The document discusses the electrical interface of sensors, dividing it into power (operating voltage) and output signal type. It describes discrete outputs like PNP and NPN transistors that function like a switch, and analog outputs that can represent measurement or position as a varying voltage, current, or digital pulse width. Discrete sensors are generally preferred over 2-wire AC/DC types. The document provides examples of analog applications and reviews the key aspects of a sensor's electrical interface.
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. It detects An Object When The Object Approaches Within The Detection Range And Boundary Of The Sensor. Proximity Sensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform Non-Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors Such As Limit Switch, That Detect The Object By Physically Contacting Them. It is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact
Proximity Sensor Detects An Object When The Object Approaches Within The Detection Range And Boundary Of The Sensor. Proximity Sensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform Non Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors Such As Limit Switch, That Detect The Object By Physically Contacting Them. It is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target. The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. Proximity sensors are commonly used on smart phones to detect (and skip) accidental touch screen taps when held to the ear during a call.[1] They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings. A change in the sensor's electric or magnetic field can also be used to determine proximity.
This article provides an introduction to the fundamental of Sensors and Transducers. It illustrates the different classifications of sensors and transducers. Explains capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers in brief. Also shows the examples under these types of transducers.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as making contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. It detects An Object When The Object Approaches Within The Detection Range And Boundary Of The Sensor. Proximity Sensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform Non-Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors Such As Limit Switch, That Detect The Object By Physically Contacting Them. It is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact
Proximity Sensor Detects An Object When The Object Approaches Within The Detection Range And Boundary Of The Sensor. Proximity Sensor Includes All The Sensor That Perform Non Contact Detection In Comparison To Sensors Such As Limit Switch, That Detect The Object By Physically Contacting Them. It is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target. The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means to report a graduated detection distance. Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between sensor and the sensed object. Proximity sensors are commonly used on smart phones to detect (and skip) accidental touch screen taps when held to the ear during a call.[1] They are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings. A change in the sensor's electric or magnetic field can also be used to determine proximity.
This article provides an introduction to the fundamental of Sensors and Transducers. It illustrates the different classifications of sensors and transducers. Explains capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers in brief. Also shows the examples under these types of transducers.
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as making contacts, break contacts, or combinations thereof.
We provide you Project Temperature Sensors – Types.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
Inductive Proximity sensing is more than an application of electric field but it's a tool that's used in many and many applications including airbags in cars, wind turbines, mobile phones, minesweeping robots and many many others .
they are very simple in idea but very efficient in applications
We provide you Project Temperature Sensors – Types.You can choose the best of your choice and interest from the list of topics we suggested. All new project ideas that are appearing focuses to improve the knowledge of Engineering students.
https://www.elprocus.com
Visit our page to get more ideas on Project Report Format for Final Year Engineering Students these ideas developed by professionals.
Elprocus provides free verified electronic projects kits around the world with abstracts, circuit diagrams, and free electronic software. We provide guidance manual for Do It Yourself Kits (DIY) with the modules at best price along with free shipping.
PLC Ladder Diagram basics, with two solved examples
For more information go to
http://shrutizpresentations.blogspot.in/2014/04/plc-ladder-diagram-basics.html
Inductive Proximity sensing is more than an application of electric field but it's a tool that's used in many and many applications including airbags in cars, wind turbines, mobile phones, minesweeping robots and many many others .
they are very simple in idea but very efficient in applications
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
4. 4
OUTPUT SIGNAL TYPES
Discrete
ON or OFF
YES or NO
Analog
Speed control
Position information
MIN MAX
Electrical Interface
SignalSignal
5. 5
OPERATING VOLTAGE
Direct Current (DC)
Current flows in only
ONE direction
Safe, easy-to-handle
power source
Alternating Current (AC)
Current changes direction 60
times a second
Readily available
Electrical Interface
PowerPower
6. 6
A DISCRETE
SENSOR IS A SWITCH
Electronics
Sensing Side
Front-end
Electronics
Power Wires
Switch
Electrical Interface
8. 8
TYPES OF DISCRETE ELECTRICAL
OUTPUTS
Sensors of today use Solid-State outputs, not
mechanical relays
Today Yesterday
PNP, 3-wire Relay
NPN, 3-wire
AC/DC, 2-wire
Electrical Interface
9. 9
THE NPN & PNP OUTPUT
Functions similar to a switch,
But current only flows in one direction
PNP
Transistor Mechanical
Switch
Electrical Interface
10. 10
THE DIFFERENT TRANSISTORS
What direction do you want current to flow?
NPN
Also called Sinking
Electrical Interface
PNP
Also called Sourcing
+--+
11. 11
PNP, 3-WIRE
1
4
+
PNP Output
3 -
Load
Standard diagram form
As shown in our catalog
The Sensor
The Load
Connector
Pins
Electrical Interface
14. 14
1 ~
3 ~
Load
THE 2-WIRE AC/DC OUTPUT
Functions similar to a switch,
But with a small leak
Sensors Power
Supply from leakage current
Output Signal
Triac
Electrical Interface
15. 15
QUICK REFERENCE:
WIRING PNP & NPN
N P N
P N P
+
-
Load
First side of load
Second side of load
Switched side
Positive
Negative
Sensor is PNP
Electrical Interface
16. 16
IF GIVEN A CHOICE, WHICH DISCRETE
SENSOR TYPE SHOULD I CHOOSE?
PNP or NPN, 3-wire
- Fewer interface
problems
- Largest selection
- Lowest unit costs
AC/DC, 2-wire
- Many interface issues
- Smaller selection
- Susceptible to noise
1st CHOICE
2nd CHOICE
1
4
+
3 -
Load
1 ~
3 ~
Load
Electrical Interface
17. 17
NORMALLY OPEN (NO)
VS.
NORMALLY CLOSED (NC)
Identifies the non-active state (target not present) of
the sensor
Electronics
+
-
Normally Open
Is it off (open)?
Is it on (closed)?
Electrical Interface
18. 18
NORMALLY OPEN (NO)
VS.
NORMALLY CLOSED (NC)
Identifies the non-active state (target not present) of
the sensor
Electronics
+
-
Is it off (open)?
Is it on (closed)?
Electronics
+
-
Normally
Closed
Electrical Interface
19. 19
ANALOG OUTPUTS
Unlike a discrete output with two defined states,
analog signals have an infinite number of states.
Discrete
Analog
On
Off
Voltage
Time
Max
Min
Voltage
Time
Electrical Interface
20. 20
ANALOG USES
To provide absolute measurement or position
information
Measurement
Position
Electrical Interface
21. 21
ANALOG APPLICATIONS!
Spool diameter
Rotational position
Liquid level
Sort parts
Determine part orientation
Measure vibration
Measure straightness
Hydraulic or pneumatic
cylinder position
Expanding
possibilities
Expanding
possibilities
Electrical Interface
23. 23
ANALOG INFORMATION
The many forms for representing measurement or
position information
10
0
10
-10
5
-5
20
0
20
4
Voltage
Current
Digital Pulse
Electrical Interface
24. 24
ANALOG VOLTAGE
Information contained in varying voltage
Maximum Voltage
0 10
987654321
Measurement
Half VoltageNo Voltage
0 10
987654321
Measurement
0 10
987654321
Measurement
Water Analogy Volt Meter
Electrical Interface
25. 25
ANALOG CURRENT
Information contained in varying Current
0 10
987654321
Measurement
0 10
987654321
Measurement
0 10
987654321
Measurement
Maximum CurrentHalf CurrentNo Current
Water Analogy Current Meter
Electrical Interface
26. 26
DIGITAL PULSE
Information contained in digital pulse timing
100.00
Maximum measurementHalf wayMinimum measurement
50.000.00Pulse Width
Meter
Start/Stop
Electrical Interface
27. 27
ELECTRICAL INTERFACE REVIEW
Operating voltage: Sensor Power
DC: Safest
AC: Most available
Output signal types
Discrete
PNP, 3-wire
NPN, 3-wire
AC/DC 2-wire
Analog
Voltage
Current
Digital pulse
Electrical Interface
PowerPower
SignalSignal
