This document discusses cost-benefit analysis as a tool for guiding public expenditure decisions. It explains that cost-benefit analysis aims to identify the option that provides the maximum net benefit by comparing total costs and total benefits. It outlines what costs and benefits should include, such as use values, non-use values, and option values. The document also discusses how to value environmental impacts and benefits. It notes some limitations of cost-benefit analysis, such as the challenges of assigning monetary values to all impacts. Finally, it lists the key steps in conducting a cost-benefit analysis.
waste water management, water conservation, managing usage of water, environmental issue, water pollution and its types, ground water pollution, depleting oxygen in water, suspended matter, chemical water pollution, marine dumping, sewage water, marine dumping, nuclear waste
ppt includes what is waste ?, basel convention, definition, kinds of waste, classification of waste, sources of waste, impact of waste, waste herarchy, graphs, catagories of waste disposal, impacts of waste on health, impact of waste on environment
This document discusses treatment and recycling of food waste in the UK through anaerobic digestion. It outlines UK commitments to reduce landfill and greenhouse gas emissions. Food waste treatment options include organic recycling and anaerobic digestion, which breaks down food waste into biogas and biofertilizer. Government policies in Scotland, Wales and England support separate food waste collection and anaerobic digestion. The biogas can be used for electricity and heat production while the digestate has value as a fertilizer, closing the nutrient loop. For anaerobic digestion to be successful, it needs stable inputs and markets for the biogas, heat and digestate outputs.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and describes its various types such as household, industrial, and biomedical waste. The composition of municipal solid waste is provided, with most being organic waste. Health risks of improper waste management are outlined. Methods of waste treatment and disposal discussed include composting, open dumps, landfills, and incineration. A survey of dump sites in Gaza provides size and waste quantities. Leachate from landfills can contaminate groundwater if not properly managed.
This document discusses how waste management relates to the concept of a circular economy in the context of the emerging third industrial revolution. It describes how waste management has evolved over the course of previous industrial revolutions from a public health issue to a regulated industry. The concept of a circular economy aims to improve resource productivity and control scarcity through closed-loop material flows and business models. The third industrial revolution, driven by new technologies, presents both a threat and opportunity for transitioning to more circular models of production and consumption.
Municipal solid waste in Kurdistan is classified and characterized. Solid waste is generated from various domestic, commercial, and industrial sources. The average waste generation in Erbil, Kurdistan is 0.42 kg per person per day. Over 46% of the waste stream is food and garden waste. Integrated solid waste management includes reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. Landfill gas can be captured from decomposing waste and used as an energy source through combustion or energy production. Proper landfill design and operation is needed to collect gas and prevent environmental and health impacts.
The of solid waste has become an increasingly important global issue over the last decade due to the escalating growth in world population and large increase in waste production. This increase in solid waste generation poses numerous questions concerning the adequacy of conventional waste management systems and their environmental effects. Landfill disposal is the most generation commonly waste management method worldwide. Modern landfills are well-engineered facilities that are located, designed, operated, and monitored to ensure compliance with federal regulations. Solid waste landfills must be designed to protect the environment from contaminants which may be present in the solid waste stream. The landfill siting plan prevents the siting of landfills in environmentally-sensitive areas while on-site environmental monitoring systems monitor for any sign of groundwater contamination and for landfill gas, and provides additional safeguards. In addition, many new landfills collect potentially harmful landfill gas emissions and convert the gas into energy.
This document discusses cost-benefit analysis as a tool for guiding public expenditure decisions. It explains that cost-benefit analysis aims to identify the option that provides the maximum net benefit by comparing total costs and total benefits. It outlines what costs and benefits should include, such as use values, non-use values, and option values. The document also discusses how to value environmental impacts and benefits. It notes some limitations of cost-benefit analysis, such as the challenges of assigning monetary values to all impacts. Finally, it lists the key steps in conducting a cost-benefit analysis.
waste water management, water conservation, managing usage of water, environmental issue, water pollution and its types, ground water pollution, depleting oxygen in water, suspended matter, chemical water pollution, marine dumping, sewage water, marine dumping, nuclear waste
ppt includes what is waste ?, basel convention, definition, kinds of waste, classification of waste, sources of waste, impact of waste, waste herarchy, graphs, catagories of waste disposal, impacts of waste on health, impact of waste on environment
This document discusses treatment and recycling of food waste in the UK through anaerobic digestion. It outlines UK commitments to reduce landfill and greenhouse gas emissions. Food waste treatment options include organic recycling and anaerobic digestion, which breaks down food waste into biogas and biofertilizer. Government policies in Scotland, Wales and England support separate food waste collection and anaerobic digestion. The biogas can be used for electricity and heat production while the digestate has value as a fertilizer, closing the nutrient loop. For anaerobic digestion to be successful, it needs stable inputs and markets for the biogas, heat and digestate outputs.
This document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid waste and describes its various types such as household, industrial, and biomedical waste. The composition of municipal solid waste is provided, with most being organic waste. Health risks of improper waste management are outlined. Methods of waste treatment and disposal discussed include composting, open dumps, landfills, and incineration. A survey of dump sites in Gaza provides size and waste quantities. Leachate from landfills can contaminate groundwater if not properly managed.
This document discusses how waste management relates to the concept of a circular economy in the context of the emerging third industrial revolution. It describes how waste management has evolved over the course of previous industrial revolutions from a public health issue to a regulated industry. The concept of a circular economy aims to improve resource productivity and control scarcity through closed-loop material flows and business models. The third industrial revolution, driven by new technologies, presents both a threat and opportunity for transitioning to more circular models of production and consumption.
Municipal solid waste in Kurdistan is classified and characterized. Solid waste is generated from various domestic, commercial, and industrial sources. The average waste generation in Erbil, Kurdistan is 0.42 kg per person per day. Over 46% of the waste stream is food and garden waste. Integrated solid waste management includes reducing, reusing, recycling, composting, incineration, and landfilling. Landfill gas can be captured from decomposing waste and used as an energy source through combustion or energy production. Proper landfill design and operation is needed to collect gas and prevent environmental and health impacts.
The of solid waste has become an increasingly important global issue over the last decade due to the escalating growth in world population and large increase in waste production. This increase in solid waste generation poses numerous questions concerning the adequacy of conventional waste management systems and their environmental effects. Landfill disposal is the most generation commonly waste management method worldwide. Modern landfills are well-engineered facilities that are located, designed, operated, and monitored to ensure compliance with federal regulations. Solid waste landfills must be designed to protect the environment from contaminants which may be present in the solid waste stream. The landfill siting plan prevents the siting of landfills in environmentally-sensitive areas while on-site environmental monitoring systems monitor for any sign of groundwater contamination and for landfill gas, and provides additional safeguards. In addition, many new landfills collect potentially harmful landfill gas emissions and convert the gas into energy.
This document discusses recycling solid waste and its management. It begins by defining recycling as turning waste materials into valuable resources, which provides economic, environmental, and social benefits. It then outlines the key benefits of recycling, including economic advantages from reduced disposal fees and commodity revenues, environmental benefits like reduced pollution and energy usage, improved employee morale, positive corporate image, and compliance with regulations. The document also discusses selecting a recycling coordinator and other key players, conducting a waste audit, deciding which materials to recycle, choosing a collection contractor, and designing an effective recycling system within the workplace.
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as paper, plastic, wood and food waste. The RDF production process involves sorting, shredding, drying and pelletizing the waste into fuel pellets. RDF has a higher calorific value than coal and burns cleaner with lower emissions. It can be used in cement kilns, power plants and industrial boilers as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Producing RDF from municipal solid waste generates energy while reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
ENERGY FROM SOLID WASTE- SOURCE,TYPES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSGowri Prabhu
This document discusses energy from solid waste, including the sources and types of solid waste and various technologies for converting waste into energy. It describes thermochemical, biochemical, and physicochemical conversion pathways. Thermochemical processes include incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis which convert organic waste into energy through combustion or thermal degradation. Biochemical and physicochemical methods like anaerobic digestion and transesterification convert waste into fuels like methane, ethanol and biodiesel. While waste-to-energy has benefits, public concerns remain around air pollution and potential groundwater contamination from ash.
Waste comes from many sources such as homes, schools, industries, and agriculture. Municipal authorities collect garbage from bins and dispose of it elsewhere. Waste is any material that is no longer useful in its current form and can cause pollution if not properly disposed of. Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms and is categorized based on source and degradability. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment, and climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Effective waste management strategies include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, proper disposal, and educating the public.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
The Hazardous Wastes Management, Handling & Transboundary movement ...Pavithra Pavi
The document summarizes the key provisions of the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 in India. It defines hazardous waste and outlines the responsibilities of hazardous waste generators, transporters, and operators of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. It also describes the important aspects of the rules like authorizations for handling hazardous waste, manifest system for transport, storage requirements, import and export procedures, and enforcement powers of pollution control boards. The rules aim to ensure environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes in India.
The document discusses the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules of 2011 in India. It provides definitions for key terms related to plastic waste management. It outlines the responsibilities of various entities like manufacturers, municipal authorities, and occupiers. It discusses important features of the rules like definitions, prescribed authorities for enforcement of the rules, and responsibilities for handling of hazardous wastes.
A landfill is a carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground for collecting garbage. Garbage is isolated from the environment by a bottom liner and daily soil coverings. Landfills can cause environmental impacts like pollution, methane gas emissions, and toxic leachate. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and leachate is a highly toxic liquid that contains organic waste and can contaminate land and water sources. While landfills have negative environmental effects, they remain an important part of waste management infrastructure for dealing with non-recyclable materials.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with definitions of solid waste and municipal solid waste. It then discusses sources and types of municipal solid waste, as well as typical generation quantities. The key elements of municipal solid waste management systems are outlined, including collection, transfer, transport, disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, and the 4R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover. Specific collection and disposal methods are described in more detail. The document also discusses the characteristics, composition and impact of municipal solid waste. A case study example is provided at the end to illustrate some of the concepts.
This document discusses plastic waste and its impacts. It provides background on plastics, describing their history and production levels over time. Several types and categories of plastics are identified. Sources of plastic waste include various consumer and industrial products. The impacts of plastic waste include harm to the environment, wildlife, and potentially human health. Methods for managing plastic waste include recycling, incineration, landfilling, and emerging technologies like plasma pyrolysis. Future trends in plastic waste are also addressed.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.
The document discusses India's plans to ratify the Paris Agreement on climate change. It provides background on the Paris Agreement, noting it aims to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius and was ratified by 61 countries. The summary explains that Prime Minister Modi announced India will ratify the agreement. As part of its commitments under the agreement, India will need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 33-35% by 2030, increase renewable energy production, and expand forest cover. Ratifying the agreement will significantly impact India's energy sector and industry.
The weight or volume of materials and products that enter the waste stream before recycling, composting, landfilling, or combustion takes place. Also can represent the amount of waste generated by a given source or category of sources is all about Waste generation.
enjoy the slides..
This document discusses the principles of aerobic and anaerobic composting of municipal solid wastes. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes which include biological conversion processes like aerobic conversion, anaerobic conversion, anaerobic fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. It then provides details on the various types of composting systems including windrow composting, static pile composting, and in-vessel composting. It also discusses the critical design parameters for composting like particle size, moisture content, carbon-nitrogen ratio, temperature control, and methods for odor and pathogen control.
The document discusses various aspects of landfill systems including types of landfills, landfill operation methods, landfill gas, leachate, landfill liners, and final closure. It describes the main types as hazardous, sanitary, and open dumps. Key aspects of landfill operation discussed include the gases produced via anaerobic decomposition and methods such as area, trench, open pit, and canyon. Design considerations for landfills include geometry, liners, leachate and gas collection.
The document discusses waste classification and management. It outlines various types of waste including domestic, factory, e-waste, construction, agricultural, and more. The waste management process includes waste generation, handling, storage, collection, sorting, processing, transport, and disposal. Key aspects of waste management are minimization, recycling, processing, transformation, and land disposal. The goal is developing an integrated management plan based on the waste lifecycle and sources.
This document assesses potential options to mitigate methane emissions from solid waste in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It identifies composting, incineration, and landfill gas recovery as measures that could reduce methane emissions from landfills. An evaluation matrix scores these options based on their potential impact on greenhouse gas emissions, cost-benefit ratio, economic impacts, and consistency with environmental goals. Composting scores highest overall due to its relatively low cost and contribution to reducing emissions. The assessment recommends implementing composting and landfill gas recovery to most cost-effectively mitigate methane emissions from Addis Ababa landfills.
This document discusses recycling solid waste and its management. It begins by defining recycling as turning waste materials into valuable resources, which provides economic, environmental, and social benefits. It then outlines the key benefits of recycling, including economic advantages from reduced disposal fees and commodity revenues, environmental benefits like reduced pollution and energy usage, improved employee morale, positive corporate image, and compliance with regulations. The document also discusses selecting a recycling coordinator and other key players, conducting a waste audit, deciding which materials to recycle, choosing a collection contractor, and designing an effective recycling system within the workplace.
Public Private Partnership in Municipal Solid Waste Management in IndiaBashir Shirazi
The document discusses public-private partnerships for municipal solid waste management in India. It outlines the key drivers for private sector involvement, including growing waste quantities and legal obligations. It also describes common PPP models used for different waste management components and the roles of private partners. Key challenges for local governments include funding, expertise, and land acquisition. Success requires factors such as guaranteed waste supply, clear contracts, timely payments, and political support. Independent engineers help monitor project performance and compliance.
Refuse derived fuel (RDF) is a fuel produced from various types of waste such as paper, plastic, wood and food waste. The RDF production process involves sorting, shredding, drying and pelletizing the waste into fuel pellets. RDF has a higher calorific value than coal and burns cleaner with lower emissions. It can be used in cement kilns, power plants and industrial boilers as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. Producing RDF from municipal solid waste generates energy while reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills.
ENERGY FROM SOLID WASTE- SOURCE,TYPES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONSGowri Prabhu
This document discusses energy from solid waste, including the sources and types of solid waste and various technologies for converting waste into energy. It describes thermochemical, biochemical, and physicochemical conversion pathways. Thermochemical processes include incineration, gasification, and pyrolysis which convert organic waste into energy through combustion or thermal degradation. Biochemical and physicochemical methods like anaerobic digestion and transesterification convert waste into fuels like methane, ethanol and biodiesel. While waste-to-energy has benefits, public concerns remain around air pollution and potential groundwater contamination from ash.
Waste comes from many sources such as homes, schools, industries, and agriculture. Municipal authorities collect garbage from bins and dispose of it elsewhere. Waste is any material that is no longer useful in its current form and can cause pollution if not properly disposed of. Waste comes in solid, liquid, and gaseous forms and is categorized based on source and degradability. Improper waste management can negatively impact human health, the environment, and climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Effective waste management strategies include reducing waste, reusing materials, recycling, proper disposal, and educating the public.
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Integrated Solid Waste Management - Managing waste an environmentally sustainable, economically affordable and socially acceptable manner.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in Indian Cities including collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
It also provides details on designing a collection system, procedure for composting, RDF and Sanitary Landfill.
The Hazardous Wastes Management, Handling & Transboundary movement ...Pavithra Pavi
The document summarizes the key provisions of the Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2008 in India. It defines hazardous waste and outlines the responsibilities of hazardous waste generators, transporters, and operators of treatment, storage, and disposal facilities. It also describes the important aspects of the rules like authorizations for handling hazardous waste, manifest system for transport, storage requirements, import and export procedures, and enforcement powers of pollution control boards. The rules aim to ensure environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes in India.
The document discusses the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling) Rules of 2011 in India. It provides definitions for key terms related to plastic waste management. It outlines the responsibilities of various entities like manufacturers, municipal authorities, and occupiers. It discusses important features of the rules like definitions, prescribed authorities for enforcement of the rules, and responsibilities for handling of hazardous wastes.
A landfill is a carefully designed structure built into or on top of the ground for collecting garbage. Garbage is isolated from the environment by a bottom liner and daily soil coverings. Landfills can cause environmental impacts like pollution, methane gas emissions, and toxic leachate. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and leachate is a highly toxic liquid that contains organic waste and can contaminate land and water sources. While landfills have negative environmental effects, they remain an important part of waste management infrastructure for dealing with non-recyclable materials.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines solid wastes as all wastes generated from human and animal activities that are normally solid and discarded as useless or unwanted. Solid waste management aims to control the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and disposal of solid wastes in a sustainable manner. It involves technical, economic, social and political considerations. The key elements of solid waste management systems discussed are waste generation and handling, collection, separation and processing, transfer and transport, and disposal. Landfilling remains the most common method of disposal but there are increasing efforts to promote waste reduction, recycling and transformation through composting or combustion.
The document summarizes a seminar on biological wastewater treatment processes, past, present, and future. It discusses various types of domestic and industrial wastewater and their characteristics. It then describes key biological processes involved in wastewater treatment like carbonaceous removal, nitrogen removal, and sulfate removal. Various treatment processes are discussed including pond treatment, activated sludge process, and biofilm processes. Ongoing research activities at the institute are also highlighted which include studies on nitrification kinetics, anaerobic sulfate reduction modeling, and membrane bioreactor processes.
This document provides an overview of solid waste management. It begins with definitions of solid waste and municipal solid waste. It then discusses sources and types of municipal solid waste, as well as typical generation quantities. The key elements of municipal solid waste management systems are outlined, including collection, transfer, transport, disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, and the 4R concept of reduce, reuse, recycle, recover. Specific collection and disposal methods are described in more detail. The document also discusses the characteristics, composition and impact of municipal solid waste. A case study example is provided at the end to illustrate some of the concepts.
This document discusses plastic waste and its impacts. It provides background on plastics, describing their history and production levels over time. Several types and categories of plastics are identified. Sources of plastic waste include various consumer and industrial products. The impacts of plastic waste include harm to the environment, wildlife, and potentially human health. Methods for managing plastic waste include recycling, incineration, landfilling, and emerging technologies like plasma pyrolysis. Future trends in plastic waste are also addressed.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) consists of everyday items discarded by the public. MSW generation is rapidly increasing worldwide due to population growth and increased consumption. Traditional waste disposal methods are no longer viable. This document discusses the nature and management of MSW in India. It outlines key challenges facing MSW management in India and explores various technical solutions for processing MSW, including composting, biomethanation, gasification, refuse derived fuel production, and waste-to-energy. Private sector involvement is growing in MSW management across India.
The document discusses India's plans to ratify the Paris Agreement on climate change. It provides background on the Paris Agreement, noting it aims to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius and was ratified by 61 countries. The summary explains that Prime Minister Modi announced India will ratify the agreement. As part of its commitments under the agreement, India will need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 33-35% by 2030, increase renewable energy production, and expand forest cover. Ratifying the agreement will significantly impact India's energy sector and industry.
The weight or volume of materials and products that enter the waste stream before recycling, composting, landfilling, or combustion takes place. Also can represent the amount of waste generated by a given source or category of sources is all about Waste generation.
enjoy the slides..
This document discusses the principles of aerobic and anaerobic composting of municipal solid wastes. It begins by outlining the learning outcomes which include biological conversion processes like aerobic conversion, anaerobic conversion, anaerobic fermentation, and anaerobic digestion. It then provides details on the various types of composting systems including windrow composting, static pile composting, and in-vessel composting. It also discusses the critical design parameters for composting like particle size, moisture content, carbon-nitrogen ratio, temperature control, and methods for odor and pathogen control.
The document discusses various aspects of landfill systems including types of landfills, landfill operation methods, landfill gas, leachate, landfill liners, and final closure. It describes the main types as hazardous, sanitary, and open dumps. Key aspects of landfill operation discussed include the gases produced via anaerobic decomposition and methods such as area, trench, open pit, and canyon. Design considerations for landfills include geometry, liners, leachate and gas collection.
The document discusses waste classification and management. It outlines various types of waste including domestic, factory, e-waste, construction, agricultural, and more. The waste management process includes waste generation, handling, storage, collection, sorting, processing, transport, and disposal. Key aspects of waste management are minimization, recycling, processing, transformation, and land disposal. The goal is developing an integrated management plan based on the waste lifecycle and sources.
This document assesses potential options to mitigate methane emissions from solid waste in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It identifies composting, incineration, and landfill gas recovery as measures that could reduce methane emissions from landfills. An evaluation matrix scores these options based on their potential impact on greenhouse gas emissions, cost-benefit ratio, economic impacts, and consistency with environmental goals. Composting scores highest overall due to its relatively low cost and contribution to reducing emissions. The assessment recommends implementing composting and landfill gas recovery to most cost-effectively mitigate methane emissions from Addis Ababa landfills.
Integrated green technologies for msw (mam ver.)mamdouh sabour
SA is facing a great challenges for waste management due to the fast demographic and industrial growth, which left the country with accumulative amount of generated waste that needs to be managed in the most cost-effective, sustainable and green.
United Nation's ambassidor's Presentation on World Environmental DayHammadAwan37
"Join us on World Environmental Day as we embark on a transformative journey towards a sustainable and green future. Our presentation, curated by the esteemed United Nations member, delves into the crucial realms of environmental protection, sustainability, and the promotion of lush greenery for a healthier planet.
This impactful presentation will shed light on the 3Rs method—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—as a cornerstone for responsible consumption and waste management. Discover innovative techniques and strategies to minimize our ecological footprint and foster a circular economy that ensures the longevity of our precious resources.
Together, let's explore actionable steps to safeguard our environment, mitigate climate change, and create a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural world. This World Environmental Day, be part of the global movement for a greener, more sustainable tomorrow."
The document discusses sustainable waste management and resource efficiency. It promotes reducing waste at the source through the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle). Effective waste management requires considering the entire lifecycle of products and materials. It should prioritize waste prevention over disposal or recycling. The growing waste problem is exacerbated by population growth, urbanization, and unsustainable consumption patterns. Current approaches often do not view waste as a resource or support the informal waste sector. A more circular economy is needed that minimizes resource use and keeps materials in use.
Ray Georgeson East Midlands Conference 2010Ray Georgeson
Slides from presentation to councils in East Midlands - focusing on current issues in waste policy and legislation with some recent historical context and commentary on recent developments. With selected references/weblinks.
This is a reprinted version of a Power Point found on line. I did not create this but must store it here for quick reference to share with elected officials.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The document discusses waste management and the circular economy in Dorset, England. It analyzes the current waste streams in the region, including over 400,000 tons per year of biogenic waste. It identifies opportunities to increase the value of waste processing through more advanced analysis and new technologies, such as intercepting waste at source, segregation, conversion to industrial feedstocks, and maximizing benefits from anaerobic digestion. The document also discusses a potential furniture refurbishment program for the 90,000 tons per year of furniture and manufacturing waste in Dorset to provide affordable options. It notes that adding value to waste is hindered by a lack of data, clear business models, and need to synchronize infrastructure and markets.
1) The document outlines Japan's strategy for establishing a circular economy through its 4th Fundamental Plan for a Sound Material-Cycle Society.
2) The plan focuses on promoting the 3R concepts of reduce, reuse, and recycle throughout the entire lifecycle of resources.
3) Key pillars of the strategy include resource circulation throughout lifecycles, proper waste management and environmental restoration, regional circular systems, and international cooperation on resource sharing.
Efficient Use of Cesspool and Biogas for Sustainable Energy Generation: Recen...BRNSS Publication Hub
Biogas from biomass appears to have potential as an alternative energy source, which is potentially rich
in biomass resources. This is an overview of some salient points and perspectives of biogas technology.
The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural, and economic impacts of
biogas technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial
feedstock for the production of fuels, chemicals, and other materials. However, to be truly competitive
in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biogas technology
must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural
areas
Murrindindi_Shire_Council_Waste_and_Resource_Recovery_Strategy_2014-2019_FinalSarah James
The Murrindindi Shire Council Waste and Resource Recovery Strategy 2014-2019 aims to provide guidance to Council on managing waste services and priorities for improving efforts to divert waste from landfill and improve recycling. The objectives are to reduce waste sent to landfill, increase recycling and reuse, reduce litter, promote waste minimization, and structure services to reduce landfill waste. The strategy sets a vision, principles, and strategies/actions to achieve the vision over 2014-2019. Council will work with the community to achieve the vision.
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1 UNIT II S.docxandreecapon
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 1
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Solid Waste Characteristics,
Quantities, and Collection
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Identify municipal solid waste and its characteristics.
2. Identify the composition of different types of solid waste.
3. Explain the heat values of refuse and how they are expressed.
4. Analyze the different methods of solid waste collection.
5. Describe truck routing and the use of transfer stations.
6. Analyze litter collection methods and where they are more beneficial.
Unit Lesson
Unit II consists of Chapters 2 and 3 - Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and
Quantities and Collection. This unit involves concepts as well as numerical
computations. This lecture will focus on computations.
Chapter 2
Example 2-1 introduces you to different types of household waste that are
produced. The example computes what percentage of waste can be diverted
from the landfill as well as the percentage of recyclables as a fraction of the
landfilled materials.
Example 2-2 computes the moisture content of a residential waste. The values
for moisture, such as "6" for paper is 6% moisture obtained from Table 2-1.
"w" is wet weight and "d" is dry weight.
Example 2-3; A calorimeter is a method for determining the heat of combustion.
The example shows that the original refuse sample produces 4000 Btu/lb when
burned. If moisture is removed from the sample before burning, then the sample
can produce 4444 Btu/lb when burned. Further, if neither ash production nor
moisture is included in energy production, then 5714 Btu/lb of heat are available.
Examples 2-4 and 2-5 explain the computation of statistical means.
You should practice working the problems at the end of the chapter. Answers to
select questions are provided below.
Problem 2-1: Landfill will fill in 30 days
Problem 2-3: 2.8 lb/in2
Problem 2-13: Density of loose refuse is 206 lb/yd3
Volume occupied by 100 lb of loose refuse is 0.49 yd3
Density of baled refuse is 767 lb/yd3
Volume occupied by 100 lb of baled refuse is 0.13 yd3
Problem 2-14: 21.6% water
Problem 2-17: 5270 Btu/lb
Problem 2-18: 4890 Btu/lb
Problem 2-19: 10 ft-lb
Reading
Assignment
Chapter 2:
Municipal Solid Waste
Characteristics and
Quantities
Chapter 3:
Collection
MEE 5901, Advanced Solid Waste Management 2
Chapter 3
Example 3-1 shows the value of compacting refuse to reduce the volume of
garbage set out for collection.
Examples 3-2 and 3-3 show calculations for how many customers can be served
before filling a garbage truck.
Examples 3-4 and 3-5 explain how to compute the number of collection vehicles
required.
Page 85 presents equations for how much time is required to walk down a street
to collect recyclables. At the top of page 85, note that the distance between
stops "A" is in meters (not feet). A ...
Unit 210 Reasons and Targets in the Recycling Industryrfelters
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3. I. MSW OVERVIEW
What’s MSW ?
- MSW generally refers to all wastes generated, collected, transported, and
disposed of within the jurisdiction of a municipal authority.
- The definition of 'municipal waste' used in different countries varies,
reflecting diverse waste management practices. For the purposes of national
yearly reporting of municipal waste to Eurostat, 'municipal waste' is defined
as follows (Eurostat, 2012e):
3Fig. 01: MSW Landfill in Cambodia Fig. 02: Unclassified MSW
7. I. MSW OVERVIEW
Composition of MSW:
=>. MSW composed of many types of waste as
in the table bellow. The proportion of MSW’s
composition is vary by municipalities, due to
the economics, and the tendency of using
products in each.
7Fig. 03: MSW’s Composition (Urban Development Series – Knowledge Papers, Solid Waste)
8. I. MSW OVERVIEW
8
Global Solid waste Composition
Fig. 04: Global Composition of MSW(Urban
Development Series – Knowledge Papers, Solid Waste)
Globally the MSW’s composition
mainly composed by:
a. Organic, 49%
b. Paper, 17%
c. Plastic, 10%
d. Glass, 5%
f . Metal, 4%
g. Other, 18%
9. I. MSW OVERVIEW
9
MSW’s Composition by Level of Income
=> The composition of MSW is observed to be variable by level of Income. The less
income countries tend to produce for organic waste, meanwhile for higher income
countries the amount of paper and plastic in MSW tend to increase.
Fig. 06a: MSW’s Composition by level of in come (Urban Development Series – Knowledge
Papers, Solid Waste)
10. I. MSW OVERVIEW
10
MSW’s Composition by Level of Income
Fig. 05: MSW’s Composition by Levels of income (Urban Development Series –
Knowledge Papers, Solid Waste)
12. II. MSW Management and Policies
12
Concepts for MSW Management
Downstream
Upstream
Try to minimized the use of
resources,
Try to use material repeatedly ,
Try to reproduce the product from
used material,
Get more, heat and fertilizer
from waste.
Disposal of
unrecoverable
materials
13. II. MSW Management and Policies
13
Case Study of MSW Management Policies:
A. USA
B. The United Kingdom
14. THE USA
14
History
Early 20th Century - nonexistent government policies until
public health concern (germ theory)
Post WWII - change in waste composition and amount from
mass consumerism
1965 - first involvement of federal government
1970s - federal legislation focused on environment
1980s - state policy and involvement; recycling movement
1990s to present - technology, policy refinement
15. THE USA
15
Role of Government
Federal
- Goal-setting, funding, minimum requirements, information,
voluntary programs
State
- Planning, recycling, restrictive requirements & standards,
assistance to municipalities
Use of economies of scale
Local
- Implementation - collection, hauling, recycling, (combustion,)
disposal
- Considerable flexibility so long as policies don't conflict with
federal or state legal constraints
16. THE USA
16
Policy Instruments
Command and Control
- Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, RCRA
- Landfill & incinerator performance/technology standards
State labeling
- Market-based Instruments
- Pay-As-You-Throw
- Deposit-Refund (tax-subsidy)
Voluntary
- Goals
- Partnerships
17. THE USA
17
Constraints
Legal
- Dormant Commerce Clause
- Supremacy Clause & Federal Legislation
- 10th Amendment/States Rights
Political
- Powerful industry lobby / Declining environmental
lobby
- Tax aversion
- Recycling associated with political attitudes
- States rights
18. THE UK
18
History
1875 Public Health Act
Waste requirements
1960s+
Environmental Protection
1977
EU Second Environment Action Programme
1975 EU Framework Directive on Waste
1994 EU Packaging Waste Directive
1994 EU Waste Incineration Directive
1999 EU Landfill Directive
19. THE UK
19
Role of Government
EU Framework Directive on Waste
Article 4: Waste hierarchy
EU Packaging Waste Directive
Producers responsible for diverting waste from landfills
EU Waste Incineration Directive
Emissions control for thermal processes in EU
EU Landfill Directive
Reduce the levels of biodegradable MSW landfilled, to 35% of the 1995 levels by
2020 at the latest
National Policies
Environmental Protection Act 1990
Aligned with EU mandates & targets
Local Implementation
At discretion of local authorities
20. THE UK
20
Prevention
Preparing for re-use
Recycling
Other
Recovery
Disposal
Using less material in design
and manufacture. Keeping
products for longer; re use.
Using less hazardous materials
Checking, cleaning, repairing,
refurbishing, whole items or
spare parts
Turning waste into a new substance or
product. Includes composting if it
meets quality protocols.
Includes anaerobic digestion, incineration with
energy recovery, gasification and pyrolysis which
produce energy (fuels, heat and power) and
materials from waste: some backfilling
Landfill and incineration without energy
The Waste Hierarchy
21. Policy Instruments
National
Landfill escalator tax
Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme (LATS)
Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs)
Local Authorities
Compulsory recycling
Awards for recycling
THE UK
22. THE UK
Political
Emphasis on target-setting and market forces
Aversion to multi-level tax schemes
Legal
EU Directives
Local policies limited by national mandates
Single market
Constraints
23. III. Recycling
Primary
Separation
• MSW should have been separate by house whole
before throw it to the trash bin,
Collection
• Types of MSW should be
collected separately or with
differently schedule
Recycling
• Metal
• Combustible
• Organic
• Residual
24. III. Recycling
Primary Separation
MSW should be
separated by each house
whole before throw to the
trash bin.
Make it easy for
collection and handling,
Primary sorting can
reduce large amount of
money to paid for waste
separation at recycling
plant. Consequently the
recycle become
economically feasible.
25. III. Recycling
Collection
Types of MSW should be
collected separately or with
differently schedule.
Different types of MSW can
be transported to the
processing plant separately
with purpose.
The cost of Transportation
also can be reduced due to
transporting the right waste
to the right processing
purposes.
Trucks For Transporting Organic MSW
26. III. Recycling
=>. The Flow Chart of MSW recycling above shown that the separate collection of
MSW provide more yield for recycling product, while the mixed collection could be
recovered less energy and benefit.
=>. Mixed Collection
- Energy by incineration
- RDF: Compacted
mixed-pelleted-
combustible
materials.
=>. Separate Collection
- Glass
- Paper
- Plastics
- Metals
- Compost
=>. Landfill
- Methane Recovery
Recoveries from MSW
27. Waste To Energy
Integrated Incinerator
=>. Incineration is the process to reduce volume of MSW by direct burning waste. In
conventional incineration process nothing can be recovered, but for integrated
incinerator heat from burning MSW can be generated electricity by steam generator.
=>. Incineration process generate considerable air pollutants, required post
combustion treatment.
28. RDF: Refuse-derived Fuel
Mixed MSW RDF Combustion
=>. Refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is a
fuel produced by shredding and
dehydrating (MSW). RDF made up
from combustible materials such as
plastic, paper, textile and others.
=>. Heating Value is vary due to the
composition and moisture content.
(2000-4000 kcal/kg)
30. MSW to Bio-Gas and Fertilizer
*CNG: Compressed Natural Gas, ** BIMA: Biogas-Induced-Mixing-Arrangement
31. MSW Gasification ( Fertilizer’s alternative)
Schematics of Gasification and Power Generation
=>. Gasification is a process that
converts organic or fossil fuel
based carbonaceous materials
into CO, H2 and CO2.
=>. Material is reacted at high
temperatures (>700 °C), without
combustion, with a controlled
amount of oxygen and/or steam.
=>. Hot Gas steam as the product
of Gasification can be used the
generate electricity and the
bottom ash could be used for
construction purposes.
=>. Syngas (CO and H2) then can
be used as fuel for purposes.
32. III. Recycling
MSW waste or GOLD??
• Incinerator => Energy + (Ash and Pollutants)
• RDF => Alternative Fuel + Fertilizer
• Biomass => CH4 + Fertilizer
• Gasification => Gas steam energy +Combustible
Syngas
Why MSW Recycling ??
- Recover Energy from waste
- Reduce Pollution
- Reduce Volume of waste for landfill
- Reduce Long term concern on waste disposal
- Converting waste to money, reduce social and
environmental impact
33. IV. Conclusion
• Handling MSW become big concern for every big city and it’s
cost a lot of money.
• Landfill of MSW cause long term impact to social and
environmental ( health and Pollutions).
• Recycling MSW from Waste to energy can reduce the area
require for Landfill, since it can reduce more than 85% volume
of waste.
• MSW recycling added value to waste
• Beside costing money, MSW has potential to generate profit
• Recycling MSW is the one way for sustainability.
37. [1]. ASME, July 2008: “Waste to Energy”, A Renewable Energy Source from Municipal Solid Waste, Waste-to-
Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT); Earth Engineering Center, Columbia University.
- A brief report about existing waste-to-energy plants in U.S,
- WTE (Waste-to-Energy) benefit and recovery, Environmental benefit of WTE,
- Obstacles for WTE, Regulation Implementation and Suggestions.
[2]. S. Maier and L.B. Oliveira, 2014: “Economic feasibility of energy recovery from solid waste in the light of
Brazil's waste policy”, the case of Rio de Janeiro, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier.
- This paper aims to assess the implications of Brazil's National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS) on the
economic feasibility of different energetic MSW treatment facilities. Therefore, the PNRS is
comprehensively analyzed, particularly those areas that outline the decision-making criteria for future
investments. These criteria are then applied to the specific case of Rio de Janeiro, first by examining the
municipality's current state of MSW management and second by examining 20 hypothetical future
investment projects into three different energetic MSW treatment technologies.
[3]. P. Carvalho and R.C. Marques, 2013: “Economies of size and density in municipal solid waste recycling in
Portugal”, Waste Management.
- This paper aim to search for economics of output density and economies of size in the selective collection
and recycling activities in Portugal and to identify the size of utilities operating in the wholescale segment in
the period of 2006-2010.
- The result suggested that the Portuguese recycling utilities should increase the quantities of MSW for
recycling (esp. for glass and paper) and also become larger to dimensions corresponding to a supply of 400-
550 thousand habitants.
References
38. [4]. C. Fischer, 2013: “Municipal Solid Waste Management in Germany”, European Environmental Agency and
ETC/SPC.
- The historical performance on MSW management based on a set of indicators;
- Uncertainties that might explain differences between the countries’ performance which are more linked to
differences of what the reporting includes than differences in management performance;
- Relation of the indicators to the most important initiatives taken to improve MSW management in the
country; and
Assessment of the future possible trends and achieving of the future EU targets on MSW by 2020.
[5]. S.M. Al-Salem, S. Evangelisti and P. Lettier, 2014: “Life cycle assessment of Alternative technologies for
municipal solid waste and plastic solid waste management in the Greater London area”, Cross Mark.
- Investigating environmental impact of the current municipal waste management in Greater London.
- Analysis different advanced thermo-chemical technologies for plastic solid waste treatment.
- Choice of technologies depends on market’s ability to take-in the petrochemical products.
- Recycling textile and paper could bring the largest improvement for the environment.
- Substitution of primary aggregates with IBAs has a significant impact in terms of GHG savings.
[6]. A. Agarwal, A. Singhmar, M. Kulshrestha, A.K. Mittal, 2005: “Municipal solid waste recycling and
associated markets in Delhi, India”, Elsevier.
- The present work covered an extensive study of this waste trade with emphasis on the most important unit
of the waste chain, the recyclists. Extensive interviews and surveys with recyclists from various slums helped
in evaluating the market mechanisms of the recycle trade in Delhi and in revealing details of this informal
sector. Through a number of field interviews undertaken on recyclists, recyclables dealers and municipal
authorities, a complete hierarchy from recyclists to the final sellers of the recycled product was identified
and delineated and the profits at each level determined. The value addition to each product at every level of
the waste trade was also determined. Two models were subsequently proposed to evaluate the possibility of
formalizing the unorganized waste trade. It was concluded that it is possible to organize the sector, but this
would leave more than 66,000 recyclists without employment, a consequence of organizing an activity that
presently provides employment and daily living to nearly 89,600 recyclists who belong to the poorest strata
of the society.
39. [7]. Municipal Solid Waste Management Report, 2010: “Status-quo and Issue in Southeast Asia Countries”,
AIT/UNEP Regional Resource Center for Asia and the Pacific.
- This report presents and discusses the status-quo and issues of Municipal Waste in 14 countries in
Southeast and East Asia. Aspects of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) included herein are generation and
composition, policies and regulations, economic instruments, current practices of MSW and other
management strategies. The report also presents some propositions and policy recommendations in order
to determine regional collective actions on the status-quo and issues regarding Municipal Waste.
[8]. S. Chaisawadi, N. Chaleaytoy, C. Tepbutrdee, P. Padungsatayawong: Municipal Solid Waste Management
Model For Community, King Mongkut’s University of Technology.
- The objective in this study is to develop municipal waste management model that fit for their activities in
each community. The municipal solid waste management mode from waste to energy and recyclable waste
bank has been proposed. The 4 steps including: the basic information survey for the community size and
type of their waste; the knowledge management on waste utilization for energy and recyclable waste bank;
the information survey on waste management model for their communities and the brainstorming activities
of communities focus on biomass-based waste and bioorganic-based waste had been processed to share for
100 pilot communities .The results had been shown 18 % fit for the small sized community with biomass-
based waste; 31 % fit for the large sized community with biomass based waste; 23 % fit for the small sized
community with bioorganic-based waste; 28 % fit for the large sized community with bioorganic-based
waste.
[9]. E. Diamadopoulos, Y. Koutsantonakis, V. Zaglara, 1995: “Optimal Design of Municipal Solid Waste
Recycling System.
- This work develops an integer linear programming methodology for the optimal design of municipal solid
waste recycling systems. The model considers all costs, in present values, concerning recycling of products,
disposal of solid wastes, as well as closure and monitoring of the old landfill, and opening of a new one.
Economic benefits include revenues coming from the selling of the recycled goods, and those originating
from extending the life of the landfill. The model was applied to the city of Chania for the recycling of paper,
glass, aluminum and organic residues (putrescible matter). Recycling brings about a significant reduction in
the annual cost of solid waste management, as well as an increase in the life of the landfill.
40. [10]. M. Fujii, T. Fujita, S. Ohnishi, N. Yamaguchi, G. Yong, H.S. Park, 2014: “Regional and temporal simulation
of a smart recycling system for municipal organic solid wastes”.
- In this study, we further develop the concept of smart recycling and propose a framework for facilitating
the implementation of such a system. By making use of existing facilities and adopting both closed-loop and
semi-closed-loop recycling processes, this system allows flexible adaptations on the changes of external
factors. A spatially optimal scale is necessary to meet the requirements for such a smart recycling system.
Thus, we develop an integrated model that combines both geographical information system based collection
model and a process model for a smart recycling center. In order to test its applicability, we employ a case
study approach to simulate the implementation of smart recycling in the three satellite cities of Tokyo
Metropolitan Area and evaluate its effects under three different scenarios. Our simulation results show that
smart recycling cannot only reduce carbon dioxide emission but also lower the overall costs. Also, by
comparing with conventional waste incineration, we find that the unit cost of smart recycling is relatively
stable to changes of the waste amounts due to its lower fixed costs for facilities.