This paper describes a design of adaptive liquid level control system using the concept of Multi
Sensor Data Fusion (MSDF). Purpose of the work is to design a controller for accurately controlling the
level of liquid in a process tank with liquid temperature changes. The proposed objective is obtained by i)
implementing a MSDF framework using Pau’s framework for measuring liquid level and temperature, ii)
analyzing the behavior of actuator output for variation in liquid temperature, and iii) designing a suitable
adaptive controller which will produce desired control action for controlling liquid level accurately using
neural network algorithms. Outputs from sensors are fused to obtain the fluid level output and also relation
of level transmitter output for change in temperature. This information is used by controller to train the
neural network so as to tune the controller parameters (proportional gain, integral constant, and differential
constant), to drive the actuator. Results obtained show that the system is able to control liquid level within
range of 1.915% of set point even with variations in liquid temperature.
A Study on Performance of Different Open Loop PID Tunning Technique for a Liq...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired
operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality.Like the
Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the
controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with
similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by
using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time
flow tank system.
EHR ATTRIBUTE-BASED ACCESS CONTROL (ABAC) FOR FOG COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTcsandit
Liquid level tanks are employed in many industrial and chemical areas. Their level must be keep
a defined point or between maximum-minimum points depending on changing of inlet and outlet
liquid quantities. In order to overcome the problem, many level control methods have been
developed. In the paper, it was aimed that obtain a mathematical model of an installed liquid
level tank system. Then, the mathematical model was derived from the installed system
depending on the sizes of the liquid level tank. According to some proportional-integralderivative
(PID) parameters, the model was simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink program.
After that, data of the liquid level tank were taken into a computer by employing data
acquisition cards (DAQs). Lastly, the computer-controlled liquid level control was successfully
practiced through a written computer program embedded into a PID algorithm used the PID
parameters obtained from the simulations into Advantech VisiDAQ software
HYBRID FUZZY LOGIC AND PID CONTROLLER FOR PH NEUTRALIZATION PILOT PLANTijfls
Use of Control theory within process control industries has changed rapidly due to the increase complexity
of instrumentation, real time requirements, minimization of operating costs and highly nonlinear
characteristics of chemical process. Previously developed process control technologies which are mostly
based on a single controller are not efficient in terms of signal transmission delays, processing power for
computational needs and signal to noise ratio. Hybrid controller with efficient system modelling is essential
to cope with the current challenges of process control in terms of control performance. This paper presents
an optimized mathematical modelling and advance hybrid controller (Fuzzy Logic and PID) design along
with practical implementation and validation of pH neutralization pilot plant. This procedure is
particularly important for control design and automation of Physico-chemical systems for process control
industry.
The document describes a study that analyzes and compares the performance of two controllers - a Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) controller and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) - for controlling the level in the third tank of a three tank interacting system. It first presents the mathematical modeling of the three tank system and designs a PI controller. It then designs a 2DOF controller using the Coefficient Diagram Method and an MPC. The performance of the controllers is evaluated in simulation and the 2DOF controller is found to be more effective than conventional methods.
This document describes how off-gas analysis using a BioPAT® Xgas system can be used for metabolic calculations during fermentation processes. It provides details on how gas flow rates and compositions are measured and used to calculate values like oxygen uptake rate, carbon evolution rate, and respiratory quotient. The document outlines different gassing strategies and gas measurement cases that must be accounted for in the calculations. Examples of metabolic calculations, data interpretation, and a test fermentation process are also described to demonstrate the application of off-gas analysis.
This document describes a project to develop analytical and empirical models for controlling the level in a two tank system. The project involved modeling the process dynamics, collecting experimental data using different control modes, tuning PID parameters using software, and validating the models. The goals were to demonstrate the modeling procedure and key skills in process control, such as developing numerical models, tuning controllers, and performing operational tests. Controlling liquid levels has various industrial applications. This project helped reveal modeling and tuning methods that can be used by process control technicians.
This document discusses tuning a PID controller for a pH system. An open loop step change was used to determine system parameters. Direct synthesis was then used to derive controller coefficients that reached the set point in 120 seconds. Controller coefficients were doubled to compare performance, with direct synthesis performing best. In summary, direct synthesis is a favorable tuning method for controlling pH.
PSO based NNIMC for a Conical Tank Level ProcessIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a study on modeling and control of a conical tank level process, which is a non-linear, time-varying system.
2) A mathematical model is developed for the conical tank and the process is divided into three linear regions. A conventional PI controller is designed for each region using Ziegler-Nichols tuning.
3) To overcome the limitations of the PI controller for the non-linear system, a PSO-based neural network internal model controller (NNIMC) is designed. Simulation results show that the PSO-based NNIMC provides better performance than the NNIMC and PI controller in terms of errors and settling time.
A Study on Performance of Different Open Loop PID Tunning Technique for a Liq...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired
operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality.Like the
Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the
controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with
similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by
using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time
flow tank system.
EHR ATTRIBUTE-BASED ACCESS CONTROL (ABAC) FOR FOG COMPUTING ENVIRONMENTcsandit
Liquid level tanks are employed in many industrial and chemical areas. Their level must be keep
a defined point or between maximum-minimum points depending on changing of inlet and outlet
liquid quantities. In order to overcome the problem, many level control methods have been
developed. In the paper, it was aimed that obtain a mathematical model of an installed liquid
level tank system. Then, the mathematical model was derived from the installed system
depending on the sizes of the liquid level tank. According to some proportional-integralderivative
(PID) parameters, the model was simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink program.
After that, data of the liquid level tank were taken into a computer by employing data
acquisition cards (DAQs). Lastly, the computer-controlled liquid level control was successfully
practiced through a written computer program embedded into a PID algorithm used the PID
parameters obtained from the simulations into Advantech VisiDAQ software
HYBRID FUZZY LOGIC AND PID CONTROLLER FOR PH NEUTRALIZATION PILOT PLANTijfls
Use of Control theory within process control industries has changed rapidly due to the increase complexity
of instrumentation, real time requirements, minimization of operating costs and highly nonlinear
characteristics of chemical process. Previously developed process control technologies which are mostly
based on a single controller are not efficient in terms of signal transmission delays, processing power for
computational needs and signal to noise ratio. Hybrid controller with efficient system modelling is essential
to cope with the current challenges of process control in terms of control performance. This paper presents
an optimized mathematical modelling and advance hybrid controller (Fuzzy Logic and PID) design along
with practical implementation and validation of pH neutralization pilot plant. This procedure is
particularly important for control design and automation of Physico-chemical systems for process control
industry.
The document describes a study that analyzes and compares the performance of two controllers - a Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) controller and a Model Predictive Controller (MPC) - for controlling the level in the third tank of a three tank interacting system. It first presents the mathematical modeling of the three tank system and designs a PI controller. It then designs a 2DOF controller using the Coefficient Diagram Method and an MPC. The performance of the controllers is evaluated in simulation and the 2DOF controller is found to be more effective than conventional methods.
This document describes how off-gas analysis using a BioPAT® Xgas system can be used for metabolic calculations during fermentation processes. It provides details on how gas flow rates and compositions are measured and used to calculate values like oxygen uptake rate, carbon evolution rate, and respiratory quotient. The document outlines different gassing strategies and gas measurement cases that must be accounted for in the calculations. Examples of metabolic calculations, data interpretation, and a test fermentation process are also described to demonstrate the application of off-gas analysis.
This document describes a project to develop analytical and empirical models for controlling the level in a two tank system. The project involved modeling the process dynamics, collecting experimental data using different control modes, tuning PID parameters using software, and validating the models. The goals were to demonstrate the modeling procedure and key skills in process control, such as developing numerical models, tuning controllers, and performing operational tests. Controlling liquid levels has various industrial applications. This project helped reveal modeling and tuning methods that can be used by process control technicians.
This document discusses tuning a PID controller for a pH system. An open loop step change was used to determine system parameters. Direct synthesis was then used to derive controller coefficients that reached the set point in 120 seconds. Controller coefficients were doubled to compare performance, with direct synthesis performing best. In summary, direct synthesis is a favorable tuning method for controlling pH.
PSO based NNIMC for a Conical Tank Level ProcessIRJET Journal
1) The document presents a study on modeling and control of a conical tank level process, which is a non-linear, time-varying system.
2) A mathematical model is developed for the conical tank and the process is divided into three linear regions. A conventional PI controller is designed for each region using Ziegler-Nichols tuning.
3) To overcome the limitations of the PI controller for the non-linear system, a PSO-based neural network internal model controller (NNIMC) is designed. Simulation results show that the PSO-based NNIMC provides better performance than the NNIMC and PI controller in terms of errors and settling time.
The document provides an introduction to process control. It defines process control and explains its importance in process industries. It discusses different types of processes like continuous, batch, and their characteristics. It also explains different process control elements like feedback, feedforward, manual and automatic control systems. It distinguishes between feedback and feedforward control schemes. It discusses different process variables involved in control like controlled, manipulated and disturbance variables. Finally, it explains concepts of process dynamics including different dynamic elements like resistance, capacitance, time constant, dead time, and their effect on process response.
The document describes a self-tuning regulator and pole placement controller for controlling liquid level in a process tank. It first presents the process model and uses a recursive least squares algorithm to estimate the model parameters. It then describes two self-tuning control algorithms:
1) A self-tuning regulator that uses the estimated process parameters to design a controller with a specified closed-loop characteristic polynomial.
2) A model following controller that matches the closed-loop response from the command signal to the output to a specified model.
The performance of the two controllers is then compared through simulation studies in MATLAB/SIMULINK to control the liquid level process under different operating conditions.
This document summarizes an experiment that used a Ziegler-Nichols tuning method to control the pH of a buffered solution with a PID controller. A titration curve determined the buffer region of 6.25-8.35 pH. Different controller types (P, PI, PID) were tested by manually adjusting parameters. For the PI controller, sustained oscillations determined an ultimate period of 21 seconds. Using Ziegler-Nichols relations, PID parameters were calculated as proportional band of 1%, reset time of 12 seconds, and derivative time of 3 seconds. These optimized PID settings produced the fastest rise time and least steady state offset.
This document presents a study on implementing a Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) controller using Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) techniques for controlling level in a three tank interacting system. The three tank system is mathematically modeled and linearized using Taylor series. The CDM technique is then used to design the parameters of the 2DOF controller based on the system model. Simulation results comparing the proposed 2DOF-CDM controller to a conventional PI controller show that the 2DOF-CDM controller provides more effective control of the nonlinear three tank system.
The document discusses using the PIDE instruction in RSLogix 5000 to implement common process control algorithms like adaptive gains, cascade control, ratio control, and multiloop selection. It explains that the PIDE instruction uses a velocity-form PID algorithm, which makes it easier to implement advanced applications compared to traditional positional-form algorithms. The velocity-form algorithm works on the change in error rather than the error directly, allowing features like adaptive gains to be changed without impacting the control output. The document provides details on how to use the PIDE instruction, including the independent and dependent gains forms.
3 gain adaptive control applied to a heat exchanger processnazir1988
This document summarizes an experiment applying different control methods including regular PI control, Smith's deadtime compensation method, and a gain-adaptive deadtime compensation method to control the outlet water temperature of a heat exchanger. The gain-adaptive method showed better tracking for setpoint changes and maintained stability when the water flow rate was decreased, unlike regular PI control and Smith's method which became oscillatory. The gain-adaptive method adapted the model gain to match changes in the process gain, and adapted the controller gain to maintain stability as the model gain changed.
Control in process industries is important to precisely regulate all aspects of manufacturing processes. This involves controlling variables like temperature, pressure, flow and level. Process control technology helps manufacturers keep operations running safely and efficiently within specified limits to maximize quality and profitability. It works by measuring process variables, evaluating measurements against set points, and controlling variables through manipulated elements like valves. This ensures consistent products despite disturbances.
This research paper models and controls the temperature of a shell and tube heat exchanger using two PID controller tuning methods. An ARMAX model is obtained from experimental PRBS data to mathematically model the heat exchanger dynamics. PID settings are designed using Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning and relay auto-tuning methods. Experimental results show that the IMC-tuned PID controller provides better control of the cold fluid outlet temperature in terms of error metrics than the relay auto-tuned controller.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document provides an introduction to process control. It discusses the importance of precise control of variables like temperature, pressure, and flow in process industries. Process control is necessary to reduce variability, increase efficiency, and ensure safety. Key terms are defined, like process variable, set point, error, and load disturbance. The components of control loops like transducers, transmitters, and different signal types are also explained.
Metamodel-based Optimization of a PID Controller Parameters for a Coupled-tan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Liquid flow and level control are essential requirements in various industries, such as paper
manufacturing, petrochemical industries, waste management, and others. Controlling the liquids flow and
levels in such industries is challenging due to the existence of nonlinearity and modeling uncertainties of
the plants. This paper presents a method to control the liquid level in a second tank of a coupled-tank plant
through variable manipulation of a water pump in the first tank. The optimum controller parameters of this
plant are calculated using radial basis function neural network metamodel. A time-varying nonlinear
dynamic model is developed and the corresponding linearized perturbation models are derived from the
nonlinear model. The performance of the developed optimized controller using metamodeling is compared
with the original large space design. In addition, linearized perturbation models are derived from the
nonlinear dynamic model with time-varying parameters.
This document presents a neural network model predictive control (NNMPC) approach for an evaporator system at a dairy plant in Iraq. The evaporator system has three effects with two preheaters. Nonlinear models are developed for each component based on mass and energy balances. A NNMPC controller is designed and tested in simulation. Results show the NNMPC can accurately model and control the evaporator system, performing better than traditional PID control. Training a neural network model allows the NNMPC to handle the nonlinear dynamics. The NNMPC is able to maintain constant product concentration despite disturbances to the feed flow and concentration.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
MODEL BASED ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE PROCESS UNDER VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGIES ...Journal For Research
This paper analyze the temperature process in an empirical model. From the empirical model the system behavior is determined by transfer function and the basic controller strategies Ziegler-Nichols & Cohen-Coon method are implemented in it. With these tuning methods the best control strategies are obtained at the final stage by interfacing the system with NI-myRIO kit.
Distributed Control System Applied in Temperatur Control by Coordinating Mult...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In Distributed Control System (DCS), multitasking management has been important issues
continuously researched and developed. In this paper, DCS was applied in global temperature control
system by coordinating three Local Control Units (LCUs). To design LCU’s controller parameters, both
analytical and experimental method were employed. In analytical method, the plants were firstly identified
to get their transfer functions which were then used to derive control parameters based on desired
response qualities. The experimental method (Ziegler-Nichols) was also applied due to practicable reason
in real industrial plant (less mathematical analysis). To manage set-points distributed to all LCUs, master
controller was subsequently designed based on zone of both error and set-point of global temperature
controller. Confirmation experiments showed that when using control parameters from analytical method,
the global temperature response could successfully follow the distributed set-points with 0% overshoot,
193.92 second rise time, and 266.88 second settling time. While using control parameters from
experimental method, it could also follow the distributed set-points with presence of overshoot (16.9%), but
has less rise time and settling time (111.36 and 138.72 second). In this research, the overshoot could be
successfully decreased from 16.9 to 9.39 % by changing master control rule. This proposed method can
be potentially applied in real industrial plant due to its simplicity in master control algorithm and presence
of PID controller which has been generally included in today industrial equipments.
Soft Computing Technique and Conventional Controller for Conical Tank Level C...ijeei-iaes
In many process industries the control of liquid level is mandatory. But the control of nonlinear process is difficult. Many process industries use conical tanks because of its non linear shape contributes better drainage for solid mixtures, slurries and viscous liquids. So, control of conical tank level is a challenging task due to its non-linearity and continually varying cross-section. This is due to relationship between controlled variable level and manipulated variable flow rate, which has a square root relationship. The main objective is to execute the suitable controller for conical tank system to maintain the desired level. System identification of the non-linear process is done using black box modelling and found to be first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model. In this paper it is proposed to obtain the mathematical modelling of a conical tank system and to study the system using block diagram after that soft computing technique like fuzzy and conventional controller is also used for the comparison.
This document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines automation and describes its advantages such as improved quality, reduced costs, and increased safety. Automation can occur at various stages of manufacturing like material handling, production processes, and quality control. The document also discusses process control and variables like temperature, pressure, and flow that are important to measure. It provides examples of automation in tablet manufacturing that can improve material handling and specific unit operations.
This document discusses the findings of an inter-laboratory analytical quality control exercise conducted with 42 water testing laboratories in India. The exercise tested the laboratories' ability to accurately measure 9 water quality parameters in 2 synthetic samples.
The key findings were that only 15 laboratories reported results for all 9 parameters, and the percentage of accurate results ranged from 36.8% to 57.1% depending on the parameter. Comparison to a previous quality control exercise showed similar or lower accuracy levels. The document concludes with recommendations to improve laboratories' analytical capabilities and ensure more consistent and accurate water quality monitoring across India.
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT OPEN LOOP PID TUNNING TECHNIQUE FOR A LIQ...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired operating condition ,safety, and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality. Like the Level, Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the controller with different PID tunning methods. Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model. With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time flow tank system
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT OPEN LOOP PID TUNNING TECHNIQUE FOR A LI...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality. Like the Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGOand compare their output response in real time flow tank system.
Best of breed control of platinum reactorsRotimi Agbebi
This document describes modeling and controlling the temperature of a batch precipitation reactor used in platinum refining. Two PID controllers were implemented on a simulated reactor model at different operating points. A commercial advanced process controller (APC) was also connected to the model. Simulation results showed the PID controllers performed best when tuned to the specific operating point, while the APC controlled the temperature across different operating conditions and had better overall performance than the PID controllers. Further work will include fully implementing and comparing the APC controller to the PID controllers on the model.
Tank liquid level control using narma l2 and mpc controllersMustefa Jibril
This document describes a study comparing NARMA-L2 and MPC controllers for controlling liquid level in a tank. A mathematical model of a simple liquid tank system is presented. NARMA-L2 and MPC controllers are designed and their performance is evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink by having the controllers track step and white noise desired liquid level signals. Simulation results show that the tank controlled by the NARMA-L2 controller has better performance than the MPC controller for tracking a step signal, while for tracking a white noise signal the NARMA-L2 controller performs nearly as well as the noise signal itself. The NARMA-L2 controller is concluded to be effective for this liquid level control
The document provides an introduction to process control. It defines process control and explains its importance in process industries. It discusses different types of processes like continuous, batch, and their characteristics. It also explains different process control elements like feedback, feedforward, manual and automatic control systems. It distinguishes between feedback and feedforward control schemes. It discusses different process variables involved in control like controlled, manipulated and disturbance variables. Finally, it explains concepts of process dynamics including different dynamic elements like resistance, capacitance, time constant, dead time, and their effect on process response.
The document describes a self-tuning regulator and pole placement controller for controlling liquid level in a process tank. It first presents the process model and uses a recursive least squares algorithm to estimate the model parameters. It then describes two self-tuning control algorithms:
1) A self-tuning regulator that uses the estimated process parameters to design a controller with a specified closed-loop characteristic polynomial.
2) A model following controller that matches the closed-loop response from the command signal to the output to a specified model.
The performance of the two controllers is then compared through simulation studies in MATLAB/SIMULINK to control the liquid level process under different operating conditions.
This document summarizes an experiment that used a Ziegler-Nichols tuning method to control the pH of a buffered solution with a PID controller. A titration curve determined the buffer region of 6.25-8.35 pH. Different controller types (P, PI, PID) were tested by manually adjusting parameters. For the PI controller, sustained oscillations determined an ultimate period of 21 seconds. Using Ziegler-Nichols relations, PID parameters were calculated as proportional band of 1%, reset time of 12 seconds, and derivative time of 3 seconds. These optimized PID settings produced the fastest rise time and least steady state offset.
This document presents a study on implementing a Two-Degree-of-Freedom (2DOF) controller using Coefficient Diagram Method (CDM) techniques for controlling level in a three tank interacting system. The three tank system is mathematically modeled and linearized using Taylor series. The CDM technique is then used to design the parameters of the 2DOF controller based on the system model. Simulation results comparing the proposed 2DOF-CDM controller to a conventional PI controller show that the 2DOF-CDM controller provides more effective control of the nonlinear three tank system.
The document discusses using the PIDE instruction in RSLogix 5000 to implement common process control algorithms like adaptive gains, cascade control, ratio control, and multiloop selection. It explains that the PIDE instruction uses a velocity-form PID algorithm, which makes it easier to implement advanced applications compared to traditional positional-form algorithms. The velocity-form algorithm works on the change in error rather than the error directly, allowing features like adaptive gains to be changed without impacting the control output. The document provides details on how to use the PIDE instruction, including the independent and dependent gains forms.
3 gain adaptive control applied to a heat exchanger processnazir1988
This document summarizes an experiment applying different control methods including regular PI control, Smith's deadtime compensation method, and a gain-adaptive deadtime compensation method to control the outlet water temperature of a heat exchanger. The gain-adaptive method showed better tracking for setpoint changes and maintained stability when the water flow rate was decreased, unlike regular PI control and Smith's method which became oscillatory. The gain-adaptive method adapted the model gain to match changes in the process gain, and adapted the controller gain to maintain stability as the model gain changed.
Control in process industries is important to precisely regulate all aspects of manufacturing processes. This involves controlling variables like temperature, pressure, flow and level. Process control technology helps manufacturers keep operations running safely and efficiently within specified limits to maximize quality and profitability. It works by measuring process variables, evaluating measurements against set points, and controlling variables through manipulated elements like valves. This ensures consistent products despite disturbances.
This research paper models and controls the temperature of a shell and tube heat exchanger using two PID controller tuning methods. An ARMAX model is obtained from experimental PRBS data to mathematically model the heat exchanger dynamics. PID settings are designed using Internal Model Control (IMC) tuning and relay auto-tuning methods. Experimental results show that the IMC-tuned PID controller provides better control of the cold fluid outlet temperature in terms of error metrics than the relay auto-tuned controller.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
This document provides an introduction to process control. It discusses the importance of precise control of variables like temperature, pressure, and flow in process industries. Process control is necessary to reduce variability, increase efficiency, and ensure safety. Key terms are defined, like process variable, set point, error, and load disturbance. The components of control loops like transducers, transmitters, and different signal types are also explained.
Metamodel-based Optimization of a PID Controller Parameters for a Coupled-tan...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Liquid flow and level control are essential requirements in various industries, such as paper
manufacturing, petrochemical industries, waste management, and others. Controlling the liquids flow and
levels in such industries is challenging due to the existence of nonlinearity and modeling uncertainties of
the plants. This paper presents a method to control the liquid level in a second tank of a coupled-tank plant
through variable manipulation of a water pump in the first tank. The optimum controller parameters of this
plant are calculated using radial basis function neural network metamodel. A time-varying nonlinear
dynamic model is developed and the corresponding linearized perturbation models are derived from the
nonlinear model. The performance of the developed optimized controller using metamodeling is compared
with the original large space design. In addition, linearized perturbation models are derived from the
nonlinear dynamic model with time-varying parameters.
This document presents a neural network model predictive control (NNMPC) approach for an evaporator system at a dairy plant in Iraq. The evaporator system has three effects with two preheaters. Nonlinear models are developed for each component based on mass and energy balances. A NNMPC controller is designed and tested in simulation. Results show the NNMPC can accurately model and control the evaporator system, performing better than traditional PID control. Training a neural network model allows the NNMPC to handle the nonlinear dynamics. The NNMPC is able to maintain constant product concentration despite disturbances to the feed flow and concentration.
DESIGN OF PID CONTROLLERS INTEGRATOR SYSTEM WITH TIME DELAY AND DOUBLE INTEGR...ijics
In this paper first we investigate optimal PID control of a double integrating plus delay process and compare with the SIMC rules. What makes the double integrating process special is that derivative action is actually necessary for stabilization. In control, there is generally a trade-off between performance and
robustness, so there does not exist a single optimal controller. However, for a given robustness level (here defined in terms of the Ms-value) we can find the optimal controller which minimizes the performance J (here defined as the integrated absolute error (IAE)-value for disturbances). Interestingly, the SIMC PID controller is almost identical to the optimal pid controller. This can be seen by comparing the paretooptimal
curve for J as a function of Ms, with the curve found by varying the SIMC tuning parameter Tc.
Second, design of Proportional Integral and Derivative (PID) controllers based on internal model control (IMC) principles, direct synthesis method (DS), stability analysis (SA) method for pure integrating process with time delay is proposed. The performances of the proposed controllers are compared with the
controllers designed by recently reported methods. The robustness of the proposed controllers for the uncertainty in model parameters is evaluated considering one parameter at a time using Kharitonov’s theorem. The proposed controllers are applied to various transfer function models and to non linear model of isothermal continuous copolymerization of styrene-acrylonitrile in CSTR. An experimental set up of tank
with the outlet connected to a pump is considered for implementation of the PID controllers designed by
the three proposed methods to show the effectiveness of the methods.
MODEL BASED ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE PROCESS UNDER VARIOUS CONTROL STRATEGIES ...Journal For Research
This paper analyze the temperature process in an empirical model. From the empirical model the system behavior is determined by transfer function and the basic controller strategies Ziegler-Nichols & Cohen-Coon method are implemented in it. With these tuning methods the best control strategies are obtained at the final stage by interfacing the system with NI-myRIO kit.
Distributed Control System Applied in Temperatur Control by Coordinating Mult...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In Distributed Control System (DCS), multitasking management has been important issues
continuously researched and developed. In this paper, DCS was applied in global temperature control
system by coordinating three Local Control Units (LCUs). To design LCU’s controller parameters, both
analytical and experimental method were employed. In analytical method, the plants were firstly identified
to get their transfer functions which were then used to derive control parameters based on desired
response qualities. The experimental method (Ziegler-Nichols) was also applied due to practicable reason
in real industrial plant (less mathematical analysis). To manage set-points distributed to all LCUs, master
controller was subsequently designed based on zone of both error and set-point of global temperature
controller. Confirmation experiments showed that when using control parameters from analytical method,
the global temperature response could successfully follow the distributed set-points with 0% overshoot,
193.92 second rise time, and 266.88 second settling time. While using control parameters from
experimental method, it could also follow the distributed set-points with presence of overshoot (16.9%), but
has less rise time and settling time (111.36 and 138.72 second). In this research, the overshoot could be
successfully decreased from 16.9 to 9.39 % by changing master control rule. This proposed method can
be potentially applied in real industrial plant due to its simplicity in master control algorithm and presence
of PID controller which has been generally included in today industrial equipments.
Soft Computing Technique and Conventional Controller for Conical Tank Level C...ijeei-iaes
In many process industries the control of liquid level is mandatory. But the control of nonlinear process is difficult. Many process industries use conical tanks because of its non linear shape contributes better drainage for solid mixtures, slurries and viscous liquids. So, control of conical tank level is a challenging task due to its non-linearity and continually varying cross-section. This is due to relationship between controlled variable level and manipulated variable flow rate, which has a square root relationship. The main objective is to execute the suitable controller for conical tank system to maintain the desired level. System identification of the non-linear process is done using black box modelling and found to be first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model. In this paper it is proposed to obtain the mathematical modelling of a conical tank system and to study the system using block diagram after that soft computing technique like fuzzy and conventional controller is also used for the comparison.
This document discusses automation in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines automation and describes its advantages such as improved quality, reduced costs, and increased safety. Automation can occur at various stages of manufacturing like material handling, production processes, and quality control. The document also discusses process control and variables like temperature, pressure, and flow that are important to measure. It provides examples of automation in tablet manufacturing that can improve material handling and specific unit operations.
This document discusses the findings of an inter-laboratory analytical quality control exercise conducted with 42 water testing laboratories in India. The exercise tested the laboratories' ability to accurately measure 9 water quality parameters in 2 synthetic samples.
The key findings were that only 15 laboratories reported results for all 9 parameters, and the percentage of accurate results ranged from 36.8% to 57.1% depending on the parameter. Comparison to a previous quality control exercise showed similar or lower accuracy levels. The document concludes with recommendations to improve laboratories' analytical capabilities and ensure more consistent and accurate water quality monitoring across India.
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT OPEN LOOP PID TUNNING TECHNIQUE FOR A LIQ...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired operating condition ,safety, and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality. Like the Level, Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in
process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the controller with different PID tunning methods. Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant
information but from the mathematical model. With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGO and compare their output response in real time flow tank system
A STUDY ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT OPEN LOOP PID TUNNING TECHNIQUE FOR A LI...IJITCA Journal
Process control is the application and study of automatic control to maintain a process at the desired operating condition ,safety,and efficiently while satisfying the environmental and product quality. Like the Level,Temparature & Pressure, Liquid flow Measurement is one of the major controlling parameter in process plant. This paper mainly concern about the single tank liquid flow process and designing the controller with different PID tunning methods.Many process plants controlled by the PID controller with similar dynamics to find out the possible set of satisfactory controller parameters from the less plant information but from the mathematical model.With minimum effort adjust the controller parameters by using three open loop PID controller IMC,CHR & AMIGOand compare their output response in real time flow tank system.
Best of breed control of platinum reactorsRotimi Agbebi
This document describes modeling and controlling the temperature of a batch precipitation reactor used in platinum refining. Two PID controllers were implemented on a simulated reactor model at different operating points. A commercial advanced process controller (APC) was also connected to the model. Simulation results showed the PID controllers performed best when tuned to the specific operating point, while the APC controlled the temperature across different operating conditions and had better overall performance than the PID controllers. Further work will include fully implementing and comparing the APC controller to the PID controllers on the model.
Tank liquid level control using narma l2 and mpc controllersMustefa Jibril
This document describes a study comparing NARMA-L2 and MPC controllers for controlling liquid level in a tank. A mathematical model of a simple liquid tank system is presented. NARMA-L2 and MPC controllers are designed and their performance is evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink by having the controllers track step and white noise desired liquid level signals. Simulation results show that the tank controlled by the NARMA-L2 controller has better performance than the MPC controller for tracking a step signal, while for tracking a white noise signal the NARMA-L2 controller performs nearly as well as the noise signal itself. The NARMA-L2 controller is concluded to be effective for this liquid level control
A Robust Fuzzy Logic Control of Two Tanks Liquid Level ProcessINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
An attempt has been made in this paper to analyze the efficiency of Fuzzy Logic, PID controllers on Non Interacting Two Tanks (Cylindrical) Liquid Level Process. The liquid level process exhibits Nonlinear square root law flow characteristics. The control problem formulated as level in second tank is controlled variable and the inlet flow to the first tank is manipulated variable. The PID Controller is designed based on Internal Model Control (IMC) Method. The Artificial Intelligent Fuzzy logic controller is designed based on six rules with Gaussian and triangular fuzzy sets. MATLAB - Simulink has been used to simulate and verified the mathematical model of the controller. Simulation Results show that the proposed Fuzzy Logic Controller show robust performance with faster response and no overshoot, where as the conventional PID Controller shows oscillations responses for set point changes. Thus, the Artificial Intelligent FLC is founded to give superior performance for a Non linear problem like two tanks. This paper will help the method suitable for research findings concerning on two tank liquid level system.
Design and Control of a Hydraulic Servo System and Simulation AnalysisIJMREMJournal
This paper describes the system analysis, modeling and simulation of a Hydraulic Servo System (HSS) for
hydraulic mini press machine. Comparisons among linear output feed back PID control, Fuzzy control and
Hybrid of PID and Fuzzy control are presented. Application of hybrid controller to a nonlinear is investigated
by both position and velocity of the hydraulic servo system. The experiment is based on an 8 bit PIC
16F877 microcontroller, and the simulation is based on MATLAB Simulink. Simulation and hardware
experimental results show that the hybrid controller gave the best performance as it has the smallest overshoot,
oscillation, and setting time.
Comparison Analysis of Model Predictive Controller with Classical PID Control...ijeei-iaes
pH control plays a important role in any chemical plant and process industries. For the past four decades the classical PID controller has been occupied by the industries. Due to the faster computing technology in the industry demands a tighter advanced control strategy. To fulfill the needs and requirements Model Predictive Control (MPC) is the best among all the advanced control algorithms available in the present scenario. The study and analysis has been done for First Order plus Delay Time (FOPDT) model controlled by Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and MPC using the Matlab software. This paper explores the capability of the MPC strategy, analyze and compare the control effects with conventional control strategy in pH control. A comparison results between the PID and MPC is plotted using the software. The results clearly show that MPC provide better performance than the classical controller.
1) The document describes a fuzzy-PID cascade controller used to control the level of liquid in a horizontal tank.
2) The cascade controller uses a PID controller as the inner loop to regulate flow rate and a fuzzy logic controller as the outer loop to control the liquid level.
3) Experimental results show that the cascade controller has a faster response time, lower steady state error, and is less affected by disturbances than a simple controller.
Robustness enhancement study of augmented positive identification controller ...IAESIJAI
The dissolved oxygen concentration in the wastewater treatment process
(WWTP) must remain in a specific range while the factory operates. The
augmented positive identification (PID) controller with a nonlinear element
(sigmoid function) is proposed to assure stability and reduce uncertainties in
the wastewater direct reuse/recycling model. The nonlinear controller gains
(PID controller with sigmoid function) for uncertain wastewater treatment
processes are tuned using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique.
The proposed robust method for controlling wastewater treatment processes
has good robustness during model mismatching, reduces treatment time
compared to traditional positive identification (PID) controllers tuned by
PSO, is easy to apply, and has good performance, according to simulation
results.
Step variation studies of arm7 microcontroller based fuzzy logicIAEME Publication
This document describes a study of an ARM7 microcontroller-based fuzzy logic controller for controlling water level in a tank. The controller aims to improve on the performance of a conventional PID controller. A water tank system is set up with inlet and outlet valves. Water level is measured by a pressure transducer and controlled by adjusting the inlet valve opening. Fuzzy logic control algorithms are written in C and implemented on the ARM7 microcontroller. The controller is tested by subjecting it to step and step-variation inputs and its performance is compared to a PID controller based on rise time and tracking ability. Results show the fuzzy logic controller has quicker rise time and better tracking, outperforming the PID controller.
Level Control of Tank System Using PID Controller-A ReviewIJSRD
This paper discusses the review of level control of tank system using PID controller. PID controller use for one or more tank system. PID has fast response. Paper present different methods of level control. Eliminate the steady state error. It is most common way of solving problems of practical control systems.
Internal model controller based PID with fractional filter design for a nonli...IJECEIAES
1. The document presents an Internal Model Controller (IMC) based PID controller with a fractional filter for a nonlinear hopper tank process.
2. A hopper tank experimental setup is developed and linearized to obtain a first-order plus dead time model at different operating points.
3. An IMC based PID controller with a fractional filter is proposed for the linearized models, with two tuning factors: the filter time constant and fractional order. Controller settings are obtained and compared to another IMC based PID with fractional filter approach.
Research, Development Intelligent HVAC Control System Using Fuzzy Logic Contr...theijes
The paper describes an automatic climate in offices, describes the principles of the automation equipment climate, considered air parameters described control algorithms were compared automation system PIDcontroller and using fuzzy logic controller is designed microclimate model in Mathlab program with a fuzzy logic controller.
Design of Controllers for Liquid Level ControlIJERA Editor
The liquid level control system is commonly used in many process control applications. The aim of the process
is to keep the liquid level in the tank at the desired value. The conventional proportional-integral-derivative
(PID) controller is simple, reliable and eliminates the error rate but it cannot handle complex problems. Fuzzy
logic controllers are rule based systems which simulates human behavior of the process. The fuzzy controller is
combined with the PID controller and then applied to the tank level control system. This paper proposes Inverse
fuzzy with fuzzy logic controller for controlling liquid level system for a plant. This paper also compares the
transient response as well as error indices of PID, Fuzzy logic controller, inverse fuzzy controllers. The
responses of the controllers are verified through simulation. From the simulation results, it is observed that
inverse fuzzy-PID controller gives the superior performance than the other controllers. The inverse fuzzy-PID
controller gives better performance than the PID and fuzzy controller in terms of overshoot and settling time.
Performance analysis is carried out with Liquid Flow Control System Design with Fuzzy logic controller.
Results are evaluated by comparing the response time of conventional PID, fuzzy logic and Inverse fuzzy
controller. Comparative analysis of the performance of different controllers is done in MATLAB and Simulink.
Design and control of steam flow in cement production process using neural ne...Mustefa Jibril
In this paper a NARMA L2, model reference and neural network predictive controller is utilized in order to control the output flow rate of the steam in furnace by controlling the steam flow valve. The steam flow control system is basically a feedback control system which is mostly used in cement production industries. The design of the system with the proposed controllers is done with Matlab/Simulink toolbox. The system is designed for the actual steam flow output to track the desired steam that is given to the system as input for two desired steam input signals (step and sine wave). In order to analyze the performance of the system, comparison of the proposed controllers is done by simulating the system for the two reference signals for the system with and without sensor noise disturbance. Finally the comparison results prove the effectiveness of the presented process control system with model reference controller.
Tank liquid level control using narma l2 and mpc controllersMustefa Jibril
Liquid level control is highly important in industrial applications such as boilers in nuclear power
plants. In this paper a simple liquid level tank is designed based on NARMA-L2 and Model
Predictive control controllers. The simple water level tank has one input, liquid flow inn and one
output, liquid level. The proposed controllers is compared in MATLAB and then simulated in
Simulink to test how the system actual liquid level track the desired liquid level with two input
desired signals (step and white noise). The response of the NARMA-L2 controller is then
compared with a MPC controller. The results are shown sequentially and the effectiveness of the
controller is illustrated.
Non integer order controller based robust performance analysis of a conical t...Editor Jacotech
The design of robust controller for any non linear process is a
challenging task because of the presence of various types of
uncertainties. In this paper, various design methods of robust
PID controller for the level control of conical tank are
discussed. Uncertainties are of different types, among that
structured uncertainty of 30% is introduced to the nominal
plant for analysing the robustness. As a first step, the control
of level is done by using conventional integer order controller
for both nominal and uncertain system. Then, the control is
done by means of Fractional Order Proportional Integral
Derivative (FOPID) controller for achieving robustness. With
the help of time series parameters, a comparison is made
between conventional PID and FOPID with respect to the
simulated output using MATLAB and also analyzed the
robustness.
Design of a new PID controller using predictive functional control optimizati...ISA Interchange
An improved proportional integral derivative (PID) controller based on predictive functional control (PFC) is proposed and tested on the chamber pressure in an industrial coke furnace. The proposed design is motivated by the fact that PID controllers for industrial processes with time delay may not achieve the desired control performance because of the unavoidable model/plant mismatches, while model predictive control (MPC) is suitable for such situations. In this paper, PID control and PFC algorithm are combined to form a new PID controller that has the basic characteristic of PFC algorithm and at the same time, the simple structure of traditional PID controller. The proposed controller was tested in terms of set-point tracking and disturbance rejection, where the obtained results showed that the proposed controller had the better ensemble performance compared with traditional PID controllers.
Nonlinear predictive control of a boiler turbine unitISA Interchange
This paper details development of a Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm for a boiler-turbine unit, which is a nonlinear multiple-input multiple-output process. The control objective is to follow set-point changes imposed on two state (output) variables and to satisfy constraints imposed on three inputs and one output. In order to obtain a computationally efficient control scheme, the state-space model is successively linearized on-line for the current operating point and used for prediction. In consequence, the future control policy is easily calculated from a quadratic optimization problem. For state estimation the extended Kalman filter is used. It is demonstrated that the MPC strategy based on constant linear models does not work satisfactorily for the boiler-turbine unit whereas the discussed algorithm with on-line successive model linearisation gives practically the same trajectories as the truly nonlinear MPC controller with nonlinear optimization repeated at each sampling instant.
Similar to An Adaptive Liquid Level Controller Using Multi Sensor Data Fusion (20)
Amazon products reviews classification based on machine learning, deep learni...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent times, the trend of online shopping through e-commerce stores and websites has grown to a huge extent. Whenever a product is purchased on an e-commerce platform, people leave their reviews about the product. These reviews are very helpful for the store owners and the product’s manufacturers for the betterment of their work process as well as product quality. An automated system is proposed in this work that operates on two datasets D1 and D2 obtained from Amazon. After certain preprocessing steps, N-gram and word embedding-based features are extracted using term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), bag of words (BoW) and global vectors (GloVe), and Word2vec, respectively. Four machine learning (ML) models support vector machines (SVM), logistic regression (RF), logistic regression (LR), multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNB), two deep learning (DL) models convolutional neural network (CNN), long-short term memory (LSTM), and standalone bidirectional encoder representations (BERT) are used to classify reviews as either positive or negative. The results obtained by the standard ML, DL models and BERT are evaluated using certain performance evaluation measures. BERT turns out to be the best-performing model in the case of D1 with an accuracy of 90% on features derived by word embedding models while the CNN provides the best accuracy of 97% upon word embedding features in the case of D2. The proposed model shows better overall performance on D2 as compared to D1.
Design, simulation, and analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless app...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, a microstrip patch antenna that works at 3.6 GHz was built and tested to see how well it works. In this work, Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 has been used as the substrate material, with a dielectric permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.3451 mm; it serves as the base for the examined antenna. The computer simulation technology (CST) studio suite is utilized to show the recommended antenna design. The goal of this study was to get a more extensive transmission capacity, a lower voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and a lower return loss, but the main goal was to get a higher gain, directivity, and efficiency. After simulation, the return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and efficiency of the supplied antenna are found to be -17.626 dB, 9.671 dBi, 9.924 dBi, 0.2 GHz, and 97.45%, respectively. Besides, the recreation uncovered that the transfer speed side-lobe level at phi was much better than those of the earlier works, at -28.8 dB, respectively. Thus, it makes a solid contender for remote innovation and more robust communication.
Design and simulation an optimal enhanced PI controller for congestion avoida...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This document describes using a snake optimization algorithm to tune the gains of an enhanced proportional-integral controller for congestion avoidance in a TCP/AQM system. The controller aims to maintain a stable and desired queue size without noise or transmission problems. A linearized model of the TCP/AQM system is presented. An enhanced PI controller combining nonlinear gain and original PI gains is proposed. The snake optimization algorithm is then used to tune the parameters of the enhanced PI controller to achieve optimal system performance and response. Simulation results are discussed showing the proposed controller provides a stable and robust behavior for congestion control.
Improving the detection of intrusion in vehicular ad-hoc networks with modifi...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are wireless-equipped vehicles that form networks along the road. The security of this network has been a major challenge. The identity-based cryptosystem (IBC) previously used to secure the networks suffers from membership authentication security features. This paper focuses on improving the detection of intruders in VANETs with a modified identity-based cryptosystem (MIBC). The MIBC is developed using a non-singular elliptic curve with Lagrange interpolation. The public key of vehicles and roadside units on the network are derived from number plates and location identification numbers, respectively. Pseudo-identities are used to mask the real identity of users to preserve their privacy. The membership authentication mechanism ensures that only valid and authenticated members of the network are allowed to join the network. The performance of the MIBC is evaluated using intrusion detection ratio (IDR) and computation time (CT) and then validated with the existing IBC. The result obtained shows that the MIBC recorded an IDR of 99.3% against 94.3% obtained for the existing identity-based cryptosystem (EIBC) for 140 unregistered vehicles attempting to intrude on the network. The MIBC shows lower CT values of 1.17 ms against 1.70 ms for EIBC. The MIBC can be used to improve the security of VANETs.
Conceptual model of internet banking adoption with perceived risk and trust f...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Understanding the primary factors of internet banking (IB) acceptance is critical for both banks and users; nevertheless, our knowledge of the role of users’ perceived risk and trust in IB adoption is limited. As a result, we develop a conceptual model by incorporating perceived risk and trust into the technology acceptance model (TAM) theory toward the IB. The proper research emphasized that the most essential component in explaining IB adoption behavior is behavioral intention to use IB adoption. TAM is helpful for figuring out how elements that affect IB adoption are connected to one another. According to previous literature on IB and the use of such technology in Iraq, one has to choose a theoretical foundation that may justify the acceptance of IB from the customer’s perspective. The conceptual model was therefore constructed using the TAM as a foundation. Furthermore, perceived risk and trust were added to the TAM dimensions as external factors. The key objective of this work was to extend the TAM to construct a conceptual model for IB adoption and to get sufficient theoretical support from the existing literature for the essential elements and their relationships in order to unearth new insights about factors responsible for IB adoption.
Efficient combined fuzzy logic and LMS algorithm for smart antennaTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The smart antennas are broadly used in wireless communication. The least mean square (LMS) algorithm is a procedure that is concerned in controlling the smart antenna pattern to accommodate specified requirements such as steering the beam toward the desired signal, in addition to placing the deep nulls in the direction of unwanted signals. The conventional LMS (C-LMS) has some drawbacks like slow convergence speed besides high steady state fluctuation error. To overcome these shortcomings, the present paper adopts an adaptive fuzzy control step size least mean square (FC-LMS) algorithm to adjust its step size. Computer simulation outcomes illustrate that the given model has fast convergence rate as well as low mean square error steady state.
Design and implementation of a LoRa-based system for warning of forest fireTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the design and implementation of a forest fire monitoring and warning system based on long range (LoRa) technology, a novel ultra-low power consumption and long-range wireless communication technology for remote sensing applications. The proposed system includes a wireless sensor network that records environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the air, as well as taking infrared photos.The data collected at each sensor node will be transmitted to the gateway via LoRa wireless transmission. Data will be collected, processed, and uploaded to a cloud database at the gateway. An Android smartphone application that allows anyone to easily view the recorded data has been developed. When a fire is detected, the system will sound a siren and send a warning message to the responsible personnel, instructing them to take appropriate action. Experiments in Tram Chim Park, Vietnam, have been conducted to verify and evaluate the operation of the system.
Wavelet-based sensing technique in cognitive radio networkTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Cognitive radio is a smart radio that can change its transmitter parameter based on interaction with the environment in which it operates. The demand for frequency spectrum is growing due to a big data issue as many Internet of Things (IoT) devices are in the network. Based on previous research, most frequency spectrum was used, but some spectrums were not used, called spectrum hole. Energy detection is one of the spectrum sensing methods that has been frequently used since it is easy to use and does not require license users to have any prior signal understanding. But this technique is incapable of detecting at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels. Therefore, the wavelet-based sensing is proposed to overcome this issue and detect spectrum holes. The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of wavelet-based sensing and compare it with the energy detection technique. The findings show that the percentage of detection in wavelet-based sensing is 83% higher than energy detection performance. This result indicates that the wavelet-based sensing has higher precision in detection and the interference towards primary user can be decreased.
A novel compact dual-band bandstop filter with enhanced rejection bandsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, we present the design of a new wide dual-band bandstop filter (DBBSF) using nonuniform transmission lines. The method used to design this filter is to replace conventional uniform transmission lines with nonuniform lines governed by a truncated Fourier series. Based on how impedances are profiled in the proposed DBBSF structure, the fractional bandwidths of the two 10 dB-down rejection bands are widened to 39.72% and 52.63%, respectively, and the physical size has been reduced compared to that of the filter with the uniform transmission lines. The results of the electromagnetic (EM) simulation support the obtained analytical response and show an improved frequency behavior.
Deep learning approach to DDoS attack with imbalanced data at the application...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack is where one or more computers attack or target a server computer, by flooding internet traffic to the server. As a result, the server cannot be accessed by legitimate users. A result of this attack causes enormous losses for a company because it can reduce the level of user trust, and reduce the company’s reputation to lose customers due to downtime. One of the services at the application layer that can be accessed by users is a web-based lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) service that can provide safe and easy services to access directory applications. We used a deep learning approach to detect DDoS attacks on the CICDDoS 2019 dataset on a complex computer network at the application layer to get fast and accurate results for dealing with unbalanced data. Based on the results obtained, it is observed that DDoS attack detection using a deep learning approach on imbalanced data performs better when implemented using synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) method for binary classes. On the other hand, the proposed deep learning approach performs better for detecting DDoS attacks in multiclass when implemented using the adaptive synthetic (ADASYN) method.
The appearance of uncertainties and disturbances often effects the characteristics of either linear or nonlinear systems. Plus, the stabilization process may be deteriorated thus incurring a catastrophic effect to the system performance. As such, this manuscript addresses the concept of matching condition for the systems that are suffering from miss-match uncertainties and exogeneous disturbances. The perturbation towards the system at hand is assumed to be known and unbounded. To reach this outcome, uncertainties and their classifications are reviewed thoroughly. The structural matching condition is proposed and tabulated in the proposition 1. Two types of mathematical expressions are presented to distinguish the system with matched uncertainty and the system with miss-matched uncertainty. Lastly, two-dimensional numerical expressions are provided to practice the proposed proposition. The outcome shows that matching condition has the ability to change the system to a design-friendly model for asymptotic stabilization.
Implementation of FinFET technology based low power 4×4 Wallace tree multipli...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Many systems, including digital signal processors, finite impulse response (FIR) filters, application-specific integrated circuits, and microprocessors, use multipliers. The demand for low power multipliers is gradually rising day by day in the current technological trend. In this study, we describe a 4×4 Wallace multiplier based on a carry select adder (CSA) that uses less power and has a better power delay product than existing multipliers. HSPICE tool at 16 nm technology is used to simulate the results. In comparison to the traditional CSA-based multiplier, which has a power consumption of 1.7 µW and power delay product (PDP) of 57.3 fJ, the results demonstrate that the Wallace multiplier design employing CSA with first zero finding logic (FZF) logic has the lowest power consumption of 1.4 µW and PDP of 27.5 fJ.
Evaluation of the weighted-overlap add model with massive MIMO in a 5G systemTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The flaw in 5G orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) becomes apparent in high-speed situations. Because the doppler effect causes frequency shifts, the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers is broken, lowering both their bit error rate (BER) and throughput output. As part of this research, we use a novel design that combines massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and weighted overlap and add (WOLA) to improve the performance of 5G systems. To determine which design is superior, throughput and BER are calculated for both the proposed design and OFDM. The results of the improved system show a massive improvement in performance ver the conventional system and significant improvements with massive MIMO, including the best throughput and BER. When compared to conventional systems, the improved system has a throughput that is around 22% higher and the best performance in terms of BER, but it still has around 25% less error than OFDM.
Reflector antenna design in different frequencies using frequency selective s...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this study, it is aimed to obtain two different asymmetric radiation patterns obtained from antennas in the shape of the cross-section of a parabolic reflector (fan blade type antennas) and antennas with cosecant-square radiation characteristics at two different frequencies from a single antenna. For this purpose, firstly, a fan blade type antenna design will be made, and then the reflective surface of this antenna will be completed to the shape of the reflective surface of the antenna with the cosecant-square radiation characteristic with the frequency selective surface designed to provide the characteristics suitable for the purpose. The frequency selective surface designed and it provides the perfect transmission as possible at 4 GHz operating frequency, while it will act as a band-quenching filter for electromagnetic waves at 5 GHz operating frequency and will be a reflective surface. Thanks to this frequency selective surface to be used as a reflective surface in the antenna, a fan blade type radiation characteristic at 4 GHz operating frequency will be obtained, while a cosecant-square radiation characteristic at 5 GHz operating frequency will be obtained.
Reagentless iron detection in water based on unclad fiber optical sensorTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A simple and low-cost fiber based optical sensor for iron detection is demonstrated in this paper. The sensor head consist of an unclad optical fiber with the unclad length of 1 cm and it has a straight structure. Results obtained shows a linear relationship between the output light intensity and iron concentration, illustrating the functionality of this iron optical sensor. Based on the experimental results, the sensitivity and linearity are achieved at 0.0328/ppm and 0.9824 respectively at the wavelength of 690 nm. With the same wavelength, other performance parameters are also studied. Resolution and limit of detection (LOD) are found to be 0.3049 ppm and 0.0755 ppm correspondingly. This iron sensor is advantageous in that it does not require any reagent for detection, enabling it to be simpler and cost-effective in the implementation of the iron sensing.
Impact of CuS counter electrode calcination temperature on quantum dot sensit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
In place of the commercial Pt electrode used in quantum sensitized solar cells, the low-cost CuS cathode is created using electrophoresis. High resolution scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the structure and morphology of structural cubic samples with diameters ranging from 40 nm to 200 nm. The conversion efficiency of solar cells is significantly impacted by the calcination temperatures of cathodes at 100 °C, 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C under vacuum. The fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO)/CuS cathode electrode reached a maximum efficiency of 3.89% when it was calcined at 120 °C. Compared to other temperature combinations, CuS nanoparticles crystallize at 120 °C, which lowers resistance while increasing electron lifetime.
A progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme lea...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This article discusses the progressive learning for structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (PSTOS-ELM). PSTOS-ELM can save robust accuracy while updating the new data and the new class data on the online training situation. The robustness accuracy arises from using the householder block exact QR decomposition recursive least squares (HBQRD-RLS) of the PSTOS-ELM. This method is suitable for applications that have data streaming and often have new class data. Our experiment compares the PSTOS-ELM accuracy and accuracy robustness while data is updating with the batch-extreme learning machine (ELM) and structural tolerance online sequential extreme learning machine (STOS-ELM) that both must retrain the data in a new class data case. The experimental results show that PSTOS-ELM has accuracy and robustness comparable to ELM and STOS-ELM while also can update new class data immediately.
Electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface using neural networksTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This study aimed to develop a brain-computer interface that can control an electric wheelchair using electroencephalography (EEG) signals. First, we used the Mind Wave Mobile 2 device to capture raw EEG signals from the surface of the scalp. The signals were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transform (FFT) and filtered to monitor changes in attention and relaxation. Next, we performed time and frequency domain analyses to identify features for five eye gestures: opened, closed, blink per second, double blink, and lookup. The base state was the opened-eyes gesture, and we compared the features of the remaining four action gestures to the base state to identify potential gestures. We then built a multilayer neural network to classify these features into five signals that control the wheelchair’s movement. Finally, we designed an experimental wheelchair system to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The results demonstrate that the EEG classification was highly accurate and computationally efficient. Moreover, the average performance of the brain-controlled wheelchair system was over 75% across different individuals, which suggests the feasibility of this approach.
Adaptive segmentation algorithm based on level set model in medical imagingTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
For image segmentation, level set models are frequently employed. It offer best solution to overcome the main limitations of deformable parametric models. However, the challenge when applying those models in medical images stills deal with removing blurs in image edges which directly affects the edge indicator function, leads to not adaptively segmenting images and causes a wrong analysis of pathologies wich prevents to conclude a correct diagnosis. To overcome such issues, an effective process is suggested by simultaneously modelling and solving systems’ two-dimensional partial differential equations (PDE). The first PDE equation allows restoration using Euler’s equation similar to an anisotropic smoothing based on a regularized Perona and Malik filter that eliminates noise while preserving edge information in accordance with detected contours in the second equation that segments the image based on the first equation solutions. This approach allows developing a new algorithm which overcome the studied model drawbacks. Results of the proposed method give clear segments that can be applied to any application. Experiments on many medical images in particular blurry images with high information losses, demonstrate that the developed approach produces superior segmentation results in terms of quantity and quality compared to other models already presented in previeous works.
Automatic channel selection using shuffled frog leaping algorithm for EEG bas...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disorder that necessitates comprehensive treatment of both the body and mind. It is categorized as a brain disorder due to its impact on the brain. Various methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) can capture brain activities and structures. EEG signals provide valuable insights into neurological disorders, including drug addiction. Accurate classification of drug addiction from EEG signals relies on appropriate features and channel selection. Choosing the right EEG channels is essential to reduce computational costs and mitigate the risk of overfitting associated with using all available channels. To address the challenge of optimal channel selection in addiction detection from EEG signals, this work employs the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA). SFLA facilitates the selection of appropriate channels, leading to improved accuracy. Wavelet features extracted from the selected input channel signals are then analyzed using various machine learning classifiers to detect addiction. Experimental results indicate that after selecting features from the appropriate channels, classification accuracy significantly increased across all classifiers. Particularly, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) classifier combined with SFLA demonstrated a remarkable accuracy improvement of 15.78% while reducing time complexity.
This study Examines the Effectiveness of Talent Procurement through the Imple...DharmaBanothu
In the world with high technology and fast
forward mindset recruiters are walking/showing interest
towards E-Recruitment. Present most of the HRs of
many companies are choosing E-Recruitment as the best
choice for recruitment. E-Recruitment is being done
through many online platforms like Linkedin, Naukri,
Instagram , Facebook etc. Now with high technology E-
Recruitment has gone through next level by using
Artificial Intelligence too.
Key Words : Talent Management, Talent Acquisition , E-
Recruitment , Artificial Intelligence Introduction
Effectiveness of Talent Acquisition through E-
Recruitment in this topic we will discuss about 4important
and interlinked topics which are
AI in customer support Use cases solutions development and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
AI in customer support will integrate with emerging technologies such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) to enhance service delivery. AR-enabled smart glasses or VR environments will provide immersive support experiences, allowing customers to visualize solutions, receive step-by-step guidance, and interact with virtual support agents in real-time. These technologies will bridge the gap between physical and digital experiences, offering innovative ways to resolve issues, demonstrate products, and deliver personalized training and support.
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Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
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Height and depth gauge linear metrology.pdfq30122000
Height gauges may also be used to measure the height of an object by using the underside of the scriber as the datum. The datum may be permanently fixed or the height gauge may have provision to adjust the scale, this is done by sliding the scale vertically along the body of the height gauge by turning a fine feed screw at the top of the gauge; then with the scriber set to the same level as the base, the scale can be matched to it. This adjustment allows different scribers or probes to be used, as well as adjusting for any errors in a damaged or resharpened probe.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
We have designed & manufacture the Lubi Valves LBF series type of Butterfly Valves for General Utility Water applications as well as for HVAC applications.
Levelised Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) Calculator ManualMassimo Talia
The aim of this manual is to explain the
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can be used for estimating the expenses associated with hydrogen production in Europe
using low-temperature electrolysis considering different sources of electricity
Impartiality as per ISO /IEC 17025:2017 StandardMuhammadJazib15
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Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
2. ISSN: 1693-6930
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Design of controller for a multivariable liquid level process is reported
in [17]. A neural network based switching controller design for evaporation system is reported
in [18]. Design of predictive proportional control system for control of liquid level in industrial
coke fractionation tower using state space analysis is reported in [19]. Different adaptive control
techniques have been reported on recent research articles some of the work have been
reported here. An adaptive method of disturbance compensation using state observer technique
is reported in [20] for a permanent magnet motor.A disturbance control technique using
disturbance observer and neural network is reported in [21] for a nonlinear and uncertain
system. An adaptive control technique is developed in [22] for nullifying the effect of variation in
unknown parameters. Disturbance rejection in non linear system is achieved by developing an
adaptive control technique using output feedback in [23]. An adaptive technique with fuzzy
tracking is reported in [24] for controlling of uncertain disturbaces using adaptive observer.
This paper proposes a technique for design of controller using the data of both the
process variable (liquid level) and disturbance variable (temperature). The data of process
parameters derived from different sensors are fused using multi sensor data fusion framework.
Fusion framework is used to analyze the effect of temperature on the process and produce the
tuned values of PID controller coefficients (KP, KI, and KD) to control liquid level independent of
any variations in liquid temperature.
Organization of the paper is done with discussion on introduction in first Section. In
second Section description of experimental setup of proposed technique is reported. In third
section problems faced with available liquid level control is analyzed, followed by proposed
solution. Analysis of results obtained is discussed in fifth section. Finally, conclusion is reported
in the last section.
2. Experimental Setup
A laboratory setup for liquid level control system is designed. The designed model
works on the principle of varying inlet liquid flow rate keeping the outlet flow constant (i.e. to
increase liquid level, inlet flow rate should be more than outlet and decrease inlet flow rate for
decreasing level). Process inlet flow rate is controlled by a pneumatic control valve. The control
signal for the pneumatic control valve is standard 3-15psi signal, derived from an I/P converter.
I/P converter is actuated from the signal of controller which is 4-20mA. In the proposed work a
standard PID controller is used for this purpose. The controller designed is a soft controller
developed on LabVIEW platform. Process variable for controller is given from the level
transmitter present in the tank, whose liquid level is controlled. MODBUS connector is used to
communicate between the PC and process station.
3. Process Analysis
Analysis of the liquid level process system in open loop shows that it behaves as a first
order system with a delay [10]. General representation of a first order system with delay is as
shown in equation 1.
( ) (1)
where; K=System gain
T=Time constant of the first order system
Τ=Time delay at which variable begins to change for the input provided.
The first step in analyzing the system would be to identify the values of the system
parameters (K, T, and τ) for the system considered in this experiment. Several researchers have
reported many system identification approaches based on black box design (identification
without any information about the system), white box design (first principle model), and grey box
design (with some information about the system). In the proposed technique we prefer to go
ahead with grey box design as we know that the system is first order system. Many techniques
are available for identification of system parameters in a grey box design, in the proposed
technique widely used [26] two point methods is followed to compute the system parameters.
3. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
An Adaptive Liquid Level Controller Using Multi Sensor Data Fusion (Santhosh K. V.)
2467
3.1. Two Point Method
Two point method can be best explained using the step response for the system. Let us
consider step response of a first order system, it is typically of the form shown in Figure 1. It is
said that the constants K, T can be computed by considering the process times at 28.3% and
63.2% of output [25-29] as shown in equation 2.
T=1.5(T2 –T1) s (2)
Now, the open loop step response is analyzed to find the transfer function of the given system.
The step response plot of the open loop system obtained is as shown in Figure 1(b). The
system is subjected to step input at 154s. Further the graph shows the responses similar to that
of standard characteristics. On comparing Figure 1 (a) and Figure 1 (b) the model derived is
represented as G(s)=4.76/(51s+1).
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Step response of (a) generic first order system, (b) actual system
3.2. PID Tuning
The next step will be to design a controller for control of flow. From the basic idea of the
system it is understood that the system is a quick process, and PID is a suitable controller. The
design of controller involves the task of finding the proportional gain (KP), Integral gain (KI), and
Differential gain (KD). Tuning of the controller parameters are carried on by Zeigler Nicholas
method [30-31]. Once the controller parameters are computed it is subjected to test in real time.
The result obtained from the designed controller is shown with the set point variation
in Figure 2. From the Figure 2(a) it is seen that the controller output was able to track the given
set point in level accurately, with a very small offset. The condition shown was for a constant
liquid at room temperature. Now, if the temperature of liquid is varied from room temperature to
20
o
C, will the system performance be same/ altered?
4. ISSN: 1693-6930
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Figure 2. Process characteristics for step response with a) tuned PID controller b) for varying
liquid temperature to 12 oC
To check the performance of the designed liquid level control system for variation of
liquid temperature, liquid of varying temperature is used. From the graphs shown in Figure 2 (b)
and Figure 3 it is evident that, the controller fails to track the set point on variation of liquid
temperature. Secondly the error produced is also large as compared to the output at 20
o
C. An
efficient robust controller is one which tracks the process variable even with variations in
noise [32]. Considering the effect of temperature as noise on the liquid level control system, a
controller is designed which would control the output even when the liquid temperature is varied.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3. Process characteristics at liquid temperature of (a) 25 oC, (b) 40 oC
5. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
An Adaptive Liquid Level Controller Using Multi Sensor Data Fusion (Santhosh K. V.)
2469
4. Problem Solution
The next step of the work is to design an adaptive controller using the concept of
MSDF. Adaptive controller is designed in a way to produce coefficients of PID controllers which
tune dynamically with variation in liquid temperature. An additional temperature sensor
thermocouple is used along with orifice flow sensor. Fusion process uses Pau’s framework.
Modified schematic diagram of the proposed level process is as shown in Figure 4(a).
The first step towards execution of proposed work is to design a multi sensor data
fusion framework with thermocouple and level transmitter. Pau’s framework is followed in this
paper to achieve the desired changes in PID coefficient gain based on variation of liquid
temperature as measured using thermocouple. The schematic of Pau’s framework is shown in
Figure 4(b). Pau’s framework is considered here because it is a behavioral model, which can be
made dynamically adaptive.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. (a) Schematic diagram of proposed controller design, (b) Pau’s framework
4.1. Feature Extraction
In this stage the feature from both the sensor is extracted, the data extracted from
thermocouple and level transmitter will all be of different type and magnitude. Both the sensor
data are arranged to a common representation format. Radiometric normalization technique is
used in this work to convert the output from both the sensor to a value of 0 to 1 [33].
4.2. Association, Analysis and Aggregation
Neural network algorithm is used to for the purpose of association and analysis. The
first step in developing a neural network model is to create a database. Database consists of
both input and target vectors. Input vector is the output of the level transmitter and temperature
for variation in liquid temperature, for different values of liquid level. The target matrix is the
values of PID coefficients for variations in temperature.
4.3. Training
For training a multi-layer, perceptron based neural network model is considered. Back
propagation network architecture with Artificial Bee Colony algorithm is used for the
purpose [34, 35]. Table 1 shows the data matrix used for training. Training is carried out to
achieve least mean square error.
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Table 1. Data Matrix for Training Neural Network
Input data set Target data set
Thermocouple
o/p
Level transmitter o/p
at liquid level of 50%
Kp KI KD
30 o
C 0.02 0.028 30 o
C 34.6 189 0.01
32 o
C 0.058 0.079 32 o
C 34.0 192 0.01
34 o
C 0.89 0.142 34 o
C 33.5 194 0.01
⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞ ⁞
90 o
C 0.999 0.978 90 o
C 31.6 207 0.01
4.4. Front Panel VI of Proposed Work
The front panel is configured to acquire data from the process through MODBUS.
Further the user can choose between manual and auto mode. In manul mode, user needs to
feed the controller parameters to obtain the desired output. The proposed work is designed to
function while the system is in auto mode. Under this setting, a neural network programming of
MSDF architecture is developed for having sensor output adaptive for variations in liquid
temperature. In the last stage tuning of KP, KI, and KD is done for controlling of liquid level.
The front panel of VI for proposed work is as shown in Figure 5 [36].
Figure 5. Front panel VI of proposed work
5. Results and Analysis
Designed technique was tested with several test cases by varying the set-point, and
liquid temperature within the desired range. The results obtained from the proposed technique
are tabulated in Table 2. Response characteristics for a step input change with variation in liquid
temperature for a test case is plot and shown in Figure 6. The percentage error obtained for
every test case is tabulated along with set-point Vs Output characteristics is plot in Figure 6.
The root mean square of percentage error thus obtained from proposed system is found to be
1.915%.
7. TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930
An Adaptive Liquid Level Controller Using Multi Sensor Data Fusion (Santhosh K. V.)
2471
Table 2. Results Obtained from Real Life Testing of Proposed Technique
Sl.
No.
Set point
in mm
Liquid
temperature in o
C
Output level
obtained in mm
% Error
1 30 27 32 -6.67
2 30 48 31 -3.33
3 30 66 31 -3.33
4 80 35 79 1.25
5 80 20 80 0.00
6 80 50 78 2.50
7 95 55 94 1.05
8 95 22 94 1.05
9 95 80 96 -1.05
10 140 40 143 -2.14
11 140 60 143 -2.14
12 140 27 142 -1.43
13 185 38 188 -1.62
14 185 55 187 -1.08
15 220 70 218 0.91
16 220 20 217 1.36
17 255 35 254 0.39
18 255 85 257 -0.78
19 290 70 294 -1.38
20 290 24 293 -1.03
21 290 95 294 -1.38
22 340 22 342 -0.59
23 340 55 338 0.59
24 340 77 341 -0.29
25 385 64 388 -0.78
26 385 35 384 0.26
27 400 44 400 0.00
28 400 58 397 0.75
6. Conclusion
In the reported paper an attempt was made to design an adaptive controller for
controlling level of liquid in a tank even with variations in liquid temperature. Controllers are
designed to make the process variable equal to the set point. In the reported paper, Proportional
+Integral+ Derivative (PID) controller scheme is considered for control of liquid level in tank.
Tuning of controller coefficient is performed using Ziegler Nicholas tuning technique based on
open loop response of process. Once tuned, the controller was able to track the set point given
by user. But if the liquid temperature is varied, controller was unable to track the desired set
point.
An adaptive controller using concept of multi-sensor data fusion was designed to vary
the tuning coefficient with respect to variation in liquid temperature so as to track the liquid level
accurately. Designed system was tested with varying input conditions, and it was found that
proposed controller was able to track liquid level accurately with a root mean square error of
1.915% for varying liquid temperature. It is very clear that the reported work achieved the
objective of set point tracking with noise interference.
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