise, and considerate of the recipient by including all necessary details for the topic while avoiding unnecessary length that could cause confusion.
2) Clarity is important through the strategic use of clear words and phrases to attract and engage the reader.
3) Courtesy and correctness are also vital, with respect given and taken, and mistakes avoided, to properly convey information and represent the sender.
This Report describes about the Air flow detector project. It includes abstract, circuit diagram, principle, component values, working operation, proteus simulation and PCB layout.
The document describes an experiment measuring parameters of operational amplifiers (op-amps), including offset voltage, bias and offset current, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), and slew rate. The experiment uses simulations in Multisim and theoretical formulas to calculate op-amp parameter values, which are then recorded and compared to datasheet specifications. Key findings are that measured input offset voltage, gain, bias current, input resistance, and CMRR are close to expected values, while slew rate is lower than specified. The document concludes by verifying op-amp parameters through various circuit configurations.
Mini Project 1 - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) ModulatorAIMST University
This document provides instructions for a student laboratory project to build an Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulator circuit. The objectives are to generate a 1 kHz square wave pulse and use it to modulate a 100 kHz carrier signal to produce an ASK modulated output. The circuit uses two Timer IC 555 chips - one configured as an astable multivibrator to generate the pulse signal, and the other as an astable multivibrator modulated by the pulse input to produce the ASK output. Students are asked to construct the circuit on a printed circuit board, test it, and write a laboratory report explaining the theory, design, testing, and results of the project.
This document describes the design of a water level alarm indicator circuit. The circuit uses an NE555 timer IC, resistors, capacitors, a buzzer, and a 12V battery. It functions as an astable multivibrator where the operating frequency depends on the water level between two probes - no water means no connection and no beeping, water connecting the probes completes the circuit and causes beeping. The circuit provides a simple and low-cost way to audibly alert when water in a tank reaches a certain level.
This document describes a remote home appliance control project. It includes the objective to help elderly or disabled people control appliances remotely. The block diagram shows the transmitter uses an HT12E encoder, 555 timer, AND gate and IR LED to transmit switch states via infrared signals. The receiver uses an IR receiver, HT12D decoder, ULN2003 relay driver and relays to control loads based on the received signals. Circuit diagrams and component explanations are provided for the transmitter and receiver. The project also includes a PCB layout and photos of the completed project.
Thermocouples, thermistors, and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are three common types of temperature sensors. Thermocouples generate voltage based on the temperature difference between two dissimilar metals and can measure up to 1800°C, but have lower accuracy than other sensors. Thermistors use the change in resistance of semiconductor materials with temperature; negative temperature coefficient thermistors are often used for temperature sensing. RTDs measure temperature by correlating the resistance of a platinum coil with temperature; they offer high accuracy over a wide range. The presentation provides details on the construction, operation, advantages, disadvantages and applications of each sensor type.
This document describes single-phase and three-phase half-wave and full-wave controlled rectifier circuits. It discusses the operation of these circuits, including which thyristors are conducting during different periods of the input voltage cycle. Key waveforms like input voltage, output voltage, and load current are shown. Equations are provided for calculating average and RMS output voltage and current values for different circuit configurations. Examples are given to demonstrate how to determine performance metrics like efficiency and voltage/current ratings for a single-phase full-wave converter with an RL load.
The document discusses key dimensions of effective business communication:
1) Messages should be complete, concise, and considerate of the recipient by including all necessary details for the topic while avoiding unnecessary length that could cause confusion.
2) Clarity is important through the strategic use of clear words and phrases to attract and engage the reader.
3) Courtesy and correctness are also vital, with respect given and taken, and mistakes avoided, to properly convey information and represent the sender.
This Report describes about the Air flow detector project. It includes abstract, circuit diagram, principle, component values, working operation, proteus simulation and PCB layout.
The document describes an experiment measuring parameters of operational amplifiers (op-amps), including offset voltage, bias and offset current, common-mode rejection ratio (CMRR), and slew rate. The experiment uses simulations in Multisim and theoretical formulas to calculate op-amp parameter values, which are then recorded and compared to datasheet specifications. Key findings are that measured input offset voltage, gain, bias current, input resistance, and CMRR are close to expected values, while slew rate is lower than specified. The document concludes by verifying op-amp parameters through various circuit configurations.
Mini Project 1 - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) ModulatorAIMST University
This document provides instructions for a student laboratory project to build an Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulator circuit. The objectives are to generate a 1 kHz square wave pulse and use it to modulate a 100 kHz carrier signal to produce an ASK modulated output. The circuit uses two Timer IC 555 chips - one configured as an astable multivibrator to generate the pulse signal, and the other as an astable multivibrator modulated by the pulse input to produce the ASK output. Students are asked to construct the circuit on a printed circuit board, test it, and write a laboratory report explaining the theory, design, testing, and results of the project.
This document describes the design of a water level alarm indicator circuit. The circuit uses an NE555 timer IC, resistors, capacitors, a buzzer, and a 12V battery. It functions as an astable multivibrator where the operating frequency depends on the water level between two probes - no water means no connection and no beeping, water connecting the probes completes the circuit and causes beeping. The circuit provides a simple and low-cost way to audibly alert when water in a tank reaches a certain level.
Heat Sink Design Facts and Guidelines for Thermal Analysis_Wakefield.pdfWooGong
1. The document provides guidelines for selecting a heat sink for thermal analysis, including heat transfer basics, modes of heat transfer, and factors to consider for natural and forced convection cooling.
2. Key parameters for selecting a heat sink are the power to be dissipated, maximum junction temperature, ambient temperature, and thermal resistances of the device, thermal interface material, and heat sink.
3. Thermal performance data for heat sinks is given with correction factors for temperature difference and length. Maintaining a low junction temperature is important for reliable device operation.
Water Level indicator using Ultrasonic sensorsTough_taiga
This document describes an ultrasonic water level indicator project. The project aims to construct an electronic device that can automatically detect water level with high precision and control the water supply. It will automatically shut off the water when the reservoir is full. The circuit uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect the water level and a microcontroller to control a transistor that switches the water pump on and off. When the water level reaches the sensor, the circuit signals an alarm and shuts off the pump. The water level indicator has applications for monitoring water levels in places like hotels, factories, homes, and commercial buildings to prevent water wastage and shortages.
This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom light is switched off using a light sensor. It remains on until morning when another light sensor detects daylight and triggers a melodic alarm. It is powered by a transformer with battery backup and uses common components like an LM555 timer IC and UM66 melody generator. The LDR sensors control the lamp and alarm based on light levels to provide hands-free night lighting and morning wake up sounds.
In this slide there is all about the digital transducer and its types.Its is very helpful in making short notes of transducer. There is a simple description.
This document discusses different types of rectifiers used to convert alternating current to direct current. It describes half-wave and full-wave rectification processes. Half-wave rectifiers only use one half of the AC cycle while full-wave rectifiers use both halves. Full-wave rectifiers include center-tapped and bridge rectifier configurations. The document provides diagrams and equations for calculating voltage values and compares the operation and components of these various rectifier designs.
This document summarizes the essential rules and concepts of railway interlocking systems. It outlines four main rules: 1) it must not be possible to clear a signal unless all points are correctly set, facing points are locked, level crossings are closed, and isolation is ensured; 2) once a signal is cleared, it must not be possible to alter points, unlock facing points, unlock/open level crossings, or disturb isolation; 3) it must not be possible to simultaneously clear signals leading to conflicting train movements; and 4) points must be interlocked to avoid conflicting movements where feasible. It also defines concepts like overlaps, isolation, approach locking, route holding, and route/back locking.
This is a presentation of our final year project of Biomedical Engineering course on Cuffless blood pressure monitoring. A new technology recently developed. We have tried to develop a model for the same.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
The document discusses the electrical interface of sensors, dividing it into power (operating voltage) and output signal type. It describes discrete outputs like PNP and NPN transistors that function like a switch, and analog outputs that can represent measurement or position as a varying voltage, current, or digital pulse width. Discrete sensors are generally preferred over 2-wire AC/DC types. The document provides examples of analog applications and reviews the key aspects of a sensor's electrical interface.
This document describes an SMS-based wireless notice board project using a microcontroller and GSM modem. The system allows notices to be displayed on an LED matrix board remotely via SMS messages sent to the GSM modem. The microcontroller receives SMS texts with the GSM modem and MAX232 interface and displays the messages on the LED board. The project uses components like a 89S52 microcontroller, SIM300 GSM modem, 74138 and 74154 decoder ICs, and a 24C02 EEPROM for message storage.
The document discusses thyristor characteristics and operation. It begins by describing the thyristor structure as a four layer p-n-p-n semiconductor device with three p-n junctions. It then covers thyristor operation in the forward blocking/off state and at the forward breakdown voltage. Various thyristor triggering methods like gate, thermal, and dv/dt triggering are explained. Thyristor turn-off methods including natural and forced commutation are also summarized. Key thyristor parameters like latching current, holding current, and maximum gate voltages and currents are defined.
This document describes the design and implementation of a real time clock using an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller and DS3231 RTC IC. The DS3231 IC measures time and temperature even without main power using a backup battery. It communicates with the Arduino via I2C protocol to display date, time, and temperature on a LCD screen in real time. The project aims to build a low power RTC that can keep accurate time even during power failures.
Telemetry types, frequency,position and multiplexing in telemetrysagheer ahmed
This document discusses different types of telemetry used in instrumentation systems, including frequency, position, and multiplexing telemetry. Frequency telemetry represents measured values as an alternating current or voltage of varying frequency. Position telemetry relates the signal to the measurement to allow the receiving instrument to display displacement. Multiplexing telemetry allows transmitting multiple measurements over a single channel using either time division or frequency division methods to share the channel. This conserves resources compared to using separate wires for each measurement.
The document discusses different types of opto-couplers, including MOC3020, MOC3021, MCT2E, and MOC363. It describes their basic components, working principles, features, and applications. Opto-couplers allow electrical isolation between circuits while allowing signal transfer through light. They are commonly used in power supplies and other applications involving high and low voltage circuits.
The document discusses magnetic amplifiers, which are electromagnetic devices that amplify electrical signals without any moving parts. They work by using the principle of magnetic saturation of transformer cores to control the impedance of AC windings. Magnetic amplifiers were developed in the late 19th century and were widely used during World War II for applications like controlling rocket frequencies. They were also used for voice modulation in early radio, automatic landing systems in aircraft, and as potential switching elements in early computers due to advantages like reliability and ability to sum multiple inputs. While outdated today, magnetic amplifiers were an important early alternative to vacuum tubes.
This slide comprises a very rudimentary introduction of Industrial Instrumentation.
These slides may help students understand the aspects the Industrial Instrumentation.
The complete list of thyristor family members include diac (bidirectional diode thyristor), triac (bidirectional triode thyristor), SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), Shockley diode, SCS (silicon controlled switch), SBS (silicon bilateral switch), SUS (silicon unilateral switch) also known as complementary SCR or CSCR, LASCR (light activated SCR), LAS (light activated switch) and LASCS (light activated SCS).
This document discusses resistive sensors and their applications. It begins by defining resistive sensors as transducers that convert mechanical changes into electrical signals by changing resistance. Common resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, thermocouples, photoresistors and thermistors. The document then covers the theory of how resistance changes based on length, area, composition and temperature. It provides examples of specific resistive sensors and their typical applications, such as using light dependent resistors for light switches and strain gauges for sensors in electronic balances. In closing, it discusses how the resistance of sensors varies with changes in factors like temperature, strain or light intensity.
This document presents a mini project on an automatic temperature controlled fan. It includes an introduction, block diagram, components used, power supply details, and an introduction to the microcontroller used - PIC16F72. The system uses an LM35 temperature sensor, PIC microcontroller, DC fan driver circuit, resistors, diodes, capacitors, and voltage regulator. It regulates fan speed automatically based on temperature readings from the LM35 sensor through PWM control of the fan's driver circuit.
This document outlines 7 projects from 2006 to 2015 for various clients involving high pressure and temperature systems for purposes such as sesame oil extraction, nano powder production, steam generation and storage, performance testing, hydrogenation catalyst processing, powder production, high temperature carbonization, and synthesis of synthetic resins. Specifications for each system include operating pressures from 100 to 400 bars and temperatures from 80 to 465 degrees Celsius.
Information about semi-hermetic compressors for the refrigerant R134A. The compressors are particularly suited for normal refrigeration in supermarket applications as well as in cascade systems in conjunction with CO2. R134a as a refrigerant contributes to a very high efficiency of the system.
Heat Sink Design Facts and Guidelines for Thermal Analysis_Wakefield.pdfWooGong
1. The document provides guidelines for selecting a heat sink for thermal analysis, including heat transfer basics, modes of heat transfer, and factors to consider for natural and forced convection cooling.
2. Key parameters for selecting a heat sink are the power to be dissipated, maximum junction temperature, ambient temperature, and thermal resistances of the device, thermal interface material, and heat sink.
3. Thermal performance data for heat sinks is given with correction factors for temperature difference and length. Maintaining a low junction temperature is important for reliable device operation.
Water Level indicator using Ultrasonic sensorsTough_taiga
This document describes an ultrasonic water level indicator project. The project aims to construct an electronic device that can automatically detect water level with high precision and control the water supply. It will automatically shut off the water when the reservoir is full. The circuit uses an ultrasonic sensor to detect the water level and a microcontroller to control a transistor that switches the water pump on and off. When the water level reaches the sensor, the circuit signals an alarm and shuts off the pump. The water level indicator has applications for monitoring water levels in places like hotels, factories, homes, and commercial buildings to prevent water wastage and shortages.
This circuit automatically turns on a night lamp when bedroom light is switched off using a light sensor. It remains on until morning when another light sensor detects daylight and triggers a melodic alarm. It is powered by a transformer with battery backup and uses common components like an LM555 timer IC and UM66 melody generator. The LDR sensors control the lamp and alarm based on light levels to provide hands-free night lighting and morning wake up sounds.
In this slide there is all about the digital transducer and its types.Its is very helpful in making short notes of transducer. There is a simple description.
This document discusses different types of rectifiers used to convert alternating current to direct current. It describes half-wave and full-wave rectification processes. Half-wave rectifiers only use one half of the AC cycle while full-wave rectifiers use both halves. Full-wave rectifiers include center-tapped and bridge rectifier configurations. The document provides diagrams and equations for calculating voltage values and compares the operation and components of these various rectifier designs.
This document summarizes the essential rules and concepts of railway interlocking systems. It outlines four main rules: 1) it must not be possible to clear a signal unless all points are correctly set, facing points are locked, level crossings are closed, and isolation is ensured; 2) once a signal is cleared, it must not be possible to alter points, unlock facing points, unlock/open level crossings, or disturb isolation; 3) it must not be possible to simultaneously clear signals leading to conflicting train movements; and 4) points must be interlocked to avoid conflicting movements where feasible. It also defines concepts like overlaps, isolation, approach locking, route holding, and route/back locking.
This is a presentation of our final year project of Biomedical Engineering course on Cuffless blood pressure monitoring. A new technology recently developed. We have tried to develop a model for the same.
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
The document discusses the electrical interface of sensors, dividing it into power (operating voltage) and output signal type. It describes discrete outputs like PNP and NPN transistors that function like a switch, and analog outputs that can represent measurement or position as a varying voltage, current, or digital pulse width. Discrete sensors are generally preferred over 2-wire AC/DC types. The document provides examples of analog applications and reviews the key aspects of a sensor's electrical interface.
This document describes an SMS-based wireless notice board project using a microcontroller and GSM modem. The system allows notices to be displayed on an LED matrix board remotely via SMS messages sent to the GSM modem. The microcontroller receives SMS texts with the GSM modem and MAX232 interface and displays the messages on the LED board. The project uses components like a 89S52 microcontroller, SIM300 GSM modem, 74138 and 74154 decoder ICs, and a 24C02 EEPROM for message storage.
The document discusses thyristor characteristics and operation. It begins by describing the thyristor structure as a four layer p-n-p-n semiconductor device with three p-n junctions. It then covers thyristor operation in the forward blocking/off state and at the forward breakdown voltage. Various thyristor triggering methods like gate, thermal, and dv/dt triggering are explained. Thyristor turn-off methods including natural and forced commutation are also summarized. Key thyristor parameters like latching current, holding current, and maximum gate voltages and currents are defined.
This document describes the design and implementation of a real time clock using an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller and DS3231 RTC IC. The DS3231 IC measures time and temperature even without main power using a backup battery. It communicates with the Arduino via I2C protocol to display date, time, and temperature on a LCD screen in real time. The project aims to build a low power RTC that can keep accurate time even during power failures.
Telemetry types, frequency,position and multiplexing in telemetrysagheer ahmed
This document discusses different types of telemetry used in instrumentation systems, including frequency, position, and multiplexing telemetry. Frequency telemetry represents measured values as an alternating current or voltage of varying frequency. Position telemetry relates the signal to the measurement to allow the receiving instrument to display displacement. Multiplexing telemetry allows transmitting multiple measurements over a single channel using either time division or frequency division methods to share the channel. This conserves resources compared to using separate wires for each measurement.
The document discusses different types of opto-couplers, including MOC3020, MOC3021, MCT2E, and MOC363. It describes their basic components, working principles, features, and applications. Opto-couplers allow electrical isolation between circuits while allowing signal transfer through light. They are commonly used in power supplies and other applications involving high and low voltage circuits.
The document discusses magnetic amplifiers, which are electromagnetic devices that amplify electrical signals without any moving parts. They work by using the principle of magnetic saturation of transformer cores to control the impedance of AC windings. Magnetic amplifiers were developed in the late 19th century and were widely used during World War II for applications like controlling rocket frequencies. They were also used for voice modulation in early radio, automatic landing systems in aircraft, and as potential switching elements in early computers due to advantages like reliability and ability to sum multiple inputs. While outdated today, magnetic amplifiers were an important early alternative to vacuum tubes.
This slide comprises a very rudimentary introduction of Industrial Instrumentation.
These slides may help students understand the aspects the Industrial Instrumentation.
The complete list of thyristor family members include diac (bidirectional diode thyristor), triac (bidirectional triode thyristor), SCR (silicon controlled rectifier), Shockley diode, SCS (silicon controlled switch), SBS (silicon bilateral switch), SUS (silicon unilateral switch) also known as complementary SCR or CSCR, LASCR (light activated SCR), LAS (light activated switch) and LASCS (light activated SCS).
This document discusses resistive sensors and their applications. It begins by defining resistive sensors as transducers that convert mechanical changes into electrical signals by changing resistance. Common resistive sensors include potentiometers, strain gauges, thermocouples, photoresistors and thermistors. The document then covers the theory of how resistance changes based on length, area, composition and temperature. It provides examples of specific resistive sensors and their typical applications, such as using light dependent resistors for light switches and strain gauges for sensors in electronic balances. In closing, it discusses how the resistance of sensors varies with changes in factors like temperature, strain or light intensity.
This document presents a mini project on an automatic temperature controlled fan. It includes an introduction, block diagram, components used, power supply details, and an introduction to the microcontroller used - PIC16F72. The system uses an LM35 temperature sensor, PIC microcontroller, DC fan driver circuit, resistors, diodes, capacitors, and voltage regulator. It regulates fan speed automatically based on temperature readings from the LM35 sensor through PWM control of the fan's driver circuit.
This document outlines 7 projects from 2006 to 2015 for various clients involving high pressure and temperature systems for purposes such as sesame oil extraction, nano powder production, steam generation and storage, performance testing, hydrogenation catalyst processing, powder production, high temperature carbonization, and synthesis of synthetic resins. Specifications for each system include operating pressures from 100 to 400 bars and temperatures from 80 to 465 degrees Celsius.
Information about semi-hermetic compressors for the refrigerant R134A. The compressors are particularly suited for normal refrigeration in supermarket applications as well as in cascade systems in conjunction with CO2. R134a as a refrigerant contributes to a very high efficiency of the system.
Information about semi-hermetic compressors for hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are another natural alternative besides CO2 and primarily established in the field of supermarket refrigeration.
Selection of Optimal Solid Sorbents for CO2 Capture Based on Gas Phase CO2 Composition - presentation by Adam berger of EPRI at the UKCCSRC Natural Gas CCS Network Meeting at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
This document discusses Cimco Refrigeration's use of natural refrigerants like ammonia and CO2 in their systems, which provide higher efficiency and energy savings compared to traditional refrigerants. These systems begin paying back owners and helping the environment from day one through lower costs. Cimco also offers remote monitoring and predictive maintenance diagnostics for safety and peace of mind.
ILSHIN AUTOCLAVE CO., LTD is a Korean company established in 1993 that specializes in manufacturing high pressure equipment. Their business areas include autoclaves, reactors, supercritical fluid systems, nano dispersers, presses, pressure vessels, and various testing equipment. ILSHIN aims to become a world-class company through technical development, manufacturing plant-scale equipment, gaining the number one market share, and globalizing their operations and partnerships.
Pentair Haffmans provides advanced biogas upgrading technology using membrane separation to recover 100% of the methane from biogas and eliminate methane slip. Their system upgrades biogas to biomethane that can be injected into the natural gas grid and optionally recovers carbon dioxide as a profitable byproduct. Pentair Haffmans offers standardized turnkey systems as well as custom solutions for biogas upgrading across a range of system sizes and capacities.
The document discusses new compressor solutions for using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a refrigerant. It describes the development of CO2 compressors including radial piston compressors. Testing shows radial piston compressors have advantages for applications requiring small size like transport refrigeration and heat pumps. The technology is promising but further testing and optimization is still needed, especially for high-speed operation.
Green Cooling designed and installed a CO2 refrigeration system at Alder Hey Children's Hospital to meet the hospital's sustainability requirements. The system included six cold rooms for food service, two for pharmacy, and a central packaged CO2 refrigeration unit. The CO2 refrigeration system matched the hospital's sustainability goals and received high marks in its BREEAM environmental assessment.
Coolstore refrigeration in a Post R22 WorldMatthew Darby
A guide to coolstore refrigeration options with the phaseout of R22. Changes to environmental legislation in New Zealand have meant R22 is no longer available for import. As coolstore owners develop a commercial refrigeration strategy understanding what developments are happening is essential for avoiding costly mistakes.
Pro biopol sibiu_0318_l05_how_to_plan_a_biogas_plant_evonik_01hirilaghridadu
The document provides guidance on planning and building a biogas plant in 3 steps:
1. Conduct a feasibility study to determine the optimal biogas technology based on the available input materials and site conditions.
2. Complete detailed engineering and design plans after optimizing for legal/economic factors.
3. Choose between wet and dry fermentation processes based on input materials and costs, ensuring the proper conditions for bacterial growth.
This document discusses solar absorption cooling and its advantages over conventional cooling. Solar absorption cooling uses renewable solar energy to power an absorption cooling system, which uses a thermo-chemical process instead of mechanical compression to drive the refrigeration cycle. It reduces costs and environmental impacts compared to fossil fuel-powered cooling by using a non-toxic, ozone-safe process and avoiding carbon dioxide emissions. The document outlines the basic process and components of an absorption cooling system and provides performance parameters for a specific solar-powered absorption cooling system design.
Inspection of liquid carbon di oxide tank and refrigeration systemlpgbnhgastank
Liquid carbon dioxide tanks can store CO2 for various applications like welding, dry ice manufacturing, and transporting frozen foods. These tanks range in capacity from 5m3 to 500m3 depending on customer needs. BNH Gas Tanks designs, fabricates, tests, and commissions liquid CO2 tanks and transport tanks along with all necessary refrigeration, piping, safety systems, and civil works to specification. They carry out mechanical calculations and drawings which are certified by international inspection agencies for quality assurance.
This document provides an overview of a master's thesis analyzing exergy and economic analyses of a concentrated solar power tower plant in Egypt. The thesis examines:
- CSP tower technology and the potential for high-efficiency thermodynamic cycles like supercritical CO2 to improve efficiency.
- Design and simulation of a 125MWe Rankine cycle plant and 10MWe supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle plant for Egypt.
- Exergy analyses finding the supercritical CO2 cycle achieves 71% exergetic efficiency with most destruction in the pre-cooler and turbines.
- Economic analysis finding the levelized cost of electricity of $0.11/kWhe for the Rankine cycle and $
INHIBITION OF CO2 CORROSION BY FORMATE FLUIDS IN HIGH TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTS John Downs
Presentation to the Royal Society of Chemistry's "Chemicals in the Oilfield" conference, November 2005
The paper describes how formate brines protect steels against CO2 corrosion. It also shows the results of stress corrosion cracking tests on CRA steel samples exposed to high-density completion brines containing oxygen at 160 deg C. The 13Cr, 22Cr and 25Cr steels all cracked in the presence of calcium bromide brine containing oxygen.
CO2 is a natural refrigerant with zero ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. Refrigeration and heat pump systems using CO2 as the refrigerant have environmental benefits and may have lower lifetime costs than traditional HFC systems. CO2 systems require different designs than other refrigerants due to CO2's lower critical temperature. Commercially available CO2 refrigeration systems include booster systems, single-stage systems, cascade systems, and CO2 heat pumps are very efficient for producing hot water.
My project intrumentation - CO2 Detector with Arduino UnoAhmad Zaenudin
We From 7 group Instrumentation
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering
Bandung State of Polytechnic
Ahmad Zaenudin (151611002)
Jonathan Mesakh (151611014)
Nurfita Widiastuti (151611018)
and Supervisor Ismail Welid
This document describes a student project to design a water level indicator alarm. It includes an introduction, objectives, discussion of challenges faced, detailed descriptions of the circuit components and schematic, block diagram, list of components and budget, discussion of potential entrepreneurship opportunities, and outcomes of the project. The project aims to create a simple, low-cost water level detection system that provides visual and audible alerts at different fill levels for safety monitoring applications.
IRJET- Desalination of Sea Water using Solar EnergyIRJET Journal
This document discusses using solar energy to desalinate sea water. It describes two types of solar desalination systems - direct and indirect. Direct systems combine solar energy collection and desalination in one process, like solar distillation using a solar still. Indirect systems have two subsystems, one for solar collection (using solar collectors or photovoltaics) and one for desalination (any conventional process). The document then discusses a project that uses an Arduino, sensors, and induction heating powered by solar panels to distill sea water through evaporation and condensation. It concludes some combinations of renewable energy and desalination technologies like thermal collectors with evaporation processes show promise.
This document describes a minor project on a scrolling display using an LED matrix. A group of 6 students created the project under the guidance of two professors. The project uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller connected to a 7x8 LED matrix to display scrolling text messages. The document provides details on the circuit diagram, software used, components, working mechanism, advantages, applications, and conclusion of the project.
SMART HOME AUTOMATION USING MOBILE APPLICATIONEklavya Sharma
Our smart home automation kit provides smartphone application based solutions for control &
energy optimization in industry, commercial buildings & homes. The kit requires a Arduino
Uno R3 having ATMega328 microcontroller for processing, Bluetooth module HC-06 is
required to transmit and receive data, relays are required to control the AC loads, ULN2003 IC
is used to drive the relays, an Android smartphone with the Smart Home Automation
application installed is required to control the AC loads fixed in the switch board and a power
supply of 12 V is required to power up the relays and Arduino requires the power supply of 7
V. If the DPDT (Double Pole Double Throw) switches are used then the kit can be made to
work manually as well as remotely.
Furthermore, the system can be improved for the door control, the temperature detection, the
light dimmer control etc. Similarly, the application can be improved for voice recognition. The
Smart Home Automation can be improved for receiving and sending signal through ESP8266
Wi-Fi module and can be controlled through mobile or computer via web.
IOT BASED AIR QUALITY INDEX MONITORING SYSTEM – MONITOR PM2.5, PM10, AND CO U...DeepakK547422
This document describes an IoT-based air quality monitoring system that uses sensors to measure PM2.5, PM10, and carbon monoxide levels. The system includes an ESP32 microcontroller, Nova SDS011 and MQ-7 sensors to measure particulate matter and gas levels, and a DHT11 sensor to measure temperature and humidity. The air quality index values will be published to Adafruit IO so they can be monitored remotely. Key components discussed include the sensors, LCD display, gas sensor, temperature/humidity sensor, Arduino microcontroller, and other hardware.
This document presents a project on digital home automation using Arduino Bluetooth. The project was submitted by Shishupal Kumar and Sahila Sadaf to their professor Dr. Manikant Kumar. The project uses an Arduino UNO microcontroller board along with an HC-05 Bluetooth module to control 4 loads or appliances remotely via a smartphone. The circuit diagram and code are provided, along with descriptions of the components used. Potential limitations include a limited Bluetooth range and needing continuous power. Advantages are that the system is robust and easy to use from a smartphone. Applications include smart home automation by adding sensors to control lighting, temperature and more remotely.
How to-teach-an-online-circuits-class-with-tinkercad US ICT projectIonita Iuliana
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International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
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My project intrumentation - CO2 Detector wth Arduino Uno
1. CO2 Detector
with Arduino Uno
By Present :
-Ahmad Zaenudin(151611002)
-Jonathan Messakh(151611014)
-Nur Fita Widiastuti(151611018)
Class : 2A (D3 TPTU)
2. Backround :
CO2 is a gas that is colorless, tasteless and does not stimulate, the source of
CO2 gas comes primarily from the burning of petroleum, coal and natural gas.
As long as humans are still using wood fuel, increase the levels of carbon
dioxide gas in the air can be ignored.
With the population growth rate increases the range of human needs, such as
food, housing, lighting, and transportation. That means the procurement of
fertilizer, agro industry, electric power, and transportation industries is
increasing, so that the fuel requirements are also increasing. As a result, the
production of more and more carbon dioxide into the air in industrial areas.
3. Description Project
Project we make is a detector co2 (carbon dioxide) to give the air intake to
the plant so that the plant remains fresh so stay awake and grow well, and we
make this tool using arduino uno as tools so that we can make this project.
4. Arduino is a computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital
devices and interactive
MQ-135 gas sensor is a hazardous gas detection apparatus for the family, the
environment, suitable for ammonia, aromatic compounds, sulfur, benzene vapor,
smoke and other gases harmful gas detection, gas-sensitive element test
concentration.
Tools used
5. LCD (liquid crystal display) is the technology used for displays in notebook and
other smaller computers. Like light-emitting diode (LED) and gas-plasma
technologies, LCDs allow displays to be much thinner than cathode ray tube (CRT)
technology.
Buzzer Electric is an electronic component that can convert electrical signals into
sound vibration.
6. A Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate the switch and provide electrical isolation between two
circuits. In this project there is no real need to isolate one circuit from the other,
but we will use an Arduino UNO to control the relay.
Transformer or often abbreviated with the term transformer is an electrical
device that can change the level of an AC voltage level to another. The purpose of
changing the level of such as lowering the AC voltage of 12 VAC or 220VAC to raise
the voltage of 110VAC to 220 VAC.).
7. Light Emitting Diode or LED is often abbreviated with electronic components that can emit
monochromatic light when a given voltage is developed. LED is a family of diodes made of
semiconductor materials.
Connector Male vs. Female: Male connector is the side of a connection that has prongs - like
the power plug on your computer monitor. The side that runs from your monitor to the wall is a
male. Outlet is the female connector.
12. Conclution :
Of the project that we create can be conclude that the CO2
greenhouse is very important. Because CO2 is food for plant, and
which carry the essentially all plant on earth or the sea. And the
more CO2 they eat (air or water absorbsing) the bigger and better
for them .