The EJX-A series is Yokogawa's premium performance line of DPharp transmitters. Field tested for over 10 years with the performance and stability demanded by industrial process control applications. The EJX910A multivariable transmitter is a remarkable innovation in multi-sensing technology. It makes optimal use of the unique characteristics of Yokogawa's DPharp sensor to provide best in class process measurement performance.
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
This paper intends to construct and design of the fuel monitoring and electronics control of dispenser for fuel station. It
consists of two sections; hardware implementation for control section and software implementation section. Some fuel stations
which used the flow rate sensors cannot get satisfactions both customers and dealers. The reason is that the fuel volume can
increase or decrease due to the temperature changes depending on the places and times. The system can solve the
disadvantages of it. The system controls for the compensation in volume flow rate with controller. In order to solve this
problem, PIC16F877A is used as a controller to control the time taken for each data representation customer requests from the
keypad and LCD (liquid crystal display) is also used as display unit in this system. And then computer is also used as a control
station by using VB.Net. The status of the fuel levels is also monitored from the computer. MikroC is used for software
implementation of the system In order to control time taken.
Keywords — fuel compensation system, volume flow rate, controller, and software.
An Adaptive Liquid Level Controller Using Multi Sensor Data FusionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes a design of adaptive liquid level control system using the concept of Multi
Sensor Data Fusion (MSDF). Purpose of the work is to design a controller for accurately controlling the
level of liquid in a process tank with liquid temperature changes. The proposed objective is obtained by i)
implementing a MSDF framework using Pau’s framework for measuring liquid level and temperature, ii)
analyzing the behavior of actuator output for variation in liquid temperature, and iii) designing a suitable
adaptive controller which will produce desired control action for controlling liquid level accurately using
neural network algorithms. Outputs from sensors are fused to obtain the fluid level output and also relation
of level transmitter output for change in temperature. This information is used by controller to train the
neural network so as to tune the controller parameters (proportional gain, integral constant, and differential
constant), to drive the actuator. Results obtained show that the system is able to control liquid level within
range of 1.915% of set point even with variations in liquid temperature.
An Iterative Method Applied to Correct the Actual Compressor Performance to t...ijctcm
This paper proposes a correction method, which corrects the actual compressor performance in real
operating conditions to the equivalent performance under specified reference condition. The purpose is to
make fair comparisons between actual performance against design performance or reference maps under
the same operating conditions. Then the abnormal operating conditions or early failure indications can be
identified through condition monitoring, which helps to avoid mandatory shutdown and reduces
maintenance costs. The corrections are based on an iterative scheme, which simultaneously correct the
main performance parameters known as the polytropic head, the gas power, and the polytropic efficiency.
The excellent performance of the method is demonstrated by performing the corrections over real industrial
measurements.
Load Sharing for Parallel Operation of Gas CompressorsVijay Sarathy
The art of load sharing between centrifugal compressors consists of maintaining equal throughput through multiple parallel compressors. These compressors consist of a common suction and discharge header. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) can be incorporated with load sharing functions or can be incorporated as standalone controllers also. Control signals from shared process parameters such as suction header pressure or discharge header pressure can be then fed to individual controllers such as compressor speed controllers (SC) or anti-surge controllers (UIC) to ensure the overall load is distributed efficiently between the compressors.
The following article covers load sharing schemes for parallel centrifugal compressor operation.
This paper intends to construct and design of the fuel monitoring and electronics control of dispenser for fuel station. It
consists of two sections; hardware implementation for control section and software implementation section. Some fuel stations
which used the flow rate sensors cannot get satisfactions both customers and dealers. The reason is that the fuel volume can
increase or decrease due to the temperature changes depending on the places and times. The system can solve the
disadvantages of it. The system controls for the compensation in volume flow rate with controller. In order to solve this
problem, PIC16F877A is used as a controller to control the time taken for each data representation customer requests from the
keypad and LCD (liquid crystal display) is also used as display unit in this system. And then computer is also used as a control
station by using VB.Net. The status of the fuel levels is also monitored from the computer. MikroC is used for software
implementation of the system In order to control time taken.
Keywords — fuel compensation system, volume flow rate, controller, and software.
An Adaptive Liquid Level Controller Using Multi Sensor Data FusionTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper describes a design of adaptive liquid level control system using the concept of Multi
Sensor Data Fusion (MSDF). Purpose of the work is to design a controller for accurately controlling the
level of liquid in a process tank with liquid temperature changes. The proposed objective is obtained by i)
implementing a MSDF framework using Pau’s framework for measuring liquid level and temperature, ii)
analyzing the behavior of actuator output for variation in liquid temperature, and iii) designing a suitable
adaptive controller which will produce desired control action for controlling liquid level accurately using
neural network algorithms. Outputs from sensors are fused to obtain the fluid level output and also relation
of level transmitter output for change in temperature. This information is used by controller to train the
neural network so as to tune the controller parameters (proportional gain, integral constant, and differential
constant), to drive the actuator. Results obtained show that the system is able to control liquid level within
range of 1.915% of set point even with variations in liquid temperature.
An Iterative Method Applied to Correct the Actual Compressor Performance to t...ijctcm
This paper proposes a correction method, which corrects the actual compressor performance in real
operating conditions to the equivalent performance under specified reference condition. The purpose is to
make fair comparisons between actual performance against design performance or reference maps under
the same operating conditions. Then the abnormal operating conditions or early failure indications can be
identified through condition monitoring, which helps to avoid mandatory shutdown and reduces
maintenance costs. The corrections are based on an iterative scheme, which simultaneously correct the
main performance parameters known as the polytropic head, the gas power, and the polytropic efficiency.
The excellent performance of the method is demonstrated by performing the corrections over real industrial
measurements.
PLC Based Instrumentation of Closed Loop Gas System for RPC DetectorsIOSRJAP
The INO experiment is a mega-science project and will have RPC detectors as an active element. It will be instrumented with about 28,800 RPC detectors. These active detectors use a gas mixture of R134a (95.2%), Isobutane (4.5%) and SF6 (0.3%). Due to large number of RPC detectors, the total gas required is of the order of 200 M 3 ; therefore a Closed Loop gas recirculation System (CLS) is mandatory. The prototype CLS system for 12 such RPCs has been developed using PLC (Programmable Logical Controllers) and associated peripheral input and output devices. This CLS is based on pneumatic parameters; hence many pressure sensors are used in process control and operation. Several simple CLS are developed by the team of Alpha pneumatics. The paper high lights the instrumentation of the CLS, which is in operation at TIFR and a few results are presented
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
The following article demonstrates the use of High Pressure (HP) VFD Operated LNG pumps that controls the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) pressure and a flow control valve a.k.a vaporizer control valve that controls pump flow.
Centrifugal Compressor System Design & SimulationVijay Sarathy
The power point slides focuses on centrifugal compressor design, dynamic simulation including anti surge valve and hot gas bypass requirements. The topics covered are,
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) Drivers
Typical Single Stage System
Start-up Scenario
Shutdown Scenario
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Scenario
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Design Philosophy
Anti-Surge System
Recycle Arrangements
CC Driver Arrangements
General Notes
OPERATING ENVELOPES FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSVijay Sarathy
The following tutorial provides a step by step procedure to predict the allowable operating range or “Operating Envelope” for a centrifugal pump’s range of operation.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Affinity Laws for Variable Speed Centrifugal PumpsVijay Sarathy
In retrofit jobs, depending on the application & plant revamps, fixed speed pumps are retrofitted with a variable frequency drive (VFD) to enable them to be operated at a different set of operating conditions. In Brownfield projects, design engineers would sometimes face situations where the manufacturer's datasheets indicate performance curves only for rated speeds & it becomes necessary to evaluate what are the other operating ranges the same pump can be used for after retrofitting.
In the following short article, I've put up some points covering
1. Advantages of Variable Frequency Drives
2. When VFD’s Are Not Advantageous
3. Selection Process - New Pumps & Retrofit Pumps
4. Example Case Study to generate Performance Curves for VSD Retrofit (Single Stage End Suction Centrifugal Pump)
Surge Control for Parallel Centrifugal Compressor OperationsVijay Sarathy
Parallel Centrifugal Compressor Operations
- Base Load Method
- Suction Side Speed Control Method
- Equal Flow Balance Method
- Equidistant to Surge Line Method
I have prepared this presentation after successful commissioning of two such Multivariable Transmitters with 1595 Conditioning Orifice, used to measure raw gas of two trains in OMV (Pakistan) Exploration GmbH. Sawan gas processing plant,
Discussion on modern trend in measurement, Combustion control,optimization.pptxkazi galib
This is a discussion about data trend system of real time data of power plant parameters. Trends are used to analyse faults and troubleshoot. Modern trends are special features of modern control system which enables maintenance and operation people find out faults within shortest possible time.
The basics of instrumentations and its working principles are discussed. The basics op-amp and its use as an instrumentation amplifier and also its applications are discussed.
Design and Implementation of High Resolution Data Acquisition Systemijsrd.com
Fuel cell stacks containing hundreds of individual cells are capable of generating high voltage and current values needed for transportation, commercial, residential, portable and industrial power applications. Although majority of hydrogen produced today comes from reformulated natural gas generated through a process that creates a significant amount of carbon dioxide, fuel cell is still a viable energy source for the future electrical power applications. One of the hard cases of the fuel-cell power systems is proper monitoring, instrumentation and data acquisition of system parameters such as fuel flow into the system, AC and DC voltage values, load current, humidity, power, pressure, temperature, fuel utilization, overall system efficiency, noise, etc. Fuel cell test systems must precisely monitor and control the aforementioned hundreds of measurements in real-time. It is necessary to have an instrumentation system which is able to monitor and control fuel cell operation under varying conditions and accurately get information relating to real-time performance and operational characteristics to calculate fuel cell efficiency correctly. Instrumentation and interface systems must also provide flexible data acquisition, monitoring, and control capability to precisely control fuel cell operation. Therefore, a typical fuel cell test system requires high-resolution, high-voltage input, isolation, and waveform acquisition capability. The objective of this applied research project is design and implementation of a high-resolution data acquisition and interface module for a 500 W Hydrogen fuel cell power station using LabVIEW ™ PDS v8.20 software and field point based data acquisition modules.
Atp1.2 to AutoCAD Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Programcocoa35
Atp1.2 to AutoCAD, Wastewater treatment design, with automatic discovery and Cost AutoCAD drawings using computer programs. Wastewater characteristics to enter the program and you have the opportunity to do the entire design with your own assumptions.
www.atptoautocad.com
GSM: +905322682323
email: hgky@hotmail.com
email: info@atptoautocad.com
Orifice flow meters are one of the most commonly used flow measurement devices used in the industry. Flow measurement by orifice not only needs compensation for temperature and pressure but also correction for inaccurate calculations which can lead to errors as high as 20%. This article will simplify those calculation into a ready to use formula.
PLC Based Instrumentation of Closed Loop Gas System for RPC DetectorsIOSRJAP
The INO experiment is a mega-science project and will have RPC detectors as an active element. It will be instrumented with about 28,800 RPC detectors. These active detectors use a gas mixture of R134a (95.2%), Isobutane (4.5%) and SF6 (0.3%). Due to large number of RPC detectors, the total gas required is of the order of 200 M 3 ; therefore a Closed Loop gas recirculation System (CLS) is mandatory. The prototype CLS system for 12 such RPCs has been developed using PLC (Programmable Logical Controllers) and associated peripheral input and output devices. This CLS is based on pneumatic parameters; hence many pressure sensors are used in process control and operation. Several simple CLS are developed by the team of Alpha pneumatics. The paper high lights the instrumentation of the CLS, which is in operation at TIFR and a few results are presented
MODELLING CASCADED SPLIT RANGE (CASC-SRC) CONTROLLERS IN ASPEN HYSYS DYNAMICSVijay Sarathy
The following article demonstrates the use of High Pressure (HP) VFD Operated LNG pumps that controls the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) pressure and a flow control valve a.k.a vaporizer control valve that controls pump flow.
Centrifugal Compressor System Design & SimulationVijay Sarathy
The power point slides focuses on centrifugal compressor design, dynamic simulation including anti surge valve and hot gas bypass requirements. The topics covered are,
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Characteristics
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) Drivers
Typical Single Stage System
Start-up Scenario
Shutdown Scenario
Emergency Shutdown (ESD) Scenario
Centrifugal Compressor (CC) System Design Philosophy
Anti-Surge System
Recycle Arrangements
CC Driver Arrangements
General Notes
OPERATING ENVELOPES FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPSVijay Sarathy
The following tutorial provides a step by step procedure to predict the allowable operating range or “Operating Envelope” for a centrifugal pump’s range of operation.
CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR SETTLE OUT CONDITIONS TUTORIALVijay Sarathy
Centrifugal Compressors are a preferred choice in gas transportation industry, mainly due to their ability to cater to varying loads. In the event of a compressor shutdown as a planned event, i.e., normal shutdown (NSD), the anti-surge valve is opened to recycle gas from the discharge back to the suction (thereby moving the operating point away from the surge line) and the compressor is tripped via the driver (electric motor or Gas turbine / Steam Turbine). In the case of an unplanned event, i.e., emergency shutdown such as power failure, the compressor trips first followed by the anti-surge valve opening. In doing so, the gas content in the suction side & discharge side mix.
Therefore, settle out conditions is explained as the equilibrium pressure and temperature reached in the compressor piping and equipment volume following a compressor shutdown
Affinity Laws for Variable Speed Centrifugal PumpsVijay Sarathy
In retrofit jobs, depending on the application & plant revamps, fixed speed pumps are retrofitted with a variable frequency drive (VFD) to enable them to be operated at a different set of operating conditions. In Brownfield projects, design engineers would sometimes face situations where the manufacturer's datasheets indicate performance curves only for rated speeds & it becomes necessary to evaluate what are the other operating ranges the same pump can be used for after retrofitting.
In the following short article, I've put up some points covering
1. Advantages of Variable Frequency Drives
2. When VFD’s Are Not Advantageous
3. Selection Process - New Pumps & Retrofit Pumps
4. Example Case Study to generate Performance Curves for VSD Retrofit (Single Stage End Suction Centrifugal Pump)
Surge Control for Parallel Centrifugal Compressor OperationsVijay Sarathy
Parallel Centrifugal Compressor Operations
- Base Load Method
- Suction Side Speed Control Method
- Equal Flow Balance Method
- Equidistant to Surge Line Method
I have prepared this presentation after successful commissioning of two such Multivariable Transmitters with 1595 Conditioning Orifice, used to measure raw gas of two trains in OMV (Pakistan) Exploration GmbH. Sawan gas processing plant,
Discussion on modern trend in measurement, Combustion control,optimization.pptxkazi galib
This is a discussion about data trend system of real time data of power plant parameters. Trends are used to analyse faults and troubleshoot. Modern trends are special features of modern control system which enables maintenance and operation people find out faults within shortest possible time.
The basics of instrumentations and its working principles are discussed. The basics op-amp and its use as an instrumentation amplifier and also its applications are discussed.
Design and Implementation of High Resolution Data Acquisition Systemijsrd.com
Fuel cell stacks containing hundreds of individual cells are capable of generating high voltage and current values needed for transportation, commercial, residential, portable and industrial power applications. Although majority of hydrogen produced today comes from reformulated natural gas generated through a process that creates a significant amount of carbon dioxide, fuel cell is still a viable energy source for the future electrical power applications. One of the hard cases of the fuel-cell power systems is proper monitoring, instrumentation and data acquisition of system parameters such as fuel flow into the system, AC and DC voltage values, load current, humidity, power, pressure, temperature, fuel utilization, overall system efficiency, noise, etc. Fuel cell test systems must precisely monitor and control the aforementioned hundreds of measurements in real-time. It is necessary to have an instrumentation system which is able to monitor and control fuel cell operation under varying conditions and accurately get information relating to real-time performance and operational characteristics to calculate fuel cell efficiency correctly. Instrumentation and interface systems must also provide flexible data acquisition, monitoring, and control capability to precisely control fuel cell operation. Therefore, a typical fuel cell test system requires high-resolution, high-voltage input, isolation, and waveform acquisition capability. The objective of this applied research project is design and implementation of a high-resolution data acquisition and interface module for a 500 W Hydrogen fuel cell power station using LabVIEW ™ PDS v8.20 software and field point based data acquisition modules.
Atp1.2 to AutoCAD Wastewater Treatment Plant Design Programcocoa35
Atp1.2 to AutoCAD, Wastewater treatment design, with automatic discovery and Cost AutoCAD drawings using computer programs. Wastewater characteristics to enter the program and you have the opportunity to do the entire design with your own assumptions.
www.atptoautocad.com
GSM: +905322682323
email: hgky@hotmail.com
email: info@atptoautocad.com
Orifice flow meters are one of the most commonly used flow measurement devices used in the industry. Flow measurement by orifice not only needs compensation for temperature and pressure but also correction for inaccurate calculations which can lead to errors as high as 20%. This article will simplify those calculation into a ready to use formula.
Diffusers are extensively used in centrifugal
compressors, axial flow compressors, ram jets, combustion
chambers, inlet portions of jet engines and etc. A small change in
pressure recovery can increases the efficiency significantly.
Therefore diffusers are absolutely essential for good turbo
machinery performance. The geometric limitations in aircraft
applications where the diffusers need to be specially designed so
as to achieve maximum pressure recovery and avoiding flow
separation.
The study behind the investigation of flow separation in a planar
diffuser by varying the diffuser taper angle for axisymmetric
expansion. Numerical solution of 2D axisymmetric diffuser model
is validated for skin friction coefficient and pressure coefficient
along upper and bottom wall surfaces with the experimental
results of planar diffuser predicted by Vance Dippold and
Nicholas J. Georgiadis in NASA research center [2]
.
Further the diffuser taper angle is varied for other different
angles and results shows the effect of flow separation were it is
reduces i.e., for what angle and at which angle it is just avoided.
Converter station water-cooled pump vibration monitoring and condition assess...IJRES Journal
In High Voltage Direct Current(HVDC) Transmission Systems, high intelligence and reliability is demand more. It’s urgently necessary to run a real-time monitoring system on converter station water-cooled pump. From the functional requirements of the monitoring system, describes the structure of the proposed converter station water-cooled pump vibration signal monitoring systems, data acquisition unit of hardware and software systems. In accordance with vibration severity in GB/T 29531-2013, As a water-cooled pump monitoring and early warning threshold, based on LabVIEW, We developed a water-cooled pump monitoring system software. Test results show that the system can effectively monitor the water-cooled pump’s working conditions.
GE's Bently Nevada 3500 Monitoring System provides continuous, online monitoring suitable for machinery protection and asset condition monitoring applications. It represents their most capable and flexible system in a traditional rack-based design and offers numerous features and advantages not provided in other systems.
Brooks Instrument Series GF40 Installation and Operation ManualFlow-Tech, Inc.
Based upon Brooks award-winning GF100 Series, the GF40 Series is a performance/value MFC platform designed for OEM applications, delivering the following class leading features:
• MultiFloTM process gas and flow range programmability, enabling customers to re-configure the MFC for new gases and full scale flow rates for unparalleled process flexibility.
• A high-performance, corrosion-resistant flow measurement sensor delivers improved reproducibility and stability.
• A variety of elastomer options enable customers to select the optimum and most cost effective mix of products for their application.
• Full range of industrial communication protocols (DeviceNet, Profibus DP-V1, and EtherCAT).
• An independent service/diagnostic port enables on-tool reconfiguration/ optimization, data logging, and troubleshooting without having to remove the MFC from the gas line.
Solving Critical Process Applications for the Water and Wastewater IndustryFlow-Tech, Inc.
Fluid Components International recognized the need for flow and level instrumentation which met specific customer requirements and demands for the Water and Wastewater Industry. By utilizing Thermal Dispersion and Coriolis technology exclusively in all FCI flow, level, interface, temperature switches and mass flow meters, our products solve typical Water and Wastewater Industry application challenges with standard product features.
Precise and easy non-invasive ultrasonic thermal energy measurement. District heating and cooling, Combined heat and power (CHP), Heating plants, Chiller plants, Sub-metering, Energy optimization, Leak Detection, Energy performance of buildings, Energy Audits, Energy Management System
Yokogawa, globally recognized leader in a number of process control fields, has authored an e-book which provides useful insight into how operators of combustion based equipment and systems can improve efficiency and enhance safety by employing modern technology.
New Class of MFCs with Embedded Flow DiagnosticsFlow-Tech, Inc.
Recent trends in multi-sensor measurements within a mass flow controller are reviewed, with a focus on controller self-diagnostics.
While the quality, reliability, accuracy, response and range of MFCs continues to improve year after year, the process is still at risk because meaningful real-time in situ data is limited or nonexistent.
Drager PointGard 2000 Series Gas Detection SystemFlow-Tech, Inc.
The Drager PointGard® 2000 series is a self-contained gas detection system for the continuous area monitoring of toxic or flammable gases in ambient air. PointGard® 2000’s rugged, water-resistant enclosure comes complete with a horn and strobes, a built-in power supply, and reliable DragerSensor®.
GE Advanced Modular Calibrator for Process Measurement InstrumentsFlow-Tech, Inc.
The DPI 620 Genii is an easy to use, rugged, and highly accurate multifunction instrument for calibrating & maintaining process instrumentation. Its modular design and functionality means it can be expanded over time and tailored to applications as needs change. With options that include HART / Fieldbus / Profibus communications, it’s a powerful, simple to use and high accuracy calibrator.
Thermal dispersion switch for flow, level, interface, or temperatureFlow-Tech, Inc.
FCI liquid level/interface switches feature thermal dispersion technology in which the temperature difference between the two RTDs is greatest in the absence of liquid and decreases when the level element is submerged, cooling the heated RTD.
FCI flow switches feature thermal dispersion technology in which the temperature difference is greatest in a no-flow condition and decreases as flow increases, cooling the heated RTD. Changes in flow velocity directly affect the extent to which heat dissipates and, in turn, the magnitude of the temperature difference between the RTDs.
Turbine flow meters for gas service from HofferFlow-Tech, Inc.
Hoffer Flow Controls manufactures high precision turbine flowmeters for the cryogenic industry and is the world leader in turbine flowmeter technology for the measurement of clean liquids and gases throughout the processing industries.
The FLUXUS G601 CA Energy is the ideal tool for carrying out complete energy efficiency tasks in the industry as well as within facility management (e.g. according to DIN ISO 50001 standards) by allowing the measurement of compressed air flow rates as well as the monitoring of thermal energy quantities and the flow rate determination of any kind of liquid or gaseous media with just one device.
Improve Process Control Security Using Annunciators as WatchersFlow-Tech, Inc.
Software-based systems are vulnerable to cyber attacks. Most of the industrial control networks (CAN, PROFI, Control Area, Ethernet and RS485) connect to the internet or other computer networks which are not fully protected from hackers and viruses. Present day industrial DCS/PLC control systems come with redun- dancy systems to eliminate shutdowns in case of DCS/PLC hardware failures. However, this does not protect your DCS/PLC system from any type of cyber attack. Without proper protection, the safety and/or operation of your plant or business are put at great risk.
Engineers with small line size processes rely on the versatile Wafer-Cone Flow Meter for superior accuracy and repeatability. The space-saving unit is easy to install. It’s ideal for tight-space installations and retrofits.
The flangeless Wafer-Cone® is compact, less costly and easy to install. The cone conditions the flow so the Wafer-Cone requires minimal upstream or downstream pipe runs and can be installed virtually anywhere in a piping system. Ideal for small line sizes and with no moving parts, no replacement parts or scheduled maintenance, this meter offers a low cost of ownership and long life.
Reduce Unplanned Outages and Improve Profitability with Asset Condition Monit...Flow-Tech, Inc.
Continuously monitoring critical asset parameters such as vibration, temperature, speed, and numerous other condition indicators is a proven method for anticipating and preventing mechanical failures—proven in tens of thousands of industrial facilities around the world by delivering tangible benefits
List of Detectable Gasses and Vapors by CAS-Number 2015Flow-Tech, Inc.
The CAS-number is a worldwide used code to identify a chemical substance non-ambiguously. This number is issued by the Chemical Abstracts Service and is the easiest way to characterize a chemical substance. Knowing the CAS-No. means to be able to get comprehensive information and links from internet and search engines.
McCrometer V Cone Flowmeter Installation, Operations, MaintenaceFlow-Tech, Inc.
The McCrometer V-Cone® Flowmeter is a patented technology that accurately measures ow over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, under all kinds of conditions and for a variety of fluids. It operates on the same physical principle as other differential pressure-type flowmeters, using the theorem of conservation of energy in fluid flow through a pipe. The V-Cone’s remarkable performance characteristics, however, are the result of its unique design. It features a centrally-located cone inside the tube. The cone interacts with the fluid flow, reshaping the fluid’s velocity profile and creating a region of lower pressure immediately downstream of itself. The pressure difference, exhibited between the static line pressure and the low pressure created downstream of the cone, can be measured via two pressure sensing taps. One tap is placed slightly upstream of the cone, the other is located in the downstream face of the cone itself. The pressure difference can then be incorporated into a derivation of the Bernoulli equation to determine the fluid flow rate. The cone’s central position in the line optimizes the velocity profile of the flow at the point of measurement, assuring highly accurate, reliable flow measurement regardless of the condition of the flow upstream of the meter.
Suitable for all technical levels, this second of three parts continues the explanation of how electrical grounding works, the functions it performs in insuring safety and proper device or equipment operation, and why it is important.
The Brooks family of extremely high-performing direct liquid injection (DLI) vaporizer solutions is designed for customers who require reliable liquid vaporization. Featuring unique atomization and heat exchanger technologies, Brooks direct liquid injection vaporizers deliver pure vapor for every application.
1. What is arc flash
2. OSHA, NFPA 70E
3. Codes and standards
4. Protective clothing and equipment
5. Prevention
An arc flash (or arc blast) is a type of electrical explosion that results from a low impedance connection to ground or another voltage phase in an electrical system
Even without electrocution, death or dismemberment may occur through an intense arc blast, up to 35,000 F deg, and force up to 2100 psi from the intense heat rapidly expanding the air, copper & particles creating a shockwave blast. Droplets of molten metal and shrapnel can penetrate the body.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
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Multivariable Transmitter for Mass Flow Measurement
1. EJX910 Multivariable Transmitter 13
EJX910 MULTIVARIABLE
TRANSMITTER
ITOU Akio *1
MIMURA Shin-ichi *1
KOYAMA Etsutarou *1
ODOHIRA Tetsu *1
NIKKUNI Masaaki *1
MIYAUCHI Tatsuhiko *2
We have developed the EJX910 multivariable transmitter, an all-in-one
instrument that integrates the functions of a differential pressure transmitter, a
pressure gauge, a thermometer and a flow computer, while featuring high
performance and space-saving design. The transmitter employs a unique flow rate
calculation method, achieving a mass flow calculation cycle of 100 milliseconds. By
adopting a Reynolds number compensation algorithm, etc., all flow calculation
parameters were optimized and a mass flow accuracy rate as high as 1% was
achieved. Furthermore, EJX910 complies with a wide range of primary devices,
including orifices, nozzles and venturi tubes, and various types of fluid, including
general fluids, steam tables, and natural gas. Application information, such as the
primary devices and fluid data required for mass flow calculation, is input using the
EJXMVTool, a mass flow parameter configuration tool that runs on a PC and is
downloaded to the transmitter by means of field communication. A field test
performed on a British natural gas test line showed an excellent mass flow
measurement accuracy of 1%.
*1 Industrial Automation Products Business Division
*2 Global Service Headquarters
INTRODUCTION
When evaluating mass flow rates using a primary device
such as an orifice or nozzle in a differential pressure
flowmeter in order to make fluid density compensations, the
upstream pressure (static pressure) and fluid temperature are
measured in addition to the output of a regular differential
pressure transmitter. In the past in such cases, a differential
pressure transmitter, a pressure transmitter, a temperature
converter and a flow computer were all separately required. The
DPharp EJX series of differential pressure transmitters developed
by Yokogawa in 2004, can simultaneously measure both
differential pressure and static pressure using an advanced form
of silicon resonant sensors that comprise the multi-sensing
function. Recently, we have developed the EJX910 multivariable
transmitter as a new model that incorporates this series’ functions
to full advantage. The EJX910 integrates the functions of a
differential pressure gauge, a pressure gauge, a thermometer, and
a flow computer into a single instrument, thereby achieving high
space efficiency and multifunctionality.
A Reynolds number compensation algorithm and other
means have been adopted for the mass flow rate calculation of
this transmitter to optimize all flow rate calculation parameters
and achieve high-precision mass flow rate measurement. In this
paper, we will focus on the functions related to mass flow rate
calculation, one of the features a multivariable transmitter has to
offer. Figure 1 shows an external view of the EJX910.
Figure 1 External View of EJX910
2. 14 Yokogawa Technical Report English Edition, No. 42 (2006)
PRODUCT FEATURES
The EJX910 multivariable transmitter serves as a differential
pressure gauge, a pressure gauge, and a thermometer (with an
external temperature sensor). In addition to this
multifunctionality, the fluid density compensation function
provided by the transmitter itself and the PC-installed
EJXMVTool’s mass flow parameter configuration tool enable
high-speed, high-precision mass flow rate measurement. The
EJX910 supports a number of flow rate standards and a variety of
fluid types as target applications. Moreover, the EJX910 can be
applied to integrated flow rate measurement and various
diagnoses that use many process variables (differential pressure,
static pressure, temperature, etc.).
MASS FLOW RATE CALCULATION
Figure 2 shows an example of measuring mass flow rates from
orifices and temperature sensors installed in a process. The EJX910
measures the difference between the upstream and downstream
pressures of the orifice placed in the process, the upstream static
pressure and the fluid temperature. Then the transmitter calculates
the mass flow rate from these measured values.
Figure 3 shows a configuration of a mass flow rate
measurement system. Application information necessary for flow
rate calculations (primary device and fluid information) is input
using the EJXMVTool mass flow parameter configuration tool
running on a PC. This information is then converted into
parameters that can be perceived by the transmitter and
downloaded to the transmitter by means of field communication.
Figure 4 shows a block diagram of a mass flow rate
measurement system comprising the EJX910 and EJXMVTool.
Differential pressure, static pressure and temperature measured by
the EJX910 can be directly output as process variables. The system
performs fluid density compensation calculations according to the
following equation to determine the mass flow rate.
For this purpose the system employs a unique method of
calculation that minimizes the transmitter’s calculation load, and
achieves a flow rate calculation cycle of 100 milliseconds. In a
simplified method of flow rate calculation, the parameters in
Equation (1) are treated as fixed values, resulting in large mass
flow rate calculation errors as shown in Figure 5. The EJX910
performs optimized calculations in real time using dynamically
changing parameters, thereby realizing a high flow rate accuracy
of 1%. More specifically, Reynolds number corrections are made
to the discharge coefficient (C) according to changing measured
values. The gas expansion correction factor (ε) is corrected
against the effects of adiabatic expansion of gases. In addition,
the fluid density (ρ1) is corrected for static pressure and
temperature variations.
Figure 2 Example of Mass Flow Rate Measurement Using Orifice
1
2
4
2
41
ρεπ
β
P
dC
Qm ∆
−
=
Mass flow rate
Discharge coefficient
Beta ratio (d/D)
Bore of primary device
Pipe inner diameter
Gas expansion factor
Differential pressure
Fluid density
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
where
D
d
C
ε
β
Qm
˙˙˙˙˙˙ (1)
P∆
1ρ
Figure 3 Mass Flow Rate Measurement System Configuration
EJX910 Multivariable Transmitter
Differential pressure, static pressure
Mass flow rate Temperature
Differential pressure,
static pressure,
temperature
Fluid
Temperature sensor
PC
EJXMVTool mass flow
parameter configuration tool
Application information
(primary device and fluid information)
Download
EJX910
multivariable transmitter
Temperature
sensor
Mass flow rate
Figure 4 Mass Flow Rate Measurement Block Diagram
EJXMVTool EJX910
Physical property
database
(general fluids,
steam tables,
natural gases)
Primary device
information
Flow rate calculation
standards
Selection of fluid
type and operating
conditions
Flow rate
calculation
parameters
Sensor input
OutputOutput
Optimization
Differential pressure
Static pressure
Temperature
Flow rate
calculation
parameters
Flow rate
calculation
3. EJX910 Multivariable Transmitter 15
SUPPORTED APPLICATIONS
The primary devices that the multivariable transmitter is
compatible with, i.e., orifices, nozzles and venturi tubes, comply
with a number of flow rate standards. In addition, a fixed mode is
available to set desired values to the discharge coefficient and the
gas expansion correction factor. The transmitter can handle a
wide variety of fluid types as described below:
(1) General fluids (gases and liquids)
The transmitter supports 12 types of general fluids and
employs the DIPPR®
physical property database widely used
around the world.
(2) Steam tables
The transmitter supports IAPWS-IF97 Water and Steam
(1997), the standard for steam tables used in each country
(e.g., JSME and ASME).
(3) Natural gases
The transmitter complies with the following typical natural
gas calculation standards:
AGA8 Detail Characterization Method
Gross Characterization Method 1
Gross Characterization Method 2
ISO 12213: 1997 First edition (Dec. 1, 1997)
Part 2: molar-composition analysis
Part 3: physical properties
(4) Custom fluids
User-maintained physical property values can be
incorporated in the transmitter.
STRUCTURE OF EJXMVTOOL MASS FLOW
PARAMETER CONFIGURATION TOOL
Figure 6 shows the structure of the EJXMVTool mass flow
parameter configuration tool used to set mass flow rate
application information.
(1) Flow rate parameter configuration function
This function comprises interactive graphic screens used to
configure the flow rate calculation parameters shown in
Equation (1), including application information such as
primary devices and fluid types. Parameters can be
configured easily as this function automatically converts the
parameters to the transmitter’s format.
(2) Flow rate parameter management function
This function saves flow rate parameters to a file, uploads and
downloads these files to and from the transmitter, obtains
results of parameter calculation by the transmitter, and
outputs reports.
(3) General-purpose parameter management function
This function sets general-purpose parameters such as ranges
and units.
(4) Physical property database
The software contains a database of physical properties
necessary to calculate fluid density and viscosity.
(5) Field communications server
For easy compliance with various methods of field
communication, the software incorporates the same field
communications server used in the PRM (Plant Resource
Manager) field device management package.
FLOW OF APPLICATION INFORMATION
SETTING
As explained below, the operating screens of EJXMVTool
have been designed in association with specific applications.
(1) Screen for setting primary device information
As shown in Figure 7, this screen is used to set the diameter of
an orifice or other primary device, the pipe diameter and the
materials.
(2) Screen for selecting fluid type
This screen is used to select the fluid type to be measured.
(3) Screen for setting natural gas composition information
This screen is used to set the composition information of a
natural gas.
Figure 5 Comparison of Mass Flow Rate Errors between
Fixed-parameter Calculation and Optimized Calculation
Figure 6 Structure of EJXMVTool Software
Error[%ofReading]
Mass flow rate [kg/h]
–4
–6
–2
0
2
4
0 75,000 150,000
Fixed-parameter calculationOptimized calculation
Database
Field communications server
Interactive editor
EJXMVTool Mass Flow Parameter Configuration Tool
Flow rate parameter
configuration Calculation of parameters for EJX910
Flow Rate Parameter
Management
General-purpose
Parameter
Management
Download to transmitter
PV monitor
Tags
Ranges
Units
Damping
Low-cut
Display setting
Maintenance
Adjustment
Primary device information
Upload from transmitter
File management
Reporting
Flow rate calculation standards
Fluid types and operating conditions
Physical property database
Low rate parameter
acquisition
4. 16 Yokogawa Technical Report English Edition, No. 42 (2006)
(4) Screen for specifying fluid pressure and temperature range
This screen is used to specify fluid pressure and temperature
range, which are necessary to calculate density or other data
items.
(5) Screen for setting fluid density and viscosity
As shown in Figure 8, this screen is used to verify data to set
fluid density and viscosity. This screen can be customized.
(6) Screen for downloading application information
This screen is used to convert user-input primary device
information and fluid information into a transmitter-specific
format and then download that information to the transmitter.
(7) Screen for simulated flow rate calculations
This screen is used to verify the results of simulating mass
flow calculations by the transmitter with the sensor inputs in
Figure 9 applied as simulated inputs, in order to predetermine
the results of applying the downloaded information.
(8) Screen for verifying flow rate calculations in an actual plant
This screen is used to verify the results of flow rate
calculation under actual plant operation with the respective
sensor inputs in Figure 9 actually applied.
FIELD TEST RESULTS
Figure 10 shows the results of an actual flow test performed
on a British natural gas test line. The test results show a mass flow
rate measurement accuracy level as excellent as 1%. Users have
also highly evaluated the EJX910 in other actual flow tests.
CONCLUSION
In future we intend to further accumulate experience in mass
flow rate measurement using multivariable transmitters, while
broadening the range of applications to encompass an even
greater variety of primary devices and fluids. In addition to mass
flow rate measurement, we will further develop fluid level
measurement and multivariable measurement-based process
diagnosis.
REFERENCES
(1) ISHIKAWA Tamaki, et al., “New DPharp EJX Series of
Pressure and Differential Pressure Transmitters,” Yokogawa
Technical Report, No. 37, 2004, pp. 9-14
(2) KUROMORI Ken-ichi, “Industrial Flowmeters—Recent
Topics—.” Measurement & Control, Vol. 42, No. 12, 2003,
pp. 1015-1020 (in Japanese)
* ‘DPharp’, ‘EJXMVTool’ and ‘PRM’ are registered trademarks
of Yokogawa Electric Corporation. All other product names,
including software names, appearing in this document are the
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective
companies or groups.
–2
–1
0
1
2
0 75,000 150,000
Mass flow rate [kg/h]
Error[%ofReading]
Figure 10 Results of an Actual Natural Gas Flow TestFigure 8 Settings of Fluid Density and Viscosity
Figure 7 Settings of Primary Device Information Figure 9 Verification of Results of Flow Rate Parameter Calculations